https://chemicalengineeringnob.com/2018/09/04/distillation-and-fractionating-column/


different boiling points. This is done in two stages. They include: vaccum and atmospheric stages.

The process of distillation is a separation process not chemical process. It is one of the unit operation in chemical engineering processes. This separation is carried out on a distillation or fractionating column. In a chemical plant, there are series of columns because separated components of crude are processed more for further improvement. This process may be reforming or cracking processes.

In crude oil distillation, as temperature rise the lighter components vaporize. As the vapor rises in the column, products are collected along the column and stored in the storage tank while some are condensed back to column as liquid.
The use of fractional distillation can be more effective. fractional distillation is combined with rectification process. Rectification means counter flow contact with vapor formed and liquid condensed as products are eliminated. Notice that on a tray, the vapor leaving is in Equilibrium with the liquid leaving the plate. Also, the liquid returning to the column has equal Temperature ( know about WBT) and Composition of the distillate. All these are applicable in distillation of crude oil.

In the design of columns, considerations are made in the theoretical number of plates for a particular tower; and the plate efficiencies as operation progresses. The theoretical number of plate can be determined by the relationship between the vapor and liquid composition of the feed.

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