Read this for panafricanism, when things were going well for Naija during the oil boom...


July 1974, the Gowon government decided to sell crude oil at concessionary rates to African countries on condition that they had their own refineries and would not re-export to third countries. The decision came despite Nigeria's role as an Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) member generally in favor of higher prices and after more than two years of deliberations. Nigeria acted largely in response to external pressures: international actors attempted to divide Third World countries into OPEC members and nonoil producers; various African countries, especially Liberia, begged for less expensive oil; and both the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries had established programs to aid poor countries while encouraging other oil producers, especially African nations, to follow suit. Providing subsidies for African countries was a safe move for Nigeria because Africa comprised only a small portion of the country's total oil export market, it enhanced Nigeria's position and influence in Africa while building African solidarity, and it protected security interests by preventing economic decline. Moreover, this example of generosity aided Nigeria in its efforts to create ECOWAS. In November 1990, Babangida suggested that Nigeria might again offer concessionary prices to other African countries as the Middle East crises pushed oil prices upward.
Data as of June 1991

freshest4live:

Actually the donation by students and poor people was true, my parents cannot lie, they would tell you that. The article l showed you also confirmed this, such that hundreds of southafrican citizens were granted free education here.
This is not to say that you owe us anything, or that you couldn't have done same, nor that we contributed alone BUT to set the records straight, and let you know that the west wasn't really interested in combating this like all of Africa.

I never said your parents lied , but whatever donations you made didn't reach our organizations they are in your leaders bank accounts . The ANC, Ifp and other struggle bodies never mention this big help you guys always scream about. I'm glad you're one of the few who understands that we owe you nothing, hence I don't get why you people always bring this topic up whenever you can't have your way with us . The sooner you realize that we really don't give a damn about your claims and that we are in 2017 progressing and making sure our people live well the better.

The Little Known Story of How India’s First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991

“Great nations are not built on borrowed technology.” – Vijay Bhatkar, the Father of Indian Supercomputers

In India, the name C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) has become synonymous with supercomputers, a term that denotes any computing environment which makes use of advanced tools, high computational speeds and efficiency to help researchers in different fields such as scientific R & D, weather forecasting, missile simulation, space science, pharmaceutical research and much more.

For the uninitiated, what really makes a Supercomputer “super” is a concept called parallel computing. Basically, parallel processing involves the breaking up of tasks into smaller tasks that can be processed in parallel. The end result is obtained by combining outputs from each processor.

Here is the story of how India’s first-ever indigenous supercomputer was made, a major milestone in modern India’s technological odyssey.

The supercomputer effort in India began in the late 1980s, when the US stopped the export of a Cray supercomputer because of continuing technology embargoes. During the 80s, USA and some other European countries had developed super computers, which were critical for developing satellites and nuclear weapons. These countries refused to transfer the knowledge of creating super computers to India, fearing the developing nation might use it to design missiles and warplanes rather than forecast the weather.

Faced with a technology-denial regime that denied its scientific community access to supercomputers, India set up Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in March 1988 with the clear mandate to develop an indigenous supercomputer to meet high-speed computational needs in solving scientific and other developmental problems where fast number crunching is a major component.

Following a specific recommendation of the Science Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (SAC-PM) to that effect, C-DAC was established as a scientific society of the then Department of Electronics (now the Department of Information Technology (DIT) under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology).

To lead the project, PM Rajiv Gandhi turned to a man who hadn’t seen a ‘super’ all his life to build one in double-quick time. But Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar knew all about shortcuts: the country’s top number-cruncher had begun school directly in the 4th standard and still made it to the top. When Rajiv Gandhi met Bhatkar, he asked him three questions:

“Can we do it?”
Bhatkar answered, “I have not seen a supercomputer as we have no access to supercomputer, I have only seen a picture of the Cray! But, yes, we can.”

“How long will it take?”
Bhatkar promptly replied, “Less than it it will take us in trying to import Cray from US.

“How much money it would take?
Bhatkar replied, “The whole effort, including building an institution, developing the technology, commissioning and installing India’s first supercomputer will cost less than the cost of Cray.

Pleased, the Prime Minister gave the go-ahead for the project. Based in Pune, C-DAC summoned scientists from all over the country to work on one of India’s greatest technology projects.

Within three years, the extraordinary happened. With everyone involved working their socks off, C-DAC finally completed its work well within the proposed deadline. With components that could be bought off the shelves, in 1991, C-DAC rolled out India’s first indigenous supercomputer: PARAM 8000.

For the first time ever, a developing country had pulled off such a feat in advanced computer development. Needless to say, the world was shocked at this achievement. Many were doubtful about PARAM truly being a supercomputer. That’s when Bhatkar decided to take the PARAM prototype to a major international conference and exhibition of supercomputers. Here, it was demonstrated, benchmarked and formally declared a supercomputer. A US Newspapers published the news with headline, “Denied supercomputer, Angry India does it!”

A multiprocessor machine, PARAM 8000 was benchmarked at 5 Gflops, making it the second fastest supercomputer in the world at that time. It also costed a fraction of what the legendary US machine Cray did and performed just as well. So much so, that the US company which manufactured Cray had to slash prices to woo a nation it spurned just eight years ago!

PARAM 8000 also set the platform for a whole series of high-performance parallel computers, called the PARAM series. In 2002, PARAM 20000, or PARAM Padma, broke the teraflop (thousand billion flops) barrier with a peak speed of 1 Tflop. The latest machine in the series are the PARAM Ishan and the PARAM Kanchenjunga.

Installed at IIT Guwahati, PARAM Ishan can be used in the application areas like computational chemistry, computational fluid dynamics, computational electromagnetic, civil engineering structures, nano-block self assemble, climate modeling and seismic data processing. PARAM Kanchenjunga, stationed at NIT Sikkim’s Supercomputing Centre, is expected to be used for engineering research conducted by the faculty and students at the institute as well as researchers across the state. Interestingly, Param in Sanskrit means ‘supreme’!

Based on the Param series of supercomputers, Bhatkar has also built the National Param Supercomputing Facility (NPSF). This has been now made available as a grid computing facility through Garuda grid on the National Knowledge Network (NKN), providing nationwide access to High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure. He also initiated moves to have supercomputing in Indian languages and succeeded in doing so.

In 2015, Bhatkar was honoured with Padma Bhushan for his immense contribution in the field of science and technology in India.

Vijay Bhatkar’s and C-DAC’s efforts in this strategically and economically important area have thus put India on the supercomputing map of the world along with select developed nations of the world. As of 2016, many PARAM systems have been deployed in the country and abroad. Today, India is designing Petascale supercomputers, next only to USA and Japan. The crowning glory of India’s advanced computing and IT capability, once achieved this computer will be a symbol of India’s undeniable position as an IT superpower.

However, while showing great promise in the field of supercomputing, it’s obvious that India needs to do better and it will. The government of India is working towards this and has initiated the Rs. 4,500-crore National Supercomputing Mission. Under the mission, the Government of India empowers an ambitious target of installing more than 70 high-performance computing facilities in the country. These computers will be connected by the National Knowledge Network. The first of these high-computing machines is being built by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and is expected to be ready by August 2017.

freshest4live:
Read this for panafricanism, when things were going well for Naija during the oil boom...


July 1974, the Gowon government decided to sell crude oil at concessionary rates to African countries on condition that they had their own refineries and would not re-export to third countries. The decision came despite Nigeria's role as an Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) member generally in favor of higher prices and after more than two years of deliberations. Nigeria acted largely in response to external pressures: international actors attempted to divide Third World countries into OPEC members and nonoil producers; various African countries, especially Liberia, begged for less expensive oil; and both the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries had established programs to aid poor countries while encouraging other oil producers, especially African nations, to follow suit. Providing subsidies for African countries was a safe move for Nigeria because Africa comprised only a small portion of the country's total oil export market, it enhanced Nigeria's position and influence in Africa while building African solidarity, and it protected security interests by preventing economic decline. Moreover, this example of generosity aided Nigeria in its efforts to create ECOWAS. In November 1990, Babangida suggested that Nigeria might again offer concessionary prices to other African countries as the Middle East crises pushed oil prices upward.
Data as of June 1991

Good for you people.

Lionessza:



I never said your parents lied , but whatever donations you made didn't reach our organizations they are in your leaders bank accounts . The ANC, Ifp and other struggle bodies never mention this big help you guys always scream about. I'm glad you're one of the few who understands that we owe you nothing, hence I don't get why you people always bring this topic up whenever you can't have your way with us . The sooner you realize that we really don't give a damn about your claims and that we are in 2017 progressing and making sure our people live well the better.

What l'm saying is that it's not just claimed by our leaders as you infer, those are standard world articles telling you that we set up NCAN, in Nigeria and allowed hundreds of SA's get free education here. They detail our major roles in the apartheid fight. If you read all the articles l posted you'll see that's more than just saying our leaders lied to us.

Lionessza:






Good for you people.

Yeah, whatever.

India working on building fastest supercomputer

Top science centres in the country like Isro, IISc and select IITs have started work on a mission to build and run the fastest supercomputer that will work at exaflops per second, faster than the current Petaflops performance worldwide.

There is no exaflop supercomputer in the world yet and the first one is expected to emerge around 2019-2020, which is exactly when India has planned to launch its own.

India’s proposed new supercomputer is set to work at 132 exaflops per second as against an 1 exaflops per second machine being built by Cray Incorporated, the iconic American computer company which has projected that its machine would be ready by 2020.

The IISc-Isro project has the backing of the Centre which has set aside Rs 11,000 crore for its development (roughly $2 bn), apart from support to the other major initiative of having 100-150 supercomputers at the local, district and national levels under a national programme.

Prof N Balakrishnan, Profe­ssor at the Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (SERC) and Associate Director, IISc, told Deccan Herald: “The world does not have an exaflop supercomputer yet. The first one is to come up around 2019. Research work on exaflops is underway at IISC, Isro and a few IITs and C-DAC for India’s own proposed exaflop supercomputer. It is a collective project and scientists from around the country are involved in it.”

But what India’s science institutions are working on is no easy task, with the senior professor expressing caution about the project. “Taking up research on exaflops itself is a big step. An exaflop machine is not only hard to build, but it is also very difficult to just run it. The system requires a level of energy way above normal levels. We need to have energy-efficient systems in place to build and run this machine. Higher the energy consumed, higher the costs. Good system and energy management will be crucial in cutting down costs.” India’s supercomputer program was initiated in the late 1980’s when the US government launched sanctions against India that was seeking to establish supercomputing base in the country. The US thinking was that India would use the same for military objectives, not just civilian, and so, is best denied.

But India managed to come up with PARAM 8000 supercomputer, considered India’s first. Built in 1990 by Centre for Development of Adv­a­n­ced Computing, it was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 with Russian collaboration. The fastest supercomputer in India now is the one at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, the second fastest one at Pune’s Centre for Development of Advanced Computing and the third fastest at Bangalore’s CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute.

freshest4live:

What l'm saying is that it's not just claimed by our leaders like you infer, those are standard world articles telling you that we set up NCAN, in Nigeria and allowed hundreds of SA's get free education here. They detail our major roles in the apartheid fight. If you read all the articles l posted you'll see that's more than just saying our leaders lied to us.

Many of the things I mentioned are pure claims nothing to back them up. The only organizations I will believe are the ANC and others like that coz they were the ones running the show . If they don't give a special mention to the " great " work you did , then to me you're claiming. Like I said not even once did Mandela mention studying or living there but your leaders are claiming that. The nairas donated by citizens in street corners didn't reach these bodies hence they don't mention you. I'm sure your people played some role but you people stop making it seem like it was bigger than the countries I mentioned before. We don't hear people from far away Cuba openning their loud mouths about this , like many other countries who played a role. By always bringing this up makes you people seem cheap and desperate.

freshest4live:

Yeah, whatever.

LMFAO.

Shakuntala Devi was an Indian writer and mental calculator, popularly known as the "human computer". A child prodigy, her talent earned her a place in the 1982 edition of The Guinness Book of World Records.

Devi travelled the world demonstrating her arithmetic talents, including a tour of Europe in 1950 and a performance in New York City in 1976. In 1988, she travelled to the US to have her abilities studied by Arthur Jensen, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Jensen tested her performance of several tasks, including the calculation of large numbers. Examples of the problems presented to Devi included calculating the cube root of 61,629,875 and the seventh root of 170,859,375.

Jensen reported that Devi provided the solution to the above mentioned problems (395 and 15, respectively) before Jensen could copy them down in his notebook.Jensen published his findings in the academic journal Intelligence in 1990.

In 1977, at Southern Methodist University, she gave the 23rd root of a 201-digit number in 50 seconds. Her answer—546,372,891—was confirmed by calculations done at the US Bureau of Standards by the UNIVAC 1101 computer, for which a special program had to be written to perform such a large calculation.

On 18 June 1980, she demonstrated the multiplication of two 13-digit numbers—7,686,369,774,870 × 2,465,099,745,779—picked at random by the Computer Department of Imperial College London. She correctly answered 18,947,668,177,995,426,462,773,730 in 28 seconds. This event was recorded in the 1982 Guinness Book of Records. Writer Steven Smith said, "the result is so far superior to anything previously reported that it can only be described as unbelievable".

Devi explained many of the methods she used to do mental calculations in her book 'Figuring: The Joy of Numbers'.

Nuclear reactor at Kalpakkam: World’s envy, India’s pride

Hidden from public, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal at Kalpakkam near Chennai, Indian nuclear scientists are in the final throes of starting a high-tech giant stove more than 15 years in the making.

This novel nuclear reactor is a kind of an ‘akshaya patra’, the mythical goblet with a never-ending supply of food.

The Department of Atomic Energy is getting ready to commission its ultra-modern indigenously designed and locally mastered fast-breeder reactor.Experts say to make nuclear energy sustainable, one sure shot way is to make fast-breeder reactors mainstream.

Yukiya Amano, Director General of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, says “fast reactors can help extract up to 70 per cent more energy than traditional reactors and are safer than traditional reactors while reducing long lived radioactive waste by several fold.”

Easier said than done, since these reactors are also notoriously unstable and hence difficult to run reliably over long periods.

Called a ‘Fast-Breeder Reactor’, these are a special kind of nuclear reactors that generate more atomic fuel than they consume as they work.

India has been running an experimental facility called a Fast-Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) now for 27 years.

This is a small nuclear reactor a forerunner for the monster that India has constructed at Kalpakkam called the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). This will generate electricity commercially using the fast breeder route.

The world’s only commercially operating fast breeder reactor is situated in the Ural Mountains of Russia at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant, not far from Russia’s fourth largest city Yekateringburg.

The Russians today are the global leaders in fast-breeder reactors having operated a fast-breeder reactor called BN 600 since 1980.

In 2016, the Russian nuclear agency Rosatom commercially commissioned its big brother — the BN 800 fast breeder reactor.

This reactor produces about 800 MW of electricity and supplies it to the Ural region including the city of Yekateringburg.

While electricity that is produced is no different than any other electricity but the global community of atomic boffins is suitably chuffed about this unique achievement.

M Chudakov, now with the IAEA and well-known Russian fast breeder expert, calls “these reactors a bridge to the future as they can supply an almost unlimited supply of electricity”.

All eyes are now on southern India where another global nuclear milestone is likely to be crossed this year. Arun Kumar Bhaduri, Director of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research(IGCAR), Kalpakkam says, “fast breeder reactors are far safer than the current generation of nuclear plants and that all efforts are being made to kickstart within this year India’s first commercial fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam.”

Such is the interest in fast breeder reactors that more than 700 of the best atomic scientists from over 30 countries gathered at Yekateringburg in IAEA’s conference on the ‘next generation nuclear systems for sustainable development’. The scientists deliberated on how to make nuclear energy last for several centuries.

Given India’s expertise, the co-chair of the conference was Suresh Chetal, one of the early pioneers of fast breeder reactors who helped tame fast breeder reactors for New Delhi when he was at the IGCAR.

Many countries have dabbled with fast breeder reactors and have given up, first off the block was the US but it gave up since inherently American governments have an allergic response with re-processing of nuclear waste in addition since USA has enough supplies of fissile material there is no hunger to maximally extract energy from uranium.

Japan and France both had robust programmes with fast breeder technology but repeated failure to safely handle liquid sodium forced them to more or less give up on fast reactors.

China is more than a decade behind India in trying to master this complex beast.

Russia invested heavily in developing the fast breeder technology but since it commissioned its first fast breeder reactor BN 600 in 1980 it suffered an economic meltdown as the former Soviet Union broke up and only recently Russia could gather enough resources to complete its upgraded fast breeder reactor BN 800.

Today the BN 800 is a flagship reactor that uses both uranium and plutonium as fuel and generates electricity that is supplied to the grid. A visit to the facility reveals a squeaky clean reactor where seasoned operators like Ivan Sidrow are also experimenters as they go about trying to design a bigger 1200 MW fast breeder reactor.

India’s own PFBR is unique and rather different from the Russian fast breeder reactor though both use the same basic principle of physics.

Fast breeder reactors are called such not because they run faster but because the neutrons that sustain the atomic chain reaction travel at a much higher velocity than neutrons that help run the traditional atomic plants.

These are called breeders as they generate more fuel than they consume a fact hard to fathom since they seem to defy the laws of conservation of energy.

But a very unique quirk of elemental uranium makes this possible.

Nuclear reactors use a flavour of uranium called U-235 which unfortunately constitutes a minuscule quantity even in super purified uranium.

The larger component is what is called U-238 this flavour is the bulk but is essentially a waste product as the atomic reaction cannot be sustained by this elemental flavour.

In a fast breeder reactor the very special fast neutrons interact with the so called wasted uranium U-238 and converts it into a valuable resource. This is why fast breeders are akin to an ‘akshaya patra’.India’s fast breeder reactor is even more unique as within it the country also deploys special rods of thorium which when they get exposed to or irradiated by fast neutrons they generate U-233 and a normally benign thorium turns into a valuable atomic material.

It is well known that India is very energy hungry and as economic growth takes place mega quantities of electricity will be required.Unfortunately, nature has not been bountiful on India as the Indian land mass is not endowed with enough uranium but on the other hand the country has the world’s second largest store of thorium.

Today the country in a well thought out strategy is mastering fast breeder reactors that can be an effective via media for utilising the vast thorium reserves.

nemesis2u:
India’s Scientists Are Making a Mark in These Six Global Mega Science Projects

1. LIGO – Gravitational Wave Analysis

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time caused by violent and energetic processes in the universe. LIGO or Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory is a large-scale physics experiment that detects cosmic gravitational waves and develops them as an astronomical tool.

There are two LIGO observatories in USA (at Livingston and Richland) that are operated by Caltech and MIT. The Indian team in the global LIGO collaboration, which is involved in analysing the data collected by LIGO observatories, has 60 members.

Work has also begun on building a LIGO observatory in India which will be called INDIGO. It will be the fifth in the world, after the ones being built in Japan and Italy. INDIGO will be an international collaboration between the US LIGO Labs and three leading Indian institutions – Institute of Plasma Research (IPR), Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), and Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT).


2. LHC – The God Particle

There is an intrinsic Indian connection to the discovery of Higgs Boson at CERN – Satyendra Nath Bose, the Indian scientist after whom the sub-atomic particle is named. Over the years, CERN, the world’s largest particle physics laboratory, has seen Indian scientists make quite a mark with their work.

Indian scientists have helped build the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the largest single machine and the most powerful particle collider in the world. They are also collaborating on two significant CERN experiments, CMS and ALICE. CMS is one of the two experiments that discovered the Higgs Boson (also called God Particle) and ALICE studies matter under extreme conditions of density and temperature that may have existed at the birth of the universe.

India is also poised to become an associate member of CERN by the end of 2016, which would entitle it to attend even the restricted sessions of the organization.


3. Thirty Metre Telescope – World’s Most Advanced Telescope

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) will be the world’s most advanced and capable ground-based telescope. At the heart of the telescope will be a mirror made up of 492 individual segments. Precisely aligned, these segments will work together as a single reflective surface with a diameter of 30 metres.

The TMT project is an international partnership between CalTech, Universities of California, Canada, Japan, China and India. The telescope was initially supposed to come up in Hawaii but had to be stopped due to local protests. Hanle in Ladakh was then proposed as one of the alternative sites, the others being in Chile.

The TMT- India project will propel India into a special league of deep space research. The main Indian institutes working on this unique project are Aryabhatta Research Institute for Observational Sciences (ARIES), the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), and the Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA).


4. ITER – Fusion Energy

ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an experimental nuclear fusion reactor that is being built at Cadarache in the south of France. It’s the core of a nuclear fusion research megaproject that will also be the world’s largest plasma physics experiment.

The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power stations. The ITER station is expected to produce at least ten times more energy than the energy that will be required to operate it.

The project is funded and run by seven member entities—the European Union, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, and the United States who will mostly contribute in the form of components. In India, the Ahmedabad-based Institute for Plasma Research is contributing towards the building of the tokamak reactor’s gigantic cryostat.



5. FAIR – Antiproton and Ion Research

The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is an international accelerator facility that will be used to study the building blocks of the universe. Situated in Darmstadt in Germany, FAIR will use intense beams of antiprotons and ions for research in the fields of nuclear, particle, plasma and anti-matter physics.

Besides exploring the fundamental aspects of physics, the project will look into the evolution of the universe. The project will also explore and study applications of its research in biology and bio-medical sciences.

In India, the project is being co-ordinated by the Indo-FAIR Coordination Centre (IFCC) at Bose Institute, Kolkata and being jointly implemented by the Department of Science and Technology and the Department of Atomic Energy. Several Indian industries are also involved in building advanced equipment for the FAIR accelerator.


6. SKA – World’s Largest Radio Telescope

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project is an international effort to build the world’s largest radio telescope that is currently scheduled for completion in 2024. With an unprecedented large collecting area of over a square kilometre, the SKA will be 50 times more sensitive and 10,000 times faster than any imaging radio telescope array previously built.

While India has been involved with the project since its earliest days, the Indian Government formally joined the SKA project as a member in 2015. At present, Indian scientists are leading the design team for the Telescope Manager, the brain and nervous system that will control the entire SKA observatory.

The National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA-TIFR) in Pune is the nodal institute for overseeing SKA related activities within India. Recently, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) located near Pune has been granted SKA Pathfinder status. Pathfinders are telescopes around the globe that give valuable feedback to the designing teams of SKA.

Sub atomic physics, advanced astrophysics and nuclear fusion studies. My,my,my! But your research centres are BUSY!

freshest4live:

Actually the donation by students and poor people was true, my parents cannot lie, they would tell you that. The article l showed you also confirmed this, such that hundreds of southafrican citizens were granted free education here.
This is not to say that you owe us anything, or that you couldn't have done same, nor that we contributed alone BUT to set the records straight, and let you know that the west wasn't really interested in combating this like all of Africa.

Read what she posted! She's not denying money was raised-she's saying no Naijjan money reached them. So it's incumbent upon you to find out what happened on your end.

Lionessza:




Are you telling me all of lagos is tarred? Let's start there.


Please show me where I said SA is richer than Nigeria? The point I was making here is that the SA resources are enjoyed by a huge number of our population by being provided the basic things that any government should be providing. I showed you what benefits the average SA citizen enjoys and you call that outdated rubbish ? . Whether you like it or not , you are behind when it comes to this and other things.

Lol. All the things you listed are enabled by the white economy. Nothing to brag about. Show me black achievement in your country since 1994. The whites gave you guys a nice system but you couldn't build on it. Itsa pity!!I want to see high globally renowned black achievers in your country. I have seen Kenyas, Naija own plenty even Somalia get. Show us your own with the advantage whitey give una. Iranu!!!

nemesis2u:
India working on building fastest supercomputer

Top science centres in the country like Isro, IISc and select IITs have started work on a mission to build and run the fastest supercomputer that will work at exaflops per second, faster than the current Petaflops performance worldwide.

There is no exaflop supercomputer in the world yet and the first one is expected to emerge around 2019-2020, which is exactly when India has planned to launch its own.

India’s proposed new supercomputer is set to work at 132 exaflops per second as against an 1 exaflops per second machine being built by Cray Incorporated, the iconic American computer company which has projected that its machine would be ready by 2020.

The IISc-Isro project has the backing of the Centre which has set aside Rs 11,000 crore for its development (roughly $2 bn), apart from support to the other major initiative of having 100-150 supercomputers at the local, district and national levels under a national programme.

Prof N Balakrishnan, Profe­ssor at the Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (SERC) and Associate Director, IISc, told Deccan Herald: “The world does not have an exaflop supercomputer yet. The first one is to come up around 2019. Research work on exaflops is underway at IISC, Isro and a few IITs and C-DAC for India’s own proposed exaflop supercomputer. It is a collective project and scientists from around the country are involved in it.”

But what India’s science institutions are working on is no easy task, with the senior professor expressing caution about the project. “Taking up research on exaflops itself is a big step. An exaflop machine is not only hard to build, but it is also very difficult to just run it. The system requires a level of energy way above normal levels. We need to have energy-efficient systems in place to build and run this machine. Higher the energy consumed, higher the costs. Good system and energy management will be crucial in cutting down costs.” India’s supercomputer program was initiated in the late 1980’s when the US government launched sanctions against India that was seeking to establish supercomputing base in the country. The US thinking was that India would use the same for military objectives, not just civilian, and so, is best denied.

But India managed to come up with PARAM 8000 supercomputer, considered India’s first. Built in 1990 by Centre for Development of Adv­a­n­ced Computing, it was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 with Russian collaboration. The fastest supercomputer in India now is the one at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, the second fastest one at Pune’s Centre for Development of Advanced Computing and the third fastest at Bangalore’s CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute.

People must remember this was a solely domestic achievement! There was no Western hand holding an neither did you guys steal or 'borrow' existing prototypes as China does. Imo,you shouldn't be so noble, spying saves time and money. Except,of course when you're in uncharted territory.

freshest4live:

What l'm saying is that it's not just claimed by our leaders as you infer, those are standard world articles telling you that we set up NCAN, in Nigeria and allowed hundreds of SA's get free education here. They detail our major roles in the apartheid fight. If you read all the articles l posted you'll see that's more than just saying our leaders lied to us.

What we have done,we have done.If the South Africans are denying Nigeria's great contribution to the struggle,that's just after the fact and doesn't change anything.Of course,their students studied in Nigeria.Out of rivalry and hatred because of how some nigerians have let the country down in south africa,nigeria's contribution had been erased from their history.We should just let it go or any Nigerian that has proofs should present them.Meanwhile this south african is saying something http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/223405-apartheid-struggle-south-africa-educate-citizens-nigerias-role.html

Nomfanelo99:


hahaha at the bolded . was supposed to be "proud African ". to answer your question ... I don't know why.

Lol. Nowenuse : freshest4live : kikuyu1: nemesis2u : Lionessza : have succeeded in turning the thread in to a full blown up diick measuring contest. SMH

Maduawuchukwu:


Lol. All the things you listed are enabled by the white economy. Nothing to brag about. Show me black achievement in your country since 1994. The whites gave you guys a nice system but you couldn't build on it. Itsa pity!!I want to see high globally renowned black achievers in your country. I have seen Kenyas, Naija own plenty even Somalia get. Show us your own with the advantage whitey give una. Iranu!!!

Lol, you may be right though, but l think Mandela and Mbeki did OK for south africa too, better than most of what we've had here. Probably Yar Adua could've done better.

Maduawuchukwu:


Lol. All the things you listed are enabled by the white economy. Nothing to brag about. Show me black achievement in your country since 1994. The whites gave you guys a nice system but you couldn't build on it. Itsa pity!!I want to see high globally renowned black achievers in your country. I have seen Kenyas, Naija own plenty even Somalia get. Show us your own with the advantage whitey give una. Iranu!!!

Ya wicked.But that lady is going to defend this.They have MTN and Shoprite

Maduawuchukwu:


Lol. All the things you listed are enabled by the white economy. Nothing to brag about. Show me black achievement in your country since 1994. The whites gave you guys a nice system but you couldn't build on it. Itsa pity!!I want to see high globally renowned black achievers in your country. I have seen Kenyas, Naija own plenty even Somalia get. Show us your own with the advantage whitey give una. Iranu!!!

Hahahaha @ white economy. The SA economy is fuelled and driven by the middle class read up on that and get your facts straight. I know it hurts you like hell that we have better Living standards than you and that our government uses our taxes to provide quality services for all people including loud mouthed foreign criminals. Look at all the infrastructure built from 96 and come back and open your mouth. Do you think we would have been able to host the world cup with old infrastructure meant for a few? Lol only a desperate butthurt Nigerian would think that. I don't go around taking credit for other people's personal achievements , but I take pride in the collective efforts of the citizens of my country to make the country better. If you want to know abut SAns with international awards and achievements use Google and find out I don't have time to copy and paste personal achievements of people I don't even know.


Let's talk infrastructure, amenities, electricity generation , hdi , tarred roads, literacy etc because that affects every citizen. Isn't what this thread is about ? What the government's of these different countries have and are achieving?

obaaderemi:
Ya wicked.But that lady is going to defend this.They have MTN and Shoprite

Na true na. Nigerians like SA but see the blacks as inferior in looks and reasoning. What are their new achievements since 1994 when they were freed? They have even lost the head start they were given by whitey. They should work on themselves and stop living on past whitey glory.

freshest4live:

Lol, you may be right though, but l think Mandela and Mbeki did OK for south africa too, better than most of what we've had here. Probably Yar Adua could've done better.

Baba they were granted a developed country so the ones coming immediately will find it easier to establish grand things. The true nature of the blacks is coming out with the failure of the ANC, their economy and Zuma. Black SANS are like kids given control of billions; dem go first shine but dem go cast last last.

Maduawuchukwu:


Na true na. Nigerians like SA but see the blacks as inferior in looks and reasoning. What are their new achievements since 1994 when they were freed? They have even lost the head start they were given by whitey. They should work on themselves and stop living on past whitey glory.

You guys do this everywhere you go in Africa, not just SA.

freshest4live:

Lol, you may be right though, but l think Mandela and Mbeki did OK for south africa too, better than most of what we've had here. Probably Yar Adua could've done better.

Atleast you are one of the few who can admit that there are good things that were and are done by " black people" lol since to many of your compatriots no black leader outside of Nigeria can boast of great achievements lol.

MtuMsuper:

You guys do this everywhere you go in Africa, not just SA.

Lol, true. They are worse than white supremacists but we all know why.

Lionessza:



Hahahaha @ white economy. The SA economy is fuelled and driven by the middle class read up on that and get your facts straight. I know it hurts you like hell that we have better Living standards than you and that our government uses our taxes to provide quality services for all people including loud mouthed foreign criminals. Look at all the infrastructure built from 96 and come back and open your mouth. Do you think we would have been able to host the world cup with old infrastructure meant for a few? Lol only a desperate butthurt Nigerian would think that. I don't go around taking credit for other people's personal achievements , but I take pride in the collective efforts of the citizens of my country to make the country better. If you want to know abut SAns with international awards and achievements use Google and find out I don't have time to copy and paste personal achievements of people I don't even know.


Let's talk infrastructure, amenities, electricity generation , hdi , tarred roads, literacy etc because that affects every citizen. Isn't what this thread is about ? What the government's of these different countries have and are achieving?

Even a goat would be able to build infrastructure with the economy developed by the whites. It is not rocket science. Even our francphone neighbours like Ivory Coast did it very well once the whites left but with time their rear was exposed and their weakness came out; they were standing on whitey glory and on fake structure. Today they relatively backward. That is same wit SA. You built infrastructure with white economy but that is not sustainable and the cracks are now showing. Why could you not maintain the largest economy the whites gave to you? Why could you not maintain the society they gave to you? If you want to show me that blacks are making progress and are not living on whitey advantage show me black individual progress since in different sectors. Every great SAN is white.

The letter that ended Apartheid.....

On March 1960, 69 Black people were killed in Sharpeville, by the White Apartheid police in South Africa. The same year 1960, Nigerians had successfully liberated themselves from the British 160 years occupation.

The new Nigerian leaders reaction to the Sharpeville massacre would change everything from then on in South Africa.

Here is a letter the then Nigerian Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, sent to the ANC militants on April 4, 1961

The-Letter-That-Ended-Apartheid
Immediately after sending that letter, Sir Abubakar’s lobbied fellow Commonwealth countries for the effective expulsion of South Africa from the Commonwealth in 1961.

Beyond political support, Sir Abubakar was the first leader to provide a direct financial aid to the ANC, from the early 1960s.

In 1976, Nigeria set up the “Southern Africa Relief Fund” destined to “be used to alleviate the plight of the victims of the apartheid oppression in South Africa, and to promote their education and general welfare”.

The military administration of General Obansajo contributed $3,7 million to the Fund. General Obasanjo made a personal donation of $3,000, while each member of his cabinet also made personal contributions of $1,500 each. All Nigerian civil servants and public officers made a voluntary donation of 2% of their monthly salary to the Fund. Students skipped their lunch to make donation, and just after 6 months, in June 1977, the popular contribution to the fund reached $10.5 millions.

The fund was widely known in Nigeria as the “Mandela Tax”.

As result of the Fund, a first group of 86 Southern African students arrived in Nigeria in 1976, after the disruption of the education system, following the massacre of 700 students, most shot in the back, by the white police, while they were protesting against the decision by the Apartheid regime to change their education language to the Boers language.

Hundreds of South African students would benefit from the fund to come to study either in Nigeria and Broad for free.

Beyond welcoming students and exiles, Nigeria had also welcomed many South Africans in professional position like Thabo Mbeki (past South African president from 1999-2008) from 1977 until 1984 when he left to the ANC headquarter in Lusaka, Zambia.

For South Africans who could not travel abroad because the Apartheid regime had denied them passports, the Nigerian government had issued more than 300 passports.

Nigeria had lobbied with fellow African countries for the creation of the United Nations Anti-Apartheid Committee, which it had chaired for 30 years, longer than any other country.

Between 1973-1978, Nigeria contributed $39,040 to the UN Education and Training Program for South Africa, a voluntary trust fund to help the education of the Black South African elite.

MtuMsuper:

You guys do this everywhere you go in Africa, not just SA.

I didn't want to post but this SA people are saying trash and it is annoying. They should talk with respect then I too would do same.

Maduawuchukwu:


Lol. All the things you listed are enabled by the white economy. Nothing to brag about. Show me black achievement in your country since 1994. The whites gave you guys a nice system but you couldn't build on it. Itsa pity!!I want to see high globally renowned black achievers in your country. I have seen Kenyas, Naija own plenty even Somalia get. Show us your own with the advantage whitey give una. Iranu!!!

You want to see black achievers in South Africa?? The country that you envious people hate with your body and soul?? PLEASE!! Find another angle to fool us because this one ain't working.

What additional touch have you put to your infrastructure after Britain left it in your hands? Lagos looks all yellow and worn out because the only thing your government knows is LOOTING and looting and more looting.

You will be bitter until the day you die,even if you summon your evil Edo state wizzards to put spell on SA and it's people,you will never stop us from progressing


We enjoy watching your soul burn slow

It's funny though how Southafricans deny these things when we know how Nigeria's relationship with the west was sorely dampened due to this fight especially in the 70's and 80's.
While l don't expect them to come singing our praises, l still believe it is an error on their part to accuse us of rewriting history and believe that the west love them more than Mother Africa, a continent in which about 27 countries boycotted the 1977 Olympic games for same reason.

At trade level, Nigeria has refused to sell Oil to South Africa during decades in protest of the white minority rule, losing an estimate of 41 billions dollars during the period.

Above all, Nigeria was the only nation worldwide to setup and fund a “National committee against Apartheid” (NACAP) as early as the 1960, which mission was the disseminate the evils of the apartheid regime to all Nigerians from primary schools to universities, in public medias and in markets with posters and billboards messages.

NACAP was also responsible of the coordination of the Nigerians government and civil society anti-apartheid actions, and beyond advise policy makers on anti-apartheid decisions. Over three decades, the NACAP had successfully built alliances with labor movement, student groups, progressive elements within Nigeria and other international grassroots organizations, for effective anti-apartheid activities.

In fact, until the years 1960s, the ANC fight against the apartheid regime in South Africa was yielding very little result. The whole world was quite indifferent to the suffering of the black South Africans, and the apartheid regime was still strongly supported by western countries providing the regime with technology transfer, intelligence and favorable trade agreements.

Things had started to change dramatically only after the independence of African countries in the 1960s, and when Nigeria unequivocally took the leadership of the anti-apartheid movement worldwide.

Regardless of the volatile nature of the Nigeria politics and the passage of numerous military and civil leaders, Nigeria as a nation, has never defaulted on its unwavering commitment to the freedom for our brothers and sisters in South Africa.

From the years 1960 until 1995, Nigeria alone has spent over 61 billions dollars to support the end of Apartheid, more than any other country in the world, According to the South African Institute of International Affairs. And the country has never let go of any opportunity to denounce apartheid, from the boycott of Olympic games and Commonwealth games, to the nationalization of the assets of British Petroleum (BP) in 1979.

Unfortunately our bothers and sisters in South Africa, and the ANC had not been grateful to Nigeria. When Mandela died in 2013, the Nigeria president was ignored, not even given the opportunity to speak, while the representative of the United States and the United Kingdom, two countries which supported the Apartheid regime were the one who go the spotlight, and the tribune to speak.

Nigerians still need to Visa to travel to South Africa, while the French who had strongly backed the Apartheid regime could just buy a ticked and land there whenever they want.

Maybe Apartheid had not yet ended in South Africa.

Maduawuchukwu:

Even a goat would be able to build infrastructure with the economy developed by the whites. It is not rocket science. Even our francphone neighbours like Ivory Coast did it very well once the whites left but with time their rear was exposed and their weakness came out; they were standing on whitey glory and on fake structure. Today they relatively backward. That is same wit SA. You built infrastructure with white economy but that is not sustainable and the cracks are now showing. Why could you not maintain the largest economy the whites gave to you? Why could you not maintain the society they gave to you? If you want to show me that blacks are making progress and are not living on whitey advantage show me black individual progress since in different sectors. Every great SAN is white.

Lol @ white economy again. Go and check the economy the ANC government inherited from the apartheid era and check wich administration steerd things the right direction and you will be embarrassed.

Lol , isn't it funny you said there is no infrastructure built after 94 and now that you've been exposed you're changing the tune and praising your white Gods?

Oh we all know you have been praying for the downfall of SA since 94 and we keep on rising . We have been in recession two times before and within a few months we are out of it , hence this is not seen as a major crisis just a minor setback.

Like I said before I don't ejaculate over other people's personal achievements go and find out yourself the big businesses owned by blacks Google is your friend. My interest is how we are moving forward as a country , providing basic needs to the masses so that they can find a suitable environment to prosper.

Lol @ society they gave you. The black hands got dirty doing the actual building of everything you see, now they are the architects and engineers and are still the ones doing the work. Check out the best airport in Africa and who's the brains behind it.