WHAT IS ASTHMA
Asthma (AZ-ma) is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.
Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms.

TYPES OF ASTHMA

ALLERGIES and ASTHMA :
Allergies and asthma often go hand-in-hand. Allergic
rhinitis (also called hay fever) is inflammation of the inside
lining of the nose and is the single most common chronic
allergic disease. In those with allergic rhinitis ,
increased sensitivity ( allergy ) to a substance causes
your body’s immune cells to release histamines in
to contact with the allergens. Histamines, along
with other chemicals, lead to allergy symptoms. The most
common allergens enter the body through the airway.
With allergic rhinitis , you may feel a constant runny
nose, ongoing sneezing , swollen nasal passages, excess
mucus, weepy eyes, and a scratchy throat. A cough may
result from the constant postnasal drip. Many times asthma
symptoms are triggered by allergic rhinitis. Your doctor
may prescribe medications to control the allergies and, in
doing so, the cough and other asthma symptoms
may subside.

EXERCISE -INDUCED ASTHMA
Exercise -induced asthma is a type of asthma triggered
by exercise or physical exertion. Many people with asthma
experience some degree of symptoms with exercise.
However, there are many people without asthma, including
Olympic athletes, who develop symptoms only during
exercise.
With exercise-induced asthma, airway narrowing peaks five
to 20 minutes after exercise begins, making it difficult to
catch your breath. You may have symptoms of an asthma
attack with wheezing and coughing . Your doctor can
tell you if you need use an asthma inhaler (bronchodilator )
before exercise to prevent these uncomfortable asthma
symptoms.

COUGH VARIANT ASTHMA
In the type of asthma called cough-variant asthma, severe
coughing is the predominant symptom. There can be
other causes of cough such as postnasal drip, chronic
rhinitis, sinusitis , or gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD or heartburn). Coughing because of
sinusitis with asthma is common.
Cough-variant asthma is vastly underdiagnosed and
undertreated. Asthma triggers for cough-variant asthma are
usually respiratory infections and exercise.
For any persistent cough, contact your doctor. Your doctor
may order specific asthma tests, such as lung function
tests , to show how well your lungs work. You might need to
see a lung specialist for further tests before an asthma
diagnosis is made.

OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA
Occupational asthma is a type of asthma that results from
workplace triggers. With this type of asthma, you might
have difficulty breathing and asthma symptoms just on the
days you're on the job.
Many people with this type of asthma suffer with runny nose
and congestion or eye irritation or have a cough
instead of the typical asthma wheezing .
Some common jobs that are associated with occupational
asthma include animal breeders, farmers, hairdressers,
nurses, painters, and woodworkers.

NIGHTTIME (NOCTURNAL)ASTHMA
Nighttime asthma, also called nocturnal asthma, is a
common type of the disease. If you have asthma, the
chances of having symptoms are much higher during sleep
because asthma is powerfully influenced by the sleep -
wake cycle (circadian rhythms). Your asthma symptoms of
wheezing, cough, and trouble breathing are common and
dangerous, particularly at nighttime.
Studies show that the most deaths related to asthma occur
at night. It’s thought that this may be because of increased
exposure to allergens (asthma triggers ), cooling of the
airways, reclining position, or even hormone secretions that
follow a circadian pattern. Sometimes heartburn can cause
asthma at night.

HEALTH CONDITIONS THAT MAY MIMIC ASTHMA
A variety of illnesses can cause some of the same
symptoms as asthma. For example, cardiac asthma is a
form of heart failure in which the symptoms mimic some of
the symptoms of regular asthma.
Vocal cord dysfunction is another asthma mimic.

CAUSES OF ASTHMA
It isn't clear why some people get asthma and others don't,
but it's probably due to a combination of environmental and
genetic (inherited) factors.
Asthma triggers
Exposure to various irritants and substances that trigger
allergies (allergens) can trigger signs and symptoms of
asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person
and can include:
Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander,
mold, cockroaches and dust mites
Respiratory infections, such as the common cold
Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma)
Cold air
Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke
Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin,
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen
(Aleve)
Strong emotions and stress
Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of
foods and beverages, including shrimp, dried fruit,
processed potatoes, beer and wine
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in
which stomach acids back up into your throat.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness or pain
Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath,
coughing or wheezing
A whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling
(wheezing is a common sign of asthma in children)
Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a
respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu.
HOW ASTHMA AFFECTS LUNG
People with asthma have airways that are very
sensitive to one or more triggers. Exposure
makes airways begin to spasm, becoming red,
swollen and narrow. Mucous is produced and
gathers in the airways.

TREATMENT
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