It is essential that people with diabetes have well-controlled blood glucose levels. High blood glucose level over a prolonged period can cause damage to blood vessels, which increases the risk of diabetes-related complications, such as neuropathy. If you have diabetes, you should aim to keep your blood glucose levels between 4.0 and 7.0 mmol/1 for as much of the time as possible, as recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).

If your blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but you don’t have diabetes, it could be that you have prediabetes. As symptoms develop gradually, many people have prediabetes but are completely unaware of it.

If your HbAIc level is between 6.0-6.4 mmol/moI, this can indicate the presence of pre-diabetes, and you would need to adopt diet and lifestyle changes to bring down these levels. HbAIc measures the average glucose in the blood between two to three months.

In order to monitor blood glucose levels, you should test your blood sugar regularly. Several factors can influence blood glucose levels, such as carbohydrate intake, exercise and missing medication, and testing often can help you understand how these factors affect you.

Regular testing will also enable you to maintain good HbAic levels. However, not all people with type 2 diabetes are prescribed a free testing meter and strips. One solution is the type-2 testing meter and strips. One solution is the type-2 testing programme, which provides testing stripes alongside structured support.

After 12 months, 96 per cent of members understood how food impacted blood glucose, and 92 per cent were more confident in managing their diabetes.


Normal and diabetic blood sugar ranges[/b]

For the majority of healthy individuals, normal blood sugar levels are as follows:

Between 4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L (72 to 108 mg/dL) when fasting
Up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating
For people with diabetes, blood sugar level targets are as follows:

Before meals: 4 to 7 mmol/L for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
After meals: under 9 mmol/L for people with type 1 diabetes and under 8.5mmol/L for people with type 2 diabetes
Blood sugar levels in diagnosing diabetes

The following table lays out criteria for diagnoses of diabetes and prediabetes


Random plasma glucose test

A blood sample for a random plasma glucose test can be taken at any time. This doesn’t require as much planning and is therefore used in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes when time is of the essence.


Fasting plasma glucose test

A fasting plasma glucose test is taken after at least eight hours of fasting and is therefore usually taken in the morning.

The NICE guidelines regard a fasting plasma glucose result of 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/l as putting someone at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, particularly when accompanied by other risk factors for type 2 diabetes.


Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

An oral glucose tolerance test involves taking a first taking a fasting sample of blood and then taking a very sweet drink containing 75g of glucose.

After having this drink you need to stay at rest until a further blood sample is taken after 2 hours.


HbA1c test for diabetes diagnosis

An HbA1c test does not directly measure the level of blood glucose, however, the result of the test is influenced by how high or low your blood glucose levels have tended to be over a period of 2 to 3 months.


Indications of diabetes or prediabetes are given under the following conditions:

Normal: Below 42 mmol/mol (6.0%)
Prediabetes: 42 to 47 mmol/mol (6.0 to 6.4%)
Diabetes: 48 mmol/mol (6.5% or over)


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