When electrical power in an AC system flows to a load (a computer, motor,
lighting, cooling, etc.) all of the power is not necessarily absorbed and used to
perform useful work – a portion of the power (Reactive power) may be reflected back to the
power source (power company).

The total power flowing is known as the “apparent power” and is measured as
the product of the voltage and current (V * I).. For example, if 208 volts and 5
amps are measured – the apparent power is 1040VA (VA means volt-amps –
the measurement unit of apparent power).

Active Power is the Portion of Total Power put to Useful Work The portion of power that is absorbed and used by the load is known as the
“active power” and is always equal to or less than the apparent power.

For example, if 90% of the apparent power in above example is used by the load,
the active power is 936W (W means watts – the measurement unit of active
power). The ratio of the active power to the apparent power is known as the power
factor and is a number between 0.0 and 1.0.

The power factor in the above
example is 936/1040 = .90. Most modern computers incorporate power factor corrected (PFC) power
supplies – and their power factor is .95 or better. This means 95% of the power
flowing (the apparent power) is performing usefully work and 5% or less of the
total power is being reflected back to the power company.

Active Power is Important since it is the Primary Measurement for Billing Utility companies charge for active power but will penalize companies with poor
power factors. Poor power factor is usually a system of large inductive loads
such as motors – not modern computers.

Apparent Power is the Total Power Flowing

AlsoNote that;
Resistor absorbs the real power and dissipates in the form of heat and light.
Inductor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form of magnetic field
Capacitor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form of electric or electrostatic filed


REVIEW:
Power dissipated by a load is referred to as true power. True power is symbolized by the letter P and is measured in the unit of Watts (W).

Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as reactive power. Reactive power is symbolized by the letter Q and is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR).

Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to as apparent power. Apparent power is symbolized by the letter S and is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA).

These three types of power are trigonometrically related to one another. In a right triangle, P = adjacent length, Q = opposite length,
and S = hypotenuse length. The opposite angle is equal to the circuit's impedance (Z) phase angle.

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