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26. Fixed asset: this is a business capital that does not change as level of output cganges. It continues to aids production for years. No matter amount of goods you produce at a time this asset or business property remains constant, it only accumulates wears and tears. This includes furniture, machinery building etc. There are some fixed assets that accumulate amortisation.

27 Current Asset: this is a business capital that changes it forms, quantity and quality as level of output changes. The higher the production the higher and lower is current asset. e.g if you increase production of stock of goods, it means your stock increases and cash decreases. So any time production quantity changes current asset also changes. eg cash in hand, cash at bank, debtors, stock etc this asset changes as many time as possible in one accounting year.

28. Current Liability: this is a debt that also changes as many time as possible within one accounting year, it is known as shut time liability and it changes it forms, quantity and quality as level of production changes.

29. Liquid Asset: this is cash, cheque or any value that can be quickly converted to cash within one accounting year eg stock, debtor, shares etc

30. Solid Asset: this is asset that can not be easy converted to cash. It takes a lot of processes and time before the asset can be converted to cash, longer than one accounting year. eg building, machinery...etc

Modle 1f

We have seen the causes of small and micro businesses risk now let see how we can apply simple quantitative techniques to understand how deep is a small or micro business risk is.

Let assume you do not have full accounting data to measure your businesses risk but you know the capital of the business you can calculate the business risk as follows.

Let assume that Mr. Alabi started a business last June with 10 naira and its new capital 100 naira consists of 20 naira owner's equity and 80 naira liabibilty. Calculate the chance that the business will or will not survive the the second year

Solution:

If the factors remain constant the chance that this business will not exist more than the second year can be calculated as follows.

Year 1

C=OE+L

C = 10+80

C = 90

The chance that the business will not continue till end of the second year is L/C = 80/90= 8/9 0r 0.89 while chance that the business will survive till the end of year 1 is OE/C = 10/90 = 1/9 or 0.11

The probability or the chance that the business will not survive second year is 0.89 while probability that it will survive it 0.11

it therefore means that the percentage that the business will not survive second year is 89% and that it will survive it is 11%

It is therefore more than four times easier for the business to close down before the end of second year than for the business to survive it.

With this capital structure if the business survives the second year it would not survive third, forth or fifth year this kind of capital structures kill small and micro businesses.

This small quantitative application can expose the danger.

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Small and micro businesses are businesses in which LIABILITY of the owners is UNLIMITED.

What is LIABILITY? It simply means DEBT. Any form of resource s that it not owned by you but by the third party in order to bring the second party into existence. It may be in form of cash/bank loan, furniture, machinery etc.

What is UNLIMITED? It simply means that your liability (debt) in the business is not limited to the capital that you use to start the business but your liability in the business reaches your private life and private property.

What I am saying? I am saying that if the business that you started with 100 naira 10 years ago has grown to 1000 naira which includes: new capital 200, debt 800. If anything happens to the business and the business can not continues and you sell the business asset, if the proseed you get from sales of the asset is not enough to settle the business debt then you have to use your capital (N200) to settle the remaining debt.

AND IF IT IS NOT STILL ENOUGH TO SETTLE THE REMAINING DEBT THEN YOU HAVE TO SELL YOU PRIVATELY OWNED PROPERTIES, YOUR CAR, TV, FURNITURE...BECAUSE THE BUSINESS IS "UNLIMITED LIABILTY"

What lesson did you learn?

1 Small business does not enjoy legal entity

2. Liability of a small is burden of the owner

3 If capital structure of a small business is not good is a big risk for the owner

4 this is one major risk of small and micro businesses

5 Liability means the owners' debt

6 unlimited means on event of bankrupcy, your private property is not safe

...continues later.

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Note: that the example is a part of the lesson.

Somebody asked a question, she said, if he refuses to sell his property to settle her debt what will happen?

Answer: if you refuse to sell your property to settle the business debt, then you leave your creditors with no option but to drag you to court of law and the court will certainly hold you liable and order confiscation and sales of your property to settle business debt.

Modle 1b

HOW CAN YOU RECOGNISE SMALL AND MICRO BUSINESSES?

1. By their names, if you see a business that ends with word like: enterprises, venture, & Co, & sons, & Associates etc

2. By their formation or registration: a business that is regisgered as a sole proprietorship, or partnership etc

3. Source of Capital: a business whose source of capital is limited to money market.

4 Capital size: a business whose capital is 100 million and below is small or micro business

5. Unlimited Liabilities: a business whose liability is unlimited

6. Number of owners: a business whose owners are not more than 20 is a small or micro business

7. Risk: A business whose risk is almost unmeasurable, or uninsurable

And many others



Modle 1c

SOURCE OF CAPITIAL FOR SMALL BUSINESS

1. Personal savings: the allowance you recieve from your youth service, the stipend you receive from your parents, the salaries and wages you receive from office etc you can use all this to start a small and micro business

2. Bank: Commercial banks in Nigeria do not give you loan to start a small and micro businesses; go to micro finance bank create relationship with them follow the rules provided...but I cant still guarantee that you will get it even if you qualify from...my experience.

3 Sales of property: you can sell your car, your plasma TV, Laptop...if you are very sure of your business

4. Family and friends: beg daddy for 200,000 naira, beg mummy to buy 80,000 furniture for you, beg anti to give you her abandoned personal computers, ask your friends, Sola, Funke, Tunde, Gbenga to borrow you some money, open up to them what you want to do with the money and assure them of your success.

5 Government Grant: state, local and federal governments give capital to small businesses inform of fixed asset like machine, vehicles, tools etc but I don't believe all that I watched on TV is real. However, this is also a source of capital

6. Philanthropists: Some rich and well doing men and women of substance do support and help new and old small and micro business you can get capital from this source

7 International Communities: international communities like ECOWAS, AU, UNs...train and give capital to start up a business. Although, I watched it on TV but I don't believe it

8. Esu-su: daily contribution by different people facilitates by a man called baba alajo. You can be part of it, if you keep saving with them for some months you can raise your capital


9. Contribution: you can organise or joined and organised contribution in which all the money contributes in a month would be given to somebody to use it for whatever and another one contributes by all the members given to another member until everyone collected

10. Social Clubs: there are social clubs where members are helped financially to start up their businesses youth clubs, tribe clubs etc

11. Religion/Spiritual Houses: although in practice and experience is not possible but theoretically that is one of their purposes

12. NPMO: not profit making organisations are also out there, many of them are willing and ready to finance your business. Many of them are known as foundations. And many of them are owned by big companies in the country, they created these foundations as a way to give back to society. (Social Responsibility )

And many others

...continues...

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Module 1e

CAUSES OF SMALL AND MICRO BUSINESS RISK

Small and micro businesses are very risky that is why more than 70% of them close down within five years of their existence.

Below are causes of small and micro business risk.

1 Lack of book of account: many small and micro businesses do not have financial record, so at the end of the year they are not able to see the true face of the business, there is no way you do a business and you do not have a financial record...you will fall. It is cause of risk

2. Lack of capital: no or few financial institutions are willing to give loan to small and micro business and this has resulted to many of them by so doing they do not get fund to reparkage their product and this increases their chance of closing closing down.

3. Consultancy Services: around the country, it is hard to find micro and small businesses consultants, many of the consultants consult for medium and large businesses and this has resulted to high risk for small and micro business

4. Business Illiteracy: many small and micro businesses owners are business illiterates, they believe just get office employ people and be their boss. Business is more than how they handle it. And this increases small and micro businesses risk

5. Poor Management: many of them do not have small and micro business managerial skill. They do not have any business management skill and they jump into a business that is a big risk

6. Capital Budget: Many or all small and micro businesses do not have capital budget that give to the future progress of the business

7. Rich Quick Syndrome: many small and micro business operators have get rich quick syndrome that does not allow them to nurture to grow high before they are reaping from it.

8. Capital Structure: Small and micro businesses do not have stature for their capital and asset, they are just lieing shapless and increasing their risk.

9. Mobility: Small and micro businesses and their operators can easily relocate and this makes it hard for them to get loan from financial Institutions who will be considering if the business is given loan she and it operator may relocate then that lead to increase in small and micro businesses risk.

10 Singleness of the operators: many small and micro businesses are young Nigerians who have not married. Many financial institution and customers will also think plan of an average Nigerian youth is to wrong abroad. If we give him loan he will find it easy to run away with our money without look back

11. Nigeria : Nigeria as a country is a business killer. She kills small and micro businesses with lack of security, loan, social amenities, corruption, political culture, political system inability to distinguish between politics and governmemt...only medium and large businesses that can afford to provide these amenities survive. Nigeria kills small and micro business. NIGERIA IS A KILLER

12. Assumption: many small and micro businesses put all their business plan on assumption. Millennial businesses have rejected assumption. It increases small and micro businesses risk

13 Lack of Insurance: many small and micro businesses do not have insurance policy because they see it as waste of money. And also because many insurance company are not trustable.

14. Insufficient Capital: as at the time many small businesses start, they do not have sufficient capital, they only believe, they can manage to grow the business at the middle way the businesses falls because of the high risk.

15. Drawings: the operators spend the business money on their own personal life without even accounting for it. They keep removing drawing until their capital becomes negative.

16. Lack of understanding of separate entity: many small and micro business operators see the business and themselves as one. They believe money spends on personal needs is the same as money spends on the business that is wrong. And it increases small and micro businesses risk

17. Constituency: many small and micro businesses are unstable like water, this does not their financial institution and clients have trust in them

18. Waste of resources: many small and micro businesses waste their resources due to lack of right decision making. This is a risk that kills small and micro businesse

19. Lack of division of labour and specialisation: the operators of small businesses are the businesses accountants, lawyers, consultants, marketers, administrators..20 in one this is a risk. There will also be wrong decisions.

20 Lack of consultant: many small and micro businesses do not have consultant because it is expensive to get one and also because the operators do not see a reason for getting a consultant for a small and micro businesses. BUT I AM PUTING IT TO YOU THAT YOU NEED A CONSULTANT AND I AM YOU CONSULTANT I WILL CHARGE YOU FOR EXPENSES IF NECESSARY BUT I ALWAYS HOPE I CAN DO YOU FULL CONSULTATIONS FREE.

What I am trying to say is that everything sounding small and micro businesses is a risk.

YOU NEED ME, A SMALL AND MICRO BUSINESS CONSULTANT. MAIL ME NOW. EVERY OF YOUR SERVICE WILL BE DONE AND DELIEVER ONLINE.


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08183480836

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Modle 1g


HOW TO MANAGE YOUR BAD CAPITAL STRUCTURES

1. Diversify your liability

2. Insure your business

3. Reduce your drawings, salaries and wages

4. Care for your employees, support them show them love always

5. Service your loan regularly

6. Keep as many as possible supplies

7. Reduce expenses

8. Keep and up date your financial statement and balance sheet

9. Keep more fixed asset than current asset

10. Look out for 0 interest loan.

A business whose liability is far higher than the owner's equity must put above in practice to keep the business going until when he is able to balance the business capital structure.

SMALL AND MICRO BUSINESS ACCOUNTING TERMINOLOGIES AND MEANNINGS

1. Opening stock: this is total amount of goods remained in last accounting year and transfers to start the new year trading.

2. Closing stock: this is total amount of goods remained unsold at the end of the accounting year. This is a business asset.

3. Purchases: this is amount of goods bought purposely to resell them

4. Sales: this is total amount of goods that are sold. This includes cost of the goods and profit

5. Carriage inwards: this is the total amount of money spend on transportation of the goods into the business/shop

6. Carriage outwards: this is the total amount of money spent to transfer goods to customers.

7. Returns inwards: this is the goods returned to us by our customers because the goods are damaged, wrong description, expiry etc

8. Returns outwards: this is the goods we return to our suppliers because the goods are damaged, wrong description, expiry etc

9. Cost of goods available for sales: this is total amount it takes a trader provide the goods he wants to sell to the consumers. This inlucles: opening stock + purchases + carriage inwards - returns outwards

10. Cost of goods sold: This is total amount of money that takes to provides the goods that we have already sold.

11. Gross Profit: This is a trader's profit that includes expenses adjustment. It includes net profit and paid and unpaid expenses.

12. Carried down: this is a situation where a balance is being carried transfer for adjustment in the next account

13. Expense: this this is money spent to carry out day-to-day activities of the business and they are as follows

14. Carriage outwards in 6

15. General or sundary expenses: these are petty expenses that are too small to open account for and therefore put them together as one expenses

16. Electricity bill: this is amount paid for the cossuption of power in your business

17. Insurance: this is premium pay to insurance company by the your business to share your risk

18. Drawings: this is amount of money you spend out of the busineess money for personal use. e. g the money you withdraw from the business to pay your house rent

19. Transportation: this is amount or allowance spent to move the traders around on the behalf of the business

20. Depreciation : this is wear and tear or worn-out that the business fixed asset goes through as a result of continue usage of the asset.

Others coming up letter

Continues...

SMALL AND MICRO BUSINESS ACCOUNTING TERMINOLOGIES

21 Overtrading: this is a situation whereby a trader stocks more than he can sell at a particular time, this may lead to reductions in working capital, goods damages and expiry

22. Capital employed: this is total business assets minus current liabilities of the business

23. Working capital: this is otherwise known as circulating capital, it amount of cash available in the business for day to day running of the business, this is derived by cs-cl

24. Owner's equity: this is amount of funds that the owner contributed from his pocket into the business. This is not loan it is your savings you inject into the business. It is otherwise called net worth or proprietor's fund

25. Loan: this is money borrowed with aim of refunding it within one accounting year. It may be zero interest or not.

Goodread. Like the term, over trading