AwodwaGyanOniwe: DUMB MUD DRINKERS. Enjoy this and hope your ruling class sees this.

[b]GDP as a measure of human progress is outdated
Sanjeev Sanyal, Feb 10, 2013, 08.55am IST

The world is reeling from two major crises, the financial/economic crisis and the crisis of climate change and ecological collapse. Both are a result of the same human error, a colossal misallocation of resources, financial capital in one case and natural capital on the other. A combination of counter-cyclical policies and time will eventually get us out of the financial mess. However, climate change and catastrophic environmental degradation threaten human civilisation as we know it.

Many blame globalisation and capitalism for the large-scale misallocation of resources. However, isolationism and socialism provide no alternative; we tried them for decades with disastrous results. A market-based system is clearly more efficient. The problem is not with the tools of capitalism but the failure to define its goals. The power of the markets is being harnessed to maximise the wrong paradigm.

The most commonly used paradigm for measuring human progress is provided by national income accounts and, more specifically, gross domestic product (GDP). Virtually all economic policy-making is oriented directly or indirectly towards maximising GDP growth. It is so ubiquitous that people forget it is an entirely artificial construct created in the 1940s as part of the war effort.

Of course, rulers from ancient times have kept some record of economic activity for taxation purposes. National accounts as we know them were created during World War II by Richard Stone and James Meade, with support from John Maynard Keynes, as a way to keep track of war-time economic activity. Given the circumstances, their framework was necessarily 'industrial' in its essence, without space for niceties like environmental degradation and socio-demographic developments.

Post-war , this framework was adapted to create the GDP number now used. Unfortunately, the system remains an arbitrary way to measure value creation, especially in areas relating to externalities and natural capital. For instance, if we cut down a pristine rain forest we are destroying value in terms of biodiversity, watersheds, carbon sequestration, flood control, non-timber forest produce and so on. Yet, in the current system, destruction of value will show up as GDP growth from logging!

This does not mean the creators of GDP were unaware of its limitations. In his Nobel Memorial Lecture in 1984, Richard Stone stated, "The three pillars on which analysis of society ought to rest are studies of economic, socio-demographic and environmental phenomena." He added that his work had focused mostly on economic accounting and he had not spent much time on environmental accounting even though "environmental issues, such as pollution, land use and non-renewable resources offer plenty of scope for accounting" . In short, the creators of GDP thought of it as work-in-progress. Unfortunately, the world has continued to focus much of its energy on maximising an incomplete and out-of-date paradigm.

There are ways to adjust for the shortcomings of GDP. One is to create additional matrices for measuring progress. The Human Development Index and Carbon Footprint are concepts that can be used to enhance the raw GDP approach. Unfortunately, they have failed to gain a serious following beyond the world of activists and conferences because these measures lack the simplicity of a single GDP number.

The only real alternative then is to recalibrate GDP itself to reflect genuine value generation. This can be done by assigning monetary values to things like water pollution, deforestation, land degradation and other changes in the stock of natural capital. Similar adjustments can be made to account for changes in human capital stock (health, education etc). The result would be a new GDP number more closely reflecting true value generated by various human activities.

This approach has many advantages. First, GDP is understood by policy-makers and the general public. It's a single number simple to grasp and apply. The new GDP number would merely replace the current measure. Once national income incorporates these changes, the 'development' versus 'environment' debate will narrow.

Second, we have a whole range of tools and methodologies to value natural/human capital. These had not been developed when GDP was originally conceived. Incorporation of the new techniques will allow us to seamlessly adjust existing national accounts. Studies by the Green Accounting for Indian States Project have already demonstrated that it is possible to make these adjustments even for a large, complex developing country like India. The data can be calculated by sector and by state. The results are astounding. For instance, water quality in Uttar Pradesh's rivers is now so bad, it would alone take off 17.5 per cent from the state's GDP.

Third, all policy-making is about tradeoffs. Often these are difficult trade-offs that compare apples with oranges: the benefits of building a dam versus those of retaining an existing forest or settlement. By assigning monetary values to creation/depletion of natural and human capital, the new GDP framework can effectively 'internalise' various externalities. For instance, it allows us to work out who compensates whom and by how much. In turn, this will allow for far more informed public debate.

GDP is not a God-given measure of development. The existing model of national accounts came out of World War II. There is every reason we should update it. When we say GDP grew by 8 per cent, we should really mean that we added 8 per cent more value.

(The writer is with the Institute of Policy
Oh really?all of a suddenStudies, Singapore.) [/b]

reetasexy:
Oh really?all of a sudden after all these years,GDP does not matter anymore.cry me an ocean.

AwodwaGyanOniwe: YOUR HUNGER IS AFFECTING YOUR VISION.
The progress ur talkn of isn't shown on the stats below. All we see is ever increasing POVERTY. Even Sanusi said this on Forbes. While India and China can bragg about poor people joing the middle class. You STUPIDILY think MTN,SHOPRITE,STANDARD BANK etc..are in Nigeria only. Naaigeria HISTORY OF POVERTY. You are the only Naaigerian that doesn't know that Naaigeria has over 70 million UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE.

We're all over AFRICA get that into your PITCH BLACK HEAD.

Today 80% live under $2 a day.
Nigeria's population in poverty (70% live below $1 a day)
1980: 17.1 million
1985: 34.7 million
1992: 39.2 million
1996: 67.1 million
2004: 68.7 million
2010: 112.47 million
Source: Nigeria's National Bureau of Statistics

(Modify) (Quote) (Report)

AwodwaGyanOniwe: YES GDP SYSTEM WAS INVENTED IN 1960S. READ IGBO EMPTY VESSEL ABOUT GDP HISTORY. ITS 2013, BY 2014 THE UK WILL BE USING A NEW SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR OUR TIMES NOT 1960S.


l

AwodwaGyanOniwe: List of countries by electricity production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This is a list of countries by electricityT production per year based on multiple sources.

Contents

1 Production
2 Production and source
3 References

Production
Rank Country/Region Electricity
production
(GWh)[1] Date of
information
N/A World Total 22,504,332 2012[2]
1 China 4,937,800 2012[2]
2 United States 4,256,100 2012[2]
N/A European Union 3,260,548 2012[2]
3 Japan 1,101,500 2012[2]
4 Russia 1,066,400 2012[2]
5 India 1,053,900 2012[2]
6 Germany 617,600 2012[2]
7 Canada 610,200 2012[2]
8 France 560,500 2012[2]
9 Brazil 553,684 2012[2]
10 South Korea 522,255 2012[2]
11 United Kingdom 363,187 2012[2]
12 Spain 297,116 2012[2]
13 Italy 295,668 2012[2]
14 Mexico 291,397 2012[2]
15 South Africa 257,910 2012[2] population=53m 24hr power.
16 Saudi Arabia 251,724 2012[2]
17 Iran 251,110 2012[2]
18 Taiwan 250,306 2012[2]
19 Turkey 239,101 2012[2]
20 Australia 236,351 2012[2]
21 Indonesia 200,291 2012[2]
22 Ukraine 198,049 2012[2]
23 Sweden 174,199 2012[2]
24 Thailand 166,445 2012[2]
25 Egypt 162,302 2012[2]
26 Poland 161,959 2012[2]
27 Norway 147,845 2012[2]
28 Argentina 139,007 2012[2]
29 Venezuela 127,608 2012[2]
30 Malaysia 124,911 2012[2]
31 Vietnam 120,209 2012[2]
32 United Arab Emirates 114,429 2012[2]
33 Netherlands 101,568 2012[2]
34 Kazakhstan 90,533 2012[2]
35 Czech Republic 87,573 2012[2]
36 Pakistan 87,250 2012[2]
37 Belgium 78,413 2012[2]
38 Switzerland 73,120 2012[2]
39 Philippines 72,340 2012[2]
40 Austria 72,012 2012[2]
41 Finland 70,337 2012[2]
42 Chile 68,822 2012[2]
43 Israel 60,859 2012[2]
44 Kuwait 60,437 2012[2]
45 Colombia 59,992 2012[2]
46 Romania 59,923 2012[2]
47 Algeria 57,397 2012[2]
48 Greece 56,158 2012[2]
49 Paraguay 53,525 2010[3]
50 Bangladesh 52,960 2012[2]
51 Uzbekistan 52,534 2012[2]
52 Bulgaria 47,406 2012[2]
53 Iraq 47,395 2010[3]
54 Portugal 47,268 2012[2]
55 Singapore 46,936 2012[2]
56 New Zealand 44,091 2012[2]
57 Syria 43,758 2010[3]
58 Peru 40,940 2012[2]
59 Hong Kong 38,751 2012[2]
60 Serbia 35,403 2010[3]
61 Qatar 34,726 2012[2]
62 Hungary 34,297 2012[2]
63 Belarus 30,600 2012[2]
64 Denmark 30,402 2012[2]
65 Libya 29,716 2010[3]
66 Slovakia 28,393 2012[2]
67 Ireland 27,015 2012[2]
68 Nigeria 24,872 2010[3] DUMB AS HELL CAN'T SEE EACH OTHER AT NIGHT. because theyr PITCH BLACK BOONS.
69 Ecuador 22,788 2012[2]
70 Azerbaijan 21,634 2012[2]
71 Morocco 21,127 2010[3]
72 North Korea 21,043 2010[3]
73 Puerto Rico 20,015 2011[3]
74 Turkmenistan 19,442 2012[2]
75 Oman 18,630 2010[3]
76 Iceland 17,085 2011[3]
77 Mozambique 16,499 2010[3]
78 Bosnia and Herzegovina 16,498 2010[3]
79 Cuba 16,404 2010[3]
80 Tajikistan 16,218 2010[3]
81 Slovenia 15,169 2011[3]
82 Tunisia 15,142 2010[3]
83 Lebanon 14,812 2010[3]
84 Jordan 13,896 2010[3]
85 Croatia 13,540 2010[3]
86 Dominican Republic 13,086 2011[3]
87 Bahrain 12,438 2010[3]
88 Estonia 12,190 2011[3]
89 Zambia 11,192 2010[3]
90 Kyrgyzstan 11,186 2010[3]
91 Uruguay 10,652 2010[3]
92 Sri Lanka 10,402 2010[3]
93 Georgia 9,985 2010[3]
94 Costa Rica 9,473 2010[3]
95 Guatemala 8,624 2010[3]
96 Ghana 8,213 2010[3]
97 Sudan[4] 8,074[3] 2010
98 Zimbabwe 7,808 2010[3]
99 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 7,804 2010[3]
100 Albania 7,481 2010[3]
101 Burma 7,346 2010[3]
102 Kenya 7,330 2010[3]
103 Yemen 7,292 2010[3]
104 Panama 7,257 2010[3]
105 Bhutan 7,230 2010[3]
106 Trinidad and Tobago 7,177 2012[2]
107 Macedonia 6,944 2010[3]
108 Bolivia 6,589 2010[3]
109 Honduras 6,486 2010[3]
110 Latvia 6,412 2010[3]
111 Armenia 6,255 2010[3]
112 El Salvador 6,072 2010[3]
113 Cameroon 5,761 2010[3]
114 Côte d'Ivoire 5,721 2010[3]
115 Angola 5,118 2010[3]
116 Lithuania 5,027 2012[2]
117 Ethiopia 4,929 2010
118 Cyprus 4,571 2011[3]
119 Tanzania 4,302 2010[3]
120 Mongolia 4,215 2010[3]
121 Kosovo 3,996 2006
122 Jamaica 3,957 2010[3]
123 Montenegro 3,945 2010[3]
124 Brunei 3,630 2010[3]
125 Laos 3,629 2010[3]
126 Papua New Guinea 3,350 2010[3]
127 Nicaragua 3,348 2010[3]
128 Moldova 3,344 2010[3]
129 Nepal 3,175 2006[3]
130 Senegal 2,769 2010[3]
131 Mauritius 2,628 2011[3]
132 Uganda 2,406 2010[3]
133 Luxembourg 2,070 2011[3]
134 Malta 1,988 2010[3]
135 New Caledonia 1,978 2010[3]
136 Malawi 1,973 2010[3]
137 Bahamas 1,930 2010[3]
138 Gabon 1,777 2010[3]
139 Guam 1,734 2011[3]
140 Suriname 1,570 2010[3]
141 Macau 1,450 2010[3]
142 Namibia 1,446 2010[3]
143 Netherlands Antilles 1,272 2010[3]
144 Madagascar 1,046 2005[3]
145 U.S. Virgin Islands 996 2005
146 Barbados 953 2005
147 Botswana 912 2005
148 Guinea 840 2006
149 Fiji 836 2010[3]
150 Guyana 807 2005
151 Mali 804 2006
152 Aruba 770 2005
153 Afghanistan 754 2005
154 Bermuda 618 2005
155 Haiti 535 2005
156 Burkina Faso 516 2005
157 French Polynesia 462 2005
158 Swaziland 460 2007
159 Cayman Islands 400 2005
160 Congo, Republic of the 400 2007[3]
161 Lesotho 350 2005
162 Liberia 319 2005
163 Djibouti 306 2006
164 Saint Lucia 304 2005
165 Greenland 300 2005
166 Faroe Islands 290 2005
167 Somalia 270 2005
168 Eritrea 252 2006
169 Mauritania 248 2005
170 Sierra Leone 245 2005
171 Niger 234 2005
172 Belize 200 2007 (estimations)
173 Micronesia, Federated States of 192 2002
174 American Samoa 180 2005
175 Togo 176 2005
176 Maldives 169 2005
177 Grenada 150 2005
178 Gambia, The 145 2005
179 Gibraltar 141 2005
180 Burundi 137 2005
181 Cambodia 134 2005
182 Saint Kitts and Nevis 125 2005
183 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 115 2005
184 Samoa 111 2009[5]
185 Central African Republic 109 2005
186 Antigua and Barbuda 105 2005
187 Benin 105 2005
188 Chad 95 2005
189 Rwanda 95 2005
190 Western Sahara 85 2005
191 Dominica 80 2005
192 Solomon Islands 60 2005
193 Guinea-Bissau 60 2005
194 Tonga 54 2006
195 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 50 2005
196 Cape Verde 45 2005
197 British Virgin Islands 45 2005
198 Vanuatu 41 2005
199 Cook Islands 30 2005
200 Nauru 30 2005
201 Equatorial Guinea 28 2005
202 Comoros 20 2005
203 Montserrat 20 2005
204 Sao Tome and Principe 18 2005
205 Falkland Islands 16 2005
206 Turks and Caicos Islands 12 2005
207 Kiribati 9 2005
208 Saint Helena 8 2005
209 Niue 3 2005
210 Gaza Strip 0.14 2005
Production and source

Source: World Development Indicators: Electricity production, sources, and access (2011)

reetasexy:
Mchewwww,the white man gave himself comfort while millions of blacks in soweto are in pitch darkness,and you come here stats?we still have the highest GDP....u heard?

AwodwaGyanOniwe: YOU'RE LIVING IN THE OLD TIMES. TYPICAL VILLAGE DUMY. SOWETO POPULATION=1,5M . Thats not even half of our 53m population.

AwodwaGyanOniwe:
100 MILLION NAAIGERIANS SH8T IN THE OPEN. while 50 million use pit toilets and remaining few have toilets but NO WATER TO FLUSH

AwodwaGyanOniwe:
Tarred roads 24 hr electricity and 24 hour running water.

AwodwaGyanOniwe:
BABOON/Naaigeria LAND AT ITS BEST.

ROSSIKE: You are just a childish embarrassment. You obviously have inferiority complex issues or you wouldn't spend so much time and energy trying to prove you and your people are better than Nigerians. I couldn't imagine myself on another country's website doing what you're doing. Is your life really that boring and sad?