This is the same principle (quantum entanglement) that magicians apply to make their audience see what is in their (magicians') mind since all heads are connected (or entangled).

To the glory of OtemAtum.

HellVictorinho3:
To the glory of OtemAtum.

and to budaatum the god of more confusion.

Amatarasha:
and to budaatum the god of more confusion.

Can you help me to find someone that needs online Maths lessons at a certain price?

New insight into the internal structure of the proton

While the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is well known for smashing protons together, it is actually the quarks and gluons inside the protons—collectively known as partons—that are really interacting.

Thus, in order to predict the rate of a process occurring in the LHC—such as the production of a Higgs boson or a yet-unknown particle—physicists have to understand how partons behave within the proton.

This behavior is described in parton distribution functions (PDFs), which describe what fraction of a proton's momentum is taken by its constituent quarks and gluons.

Knowledge of these PDFs has traditionally come from lepton–proton colliders, such as HERA at DESY. These machines use point-like particles, such as electrons, to directly probe the partons within the proton.

Their research revealed that, in addition to the well-known up and down valence quarks that are inside a proton, there is also a sea of quark–antiquark pairs in the proton.

This sea is theoretically made of all types of quarks, bound together by gluons. Now, studies of the LHC's proton–proton collisions are providing a detailed look into PDFs, in particular the proton's gluon and quark-type composition.

The physicists at CERN's ATLAS Experiment have just released a new paper combining LHC and HERA data to determine PDFs.

The result uses ATLAS data from several different Standard Model processes, including the production of W and Z bosons, pairs of top quarks and hadronic jets (collimated sprays of particles).

It was traditionally thought that the strange-quark PDF would be suppressed by a factor of ~2 compared to that of the lighter up- and down-type quarks, because of its larger mass.

The new paper confirms a previous ATLAS result, which found that the strange quark is not substantially suppressed at small proton momentum fractions and extends this result to show how suppression kicks in at higher momentum fractions (x > 0.05) as shown in Figure 1.

Several experiments and theoretical groups around the world are working to understand PDFs.

While their results are generally in agreement, there has been some variance at the high-momentum fraction (x > 0.1) that could impact high-energy searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.

Further, it has become increasingly clear that a better understanding of PDFs at mid-range momentum fractions (x ~ 0.01–0.1) is needed if physicists are to find evidence for new-physics processes in the deviations from the Standard Model of quantities such as the mass of the W boson or the weak mixing angle.

This would require knowledge of PDFs to an accuracy of ~1%.

This is where the ATLAS analysis contributes most powerfully, as the accuracy of the PDFs depends on detailed knowledge of the systematic uncertainties of the input data.

The ATLAS Collaboration is able to assess the correlations of such uncertainties between their datasets and account for them—an ability put to great effect in their new PDF result.

Such knowledge was not previously available outside ATLAS, making this result a new "vademecum" for global PDF groups.

It turns out that the impact of such correlations can shift the central values of the PDFs by > 1% in the mid-range momentum region, and by much more than this in the high-x region, as shown in Figure 2.

ATLAS' new understanding of PDFs will be used in the search for new physics processes when the LHC restarts later this year.

Further, the techniques described in the paper will aid future analysis groups—both at ATLAS and beyond—in determining more accurate parton distribution functions.

Source: https://phys.org/news/2022-01-insight-internal-proton.amp

A001:

https://fs.blog/intellectual-giants/richard-feynman/

Thanks bro.
Let me find a way to destroy this earth so that everyone will rest once and for all

JOACHINpedro:

Let me find a way to destroy this earth so that everyone will rest once and for all

Lols, na you create the Earth wey you wan destroy. Rada rada

Image of the Antenna galaxies, composite from ALMA and Hubble observations !

The Antenna galaxies (also known as NGC 4038 and 4039) are a pair of colliding spiral galaxies with highly distorted shapes located about 70 million light-years away in the constellation of Corvo.

This image combines ALMA observations, taken at two different wavelength regions during the observatory's initial testing phase, with observations taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.

The Hubble image is the sharpest image ever taken of this object, making it a milestone in terms of resolution.

ALMA observes at much longer wavelengths, which makes it much more difficult to obtain images that are comparatively sharp.

However, when ALMA's network is complete, your view will be ten times sharper than Hubble's.

Most of the ALMA test observations used to create this image were taken with just twelve antennas working in unison - far fewer than those that will be used to make the first scientific observations - and situated very close together.

Both factors contribute to making this new image just a foretaste of what is yet to come. As the observatory grows, the sharpness, speed and quality of observations will increase dramatically as more antennas become available and the network will grow in size.

Despite this, this is the best submillimetre-wavelength image of the Antenna galaxies and opens a new window into the submillimetre Universe.

While visible radiation - here shown in blue - shows newborn stars in galaxies, the ALMA image shows something that cannot be seen at these wavelengths: the clouds of dense, cold gas from which new stars form.

The ALMA observations - shown here in red, pink and yellow - were obtained at specific wavelengths of millimeter and submillimeter radiation (ALMA bands 3 and 7), calibrated to detect carbon monoxide molecules in the hydrogen clouds (which would be otherwise invisible), where new stars are forming.

Enormous concentrations of gas were found, not only in the hearts of the two galaxies but also in the chaotic region where the collision is taking place.

There, the total amount of gas amounts to billions of times the mass of the Sun - an extremely rich reservoir of material for future generations of stars. Observations like these will be vital to understanding how galaxy collisions give rise to new stars.

This is just one example of how ALMA reveals parts of the Universe that cannot be seen with a telescope operating in both visible and infrared.

Credit:
SOUL (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO). Visible light image: the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope
https://www.facebook.com/544113336044453/posts/1374885722967206/

Galaxies, Types of Galaxies, and Constellations


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC2kiFUymk4

Black hole devoured a star decades ago and it was only discovered now !

Traces of a black hole 's "meal" were identified in a dataset from the 1980s, thanks to two high school students.

The object devoured a star, which was torn apart in a process known as a tidal disruption event, before crashing to the event horizon never to return.

How black holes feed

A black hole's “lunch” is not a discrete process; on the contrary, it is a confusing and troubled event, which releases large amounts of radiation.

When the star (or anything else unlucky) gets too close to the object, gravity pulls on it with violent force.

Despite this, the star still has a long way to go before reaching the event horizon — the critical point of a black hole from which nothing, not even light, can escape.

Therefore, the star's matter is gradually stripped away, until it is spaghettied.

This stellar mass "spaghetti" begins to spin at great speed around the black hole, producing a burst of light. And while astronomers have seen this phenomenon occur a few times, few of these cases have relied on radio observations.

Black hole meal found by teenagers

Young Ginevra Zaccagnini and Jackson Codd were reviewing data collected by the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico and noticed that a bright signal seen in the mid-1990s had disappeared in 2017.

They left a note for scientists about the discovery, and so a team of astronomers began looking for other observations of the glow, cataloged as J1533+2727.

They soon discovered that another radio telescope, at the Green Bank Observatory, Virginia, USA, had detected the same object before its sudden disappearance.

With the sum of the data, they realized that observations between 1986 and 1987 showed that the object appeared even brighter than those of the 1990s.

Now, according to the team's calculation, the glow is now 500 times darker than it was at its brightest.

Looking further, they concluded that the glow was caused by a black hole feeding on a star, causing a tidal disruption event that resulted in a relativistic jet, detected by radio signals.

According to Vikram Ravi, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, "this is the first discovery of a candidate for a relativistic tidal disruption event in the relatively nearby universe."

This could mean that this phenomenon may be more common than previously thought.

These glows emitted during black hole meals are great opportunities to study them.

More than 100 such events were found in all. The paper describing the research has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.

Source: https://www./832899463752423/permalink/1582870222088673/

What will the James Webb Space Telescope look at first?

The first images are going to be ugly.

As the James Webb Space Telescope begins the lengthy process of aligning its 18 primary mirror segments, a question burns in the astronomical community: What will the huge observatory look at first?

Webb soared into space successfully on Dec. 25 and successfully completed its major deployments about two weeks later while speeding toward its ultimate destination: the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), a gravitationally stable spot in space about 930,000 miles (1.5 million kilometers) away from our planet.

The telescope includes 18 hexagonal mirror segments that need to be gradually aligned into a single, nearly perfect light-collecting surface.

A necessary part of that process is taking images of the sky to see how well the alignment is proceeding, but Jane Rigby, Webb operations project scientist, warned everyone not to expect much from the "first light" of Webb.

"The first images are going to be ugly. It is going to be blurry. We'll [have] 18 of these little images all over the sky," Rigby told reporters during a livestreamed press conference on Saturday (Jan. discussing the successful deployment of Webb's 21.3-foot-wide (6.3 meters) primary mirror that day.

Rigby was speaking from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, where telescope operations are centered.

Webb team members didn't say during the press conference if they plan to release those early, "ugly" images.

The primary mirror segments will at first be off by millimeters, which is a large degree of imprecision when it comes to honing in on a distant exoplanet or seeing the stars in a faraway galaxy.

But by roughly Day 120 of the mission, which is about April 24, engineers expect that the telescope will be seeing far more precisely, with the alignment procedure complete.

"I like to think of it as, it's like we have 18 mirrors that are, right now, little prima donnas, all doing their own thing, singing their own tune in whatever key they're in," Rigby said.

"We have to make them work like a chorus, and that is a methodical, laborious process."

The next major question is what Webb will first focus its eyes on.

The observatory, billed as a successor to the groundbreaking Hubble Space Telescope that launched in 1990, has received many requests for "telescope time" among astronomers, and the vast majority of those had to be turned down.

A few "early science" programs are listed on NASA's website, but where Webb will look first has not yet been disclosed.

However, we do know some of the engineering alignment targets that the observatory will examine during early commissioning.

"We have some sources that are [of] nice and uniform brightness," Rigby said, "so we can check how the detectors are working ... A lot of those targets are in the Large Magellanic Cloud, because we can always see the north and south ecliptic poles. They're always available."

Rigby added that the team picked many of the commissioning period targets in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy relatively close to the Milky Way, because they would always be in sight no matter when Webb launched.

"We knew we didn't have to keep replanning if the launch date changed," she said.


That consistency was, in retrospect, a wise choice, as Webb's launch date was delayed repeatedly in the last few weeks alone due to last-minute issues, including a faulty data cable and an unplanned clamp band release during launch preparations.

All issues were successfully resolved before launch.

Source: https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-first-observing-targets

The quantum field theory on which the everyday world supervenes

The laws of physics underlying everyday life are, at one level of description, completely known, and can be summarized in a single elegant—if quite complex—equation. That's the claim physicist Sean Carroll, an SFI Fractal Faculty member and External Professor, makes in a recent paper.

Objects in our everyday world—people, planets, puppies—are made up of atoms and molecules.

Atoms and molecules, in turn, are made of elementary particles, interacting via a set of fundamental forces.

And these particles and forces are accurately—and completely, Carroll argues—described by the principles of quantum field theory, in a model known as the "Core Theory."

All the things we humans experience in our day-to-day lives—the warmth of sunlight, the gravitational pull of the Earth, the kinetic energy required to move our bodies through space—are beholden to and can be explained by Core Theory.

Don't worry that physicists will soon be out of their jobs, though.

The Theory of Everything is not yet in our hands. We will undoubtedly discover new particles and new forces, and perhaps even phenomena that are completely outside the domain in which our current understanding of physics operates.

If we push beyond our ordinary world into black holes and other aspects of quantum gravity, there are indications that quantum field theory might not be the right framework to describe them.

Similarly, it may not suffice to explain conditions in the early universe, or near neutron stars or black holes, or phenomena such as dark matter and dark energy that don't interact noticeably with human beings under ordinary circumstances.

But Carroll argues that none of the discoveries needed to explain such phenomena will alter our understanding of the physics that affects our everyday lives.

Assuming Carroll's claim is correct, it has a number of immediate implications.

It means there is no life after death, as the information in a person's mind is encoded in the physical configuration of atoms in their body, and there is no physical mechanism for that information to be carried away after death.

The problems of consciousness must ultimately be answered in terms of processes that are compatible with this underlying theory.

And while historically, discoveries of new particles and forces have spurred technological innovations, Core Theory means that won't happen going forward, since those discoveries won't be at a level to impact our everyday lives.

Carroll admits that he can't give an airtight proof for this, which would be essentially impossible.

But his arguments, he says, highlight the challenge faced by those who think something beyond the Core Theory is required. He notes that the dynamics summarized by the equation of the Core Theory are "well-defined, quantitative, and unyielding, not to mention experimentally tested to exquisite precision in a wide variety of contexts. . . .

Skeptics of the claim defended here have the burden of specifying precisely how that equation is to be modified. This would necessarily raise a host of tricky issues."

Source: https://phys.org/news/2022-01-quantum-field-theory-everyday-world.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBeALt3rxEA


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmG2ah5Df4g

What if there are other particles yet to be discovered by scientists that are even harder to detect than neutrinos?

If such particles exist, how will their discovery affect the way we see reality? How will it affect the Standard Model, the most successful theory ever in Physics?

What are neutrinos?


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5t2LfJ85r-I

Understanding the Standard Model


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Unl1jXFnzgo

Worldwide coordinated search for dark matter

An international team of researchers with key participation from the PRISMA+Cluster of Excellence at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) and the Helmholtz Institute Mainz (HIM) has published for the first time comprehensive data on the search for dark matter using a worldwide network of optical magnetometers.

According to the scientists, dark matter fields should produce a characteristic signal pattern that can be detected by correlated measurements at multiple stations of the GNOME network. Analysis of data from a one-month continuous GNOME operation has not yet yielded a corresponding indication.

However, the measurement allows the formulation of constraints on the characteristics of dark matter, as the researchers report in the journal Nature Physics.



GNOME stands for Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic Physics Searches. Behind it are magnetometers distributed around the world in Germany, Serbia, Poland, Israel, South Korea, China, Australia, and the United States.

With GNOME, the researchers particularly want to advance the search for dark matter—one of the most exciting challenges of fundamental physics in the 21st century. After all, it has long been known that many puzzling astronomical observations, such as the rotation speed of stars in galaxies or the spectrum of the cosmic background radiation, can best be explained by dark matter.

"Extremely light bosonic particles are considered one of the most promising candidates for dark matter today.

"These include so-called axion-like particles—ALPs for short," said ProfessorDr. Dmitry Budker, professor at PRISMA+and at HIM, an institutional collaboration of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt.

"They can also be considered as a classical field oscillating with a certain frequency. A peculiarity of such bosonic fields is that—according to a possible theoretical scenario—they can form patterns and structures.

"As a result, the density of dark matter could be concentrated in many different regions—discrete domain walls smaller than a galaxy but much larger than Earth could form, for example."

"If such a wall encounters the Earth, it is gradually detected by the GNOME network and can cause transient characteristic signal patterns in the magnetometers," explained Dr. Arne Wickenbrock, one of the study's co-authors.

"Even more, the signals are correlated with each other in certain ways—depending on how fast the wall is moving and when it reaches each location."

The network meanwhile consists of 14 magnetometers distributed over eight countries worldwide.

Nine of them provided data for the current analysis.

The measurement principle is based on an interaction of dark matter with the nuclear spins of the atoms in the magnetometer. The atoms are excited with a laser at a specific frequency, orienting the nuclear spins in one direction.

A potential dark matter field can disturb this direction, which is measurable.

Figuratively speaking, one can imagine that the atoms in the magnetometer initially dance around in confusion, as clarified byHector Masia-Roig, a doctoral student in the Budker group and also an author of the current study.

"When they 'hear' the right frequency of laser light, they all spin together. Dark matter particles can throw the dancing atoms out of balance.

We can measure this perturbation very precisely." Now the network of magnetometers becomes important: When the Earth moves through a spatially limited wall of dark matter, the dancing atoms in all stations are gradually disturbed.

One of these stations is located in a laboratory at the Helmholtz Institute in Mainz.

"Only when we match the signals from all the stations can we assess what triggered the disturbance,"said Masia-Roig.

"Applied to the image of the dancing atoms, this means: If we compare the measurement results from all the stations, we can decide whether it was just one brave dancer dancing out of line or actually a global dark matter disturbance."

In the current study, the research team analyzes data from a one-month continuous operation of GNOME.

The result: Statistically significant signals did not appear in the investigated mass range from one femtoelectronvolt (feV) to 100,000 feV.

Conversely, this means that the researchers can narrow down the range in which such signals could theoretically be found even further than before.

For scenarios that rely on discrete dark matter walls, this is an important result—"even though we have not yet been able to detect such a domain wall with our global ring search," added Joseph Smiga, another Ph.D. student in Mainz and author of the study.

Future work of the GNOME collaboration will focus on improving both the magnetometers themselves and the data analysis. In particular, continuous operation should be even more stable.

This is important to reliably search for signals that last longer than an hour. In addition, the previous alkali atoms in the magnetometers are to be replaced by noble gasses.

Under the title Advanced GNOME, the researchers expect this to result in considerably better sensitivity for future measurements in the search for ALPs and dark matter.

Source: https://phys.org/news/2022-01-worldwide-dark.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pi8mumTgwlQ

Interesting

Let's talk a little about MAGNETIC MONOPOLES. Traditional Dipole magnets have a NORTH POLE and a SOUTH POLED linked together by their fields. From Physics standpoint the poles cannot exists seperately. But scientists have hypothesized that they could, thus named MAGNETIC MONOPOLES but do they exist? Past experimental results have not being so encouraging. Or are scientists just searching for nothing? What could be the mystery behind the hypothesized magnetic monopoles?

1MILLIONLiGHTS:
Let's talk a little about MAGNETIC MONOPOLES. Traditional Dipole magnets have a NORTH POLE and a SOUTH POLED linked together by their fields. From Physics standpoint the poles cannot exists seperately. But scientists have hypothesized that they could, thus named MAGNETIC MONOPOLES but do they exist? Past experimental results have not being so encouraging. Or are scientists just searching for nothing? What could be the mystery behind the hypothesized magnetic monopoles?

Wetin YOU dey find??

HellVictorinho3:



Wetin YOU dey find??

Magnetic MONOPOLES/ magnetic charges. And someday it will be truly discovered.

1MILLIONLiGHTS:


Magnetic MONOPOLES/ magnetic charges. And someday it will be truly discovered.

la la la.... I don't want to suffer... I dey pity my mama.....

But how i fit take help am....?

.Ra Ra Ra .... make I no go too far....

As e dey for my head......o na na na na na...


Za za za za.... shey I come to suffer....?

If I no ask myself...,who I wan come ask?


Doh Reh Mih ....Doh Reh Mih Da.....Da......Da ...



Arrrrrrrrrrrrrt..............damnnnn!!!!

Rotating Black Holes Could Make Hyperspace Travel Finally Within Reach

One of the most cherished science fiction scenarios is using a black hole as a portal to another dimension or time or universe. That fantasy may be closer to reality than previously imagined.

Black holes are perhaps the most mysterious objects in the universe.

They are the consequence of gravity crushing a dying star without limit, leading to the formation of a true singularity — which happens when an entire star gets compressed down to a single point yielding an object with infinite density.

This dense and hot singularity punches a hole in the fabric of spacetime itself, possibly opening up an opportunity for hyperspace travel.

That is, a short cut through spacetime allowing for travel over cosmic scale distances in a short period.

Researchers previously thought that any spacecraft attempting to use a black hole as a portal of this type would have to reckon with nature at its worst.

The hot and dense singularity would cause the spacecraft to endure a sequence of increasingly uncomfortable tidal stretching and squeezing before being completely vaporized.

FLYING THROUGH A BLACK HOLE

My team at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and a colleague at Georgia Gwinnett College have shown that all black holes are not created equal.

If the black hole like Sagittarius A*, located at the center of our own galaxy, is large and rotating, then the outlook for a spacecraft changes dramatically.

That’s because the singularity that a spacecraft would have to contend with is very gentle and could allow for a very peaceful passage.

The reason this is possible is that the relevant singularity inside a rotating black hole is technically “weak,” and thus does not damage objects that interact with it.

At first, this fact may seem counterintuitive. But one can think of it as analogous to the common experience of quickly passing one’s finger through a candle’s near 2,000-degree flame without getting burned.

My colleague Lior Burko and I have been investigating the physics of black holes for over two decades.

In 2016, my Ph.D. student, Caroline Mallary, inspired by Christopher Nolan’s blockbuster film Interstellar, set out to test if Cooper (Matthew McConaughey’s character) could survive his fall deep into Gargantua — a fictional, supermassive, rapidly rotating black hole some 100 million times the mass of our sun.

Interstellar was based on a book written by Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist Kip Thorne and Gargantua’s physical properties are central to the plot of this Hollywood movie.

Building on work done by physicist Amos Ori two decades prior, and armed with her strong computational skills, Mallary built a computer model that would capture most of the essential physical effects on a spacecraft, or any large object, falling into a large, rotating black hole like Sagittarius A*.

NOT EVEN A BUMPY RIDE?

What she discovered is that under all conditions an object falling into a rotating black hole would not experience infinitely large effects upon passage through the hole’s so-called inner horizon singularity.

This is the singularity that an object entering a rotating black hole cannot maneuver around or avoid.

Not only that, under the right circumstances, these effects may be negligibly small, allowing for a rather comfortable passage through the singularity.

In fact, there may be no noticeable effects on the falling object at all. This increases the feasibility of using large, rotating black holes as portals for hyperspace travel.

Mallary also discovered a feature that was not fully appreciated before: the fact that the effects of the singularity in the context of a rotating black hole would result in rapidly increasing cycles of stretching and squeezing on the spacecraft.

But for very large black holes like Gargantua, the strength of this effect would be very small. So, the spacecraft and any individuals on board would not detect it.

The crucial point is that these effects do not increase without bound; in fact, they stay finite, even though the stresses on the spacecraft tend to grow indefinitely as it approaches the black hole.

There are a few important simplifying assumptions and resulting caveats in the context of Mallary’s model.

The main assumption is that the black hole under consideration is completely isolated and thus not subject to constant disturbances by a source such as another star in its vicinity or even any falling radiation.

While this assumption allows important simplifications, it is worth noting that most black holes are surrounded by cosmic material — dust, gas, radiation.

Therefore, a natural extension of Mallary’s work would be to perform a similar study in the context of a more realistic astrophysical black hole.

Mallary’s approach of using a computer simulation to examine the effects of a black hole on an object is very common in the field of black hole physics.

Needless to say, we do not have the capability of performing real experiments in or near black holes yet, so scientists resort to theory and simulations to develop an understanding, by making predictions and new discoveries.

Source: https://www.inverse.com/article/52410-rotating-black-holes-may-serve-as-gentle-portals-for-hyperspace-travel

EXPLORING BLACK HOLES: WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?

Black holes are extremely dense pockets of matter, objects of such incredible mass and miniscule volume that they drastically warp the fabric of space-time.

Anything that passes too close, from a wandering star to a photon of light, gets captured. Most black holes are the condensed remnants of a massive star, the collapsed core that remains following an explosive supernova.

However, the black hole family tree has several branches, from tiny structures on par with a human cell to enormous giants billions of times more massive than our sun.

Primordial black holes
Formed from the condensation of raw materials in the early cosmos, primordial black holes emerged soon after the Big Bang.

Most were extremely tiny, and while those with the lowest-mass have likely evaporated, primordial black holes with larger masses may still exist - though even those have remained undetected.

Stellar-mass black holes
The most common black holes form as the result of a supernova, the catastrophic death of a massive star.

Most stellar-mass black holes are roughly five to ten times more massive than our sun, but NSF's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) has detected several with masses up to 100 times that of our sun.

Intermediate-mass black holes
In the mass range between stellar-mass and supermassive blackholes - that is hundreds to hundreds-of-thousands of solar masses - are intermediate-mass black holes.

Astronomers have spotted evidence for a handful of candidates, but none have been conclusively detected.

Theorists believe there are three scenarios for their formation: They could be primordial black holes, they might have formed in environments dense with stars, or they formed from mergers of stellar-mass black holes.

Supermassive black holes
Supermassive black holes have masses ranging from millions to billions of solar masses and appear to be in the center of almost all galaxies.

An important area of modern astrophysics is determining how supermassive black holes came to be: Were they formed with such high masses, or did their mass build up over time?

The NSF-funded Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project is attempting to capture an image of a black hole, setting its sights on two supermassive black holes, one in the center of the galaxy Messier 87 and the other in our Milky Way.

HOW ARE BLACK HOLES STUDIED?
Black holes have long inspired the imagination yet challenged discovery.

However, from a combination of theory and observation, scientists now know much about these objects and how they form, and can even see how they impact their surroundings.

So, how does one study a region of space that is defined by being invisible?

Theorists can calculate properties of black holes based on their understanding of the universe, and such discoveries have come from a range of great thinkers, from Albert Einstein to Stephen Hawking to Kip Thorne. However, despite being so powerful, it's hard to see something that does not emit photons, let alone traps any light that passes by.

Now, nearly a century after scientists suggested black holes might exist, the world now has tools to see them in action.

Using powerful observatories on Earth, astronomers can see the jets of plasma that black holes spew into space, detect the ripples in space-time from black holes colliding, and may soon even peer at the disc of disrupted mass and energy that surrounds the black hole's event horizon, the edge beyond which nothing can escape.

Source: https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/blackholes/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apkLyf1UyVM

1MILLIONLiGHTS:
Let's talk a little about MAGNETIC MONOPOLES. Traditional Dipole magnets have a NORTH POLE and a SOUTH POLED linked together by their fields. From Physics standpoint the poles cannot exists seperately. But scientists have hypothesized that they could, thus named MAGNETIC MONOPOLES but do they exist? Past experimental results have not being so encouraging. Or are scientists just searching for nothing? What could be the mystery behind the hypothesized magnetic monopoles?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gv9cwWpjbXo

Why do monopoles fascinate you?

A001:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gv9cwWpjbXo

Why do monopoles fascinate you?

Magnetism generally has fascinated me since boyhood.
Its going to be a ground breaking thing in physics. Not the one of Fennel in their " spin ice " material. The true MONOPOLES would revolutionize physics most especially electro magnetism, gravity. It would make one of maxwell's equation Div B= { non-zero} for vacuum conditions.