JSS1 First Term English Lesson Note

Topic: Organs of speech
Content
The organs of speech are parts of the human body that are used for speech production.
The lung serves as the powerhouse from which air flows. When we speak, we breathe normally and as the
stream of air flows out from the lungs through the narrow space of the wind pipe some sounds are produced.
We produce different speech sounds with the help of the vocal cords, the
velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, teeth, lips and the tongue as the airstream flows from the lungs.
As the airstream flows from the lungs during the production of speech sounds, a special organ
called the larynx modifies the sounds. When the vocal cords are placed edge to edge, the glottis
becomes narrow and when the airstream flow, the vocal cords vibrate. Then voiced sounds are
produced when the vocal cords are drawn apart airstream flows easily. So, the vocal cords do not
vibrate and voiceless sounds are produced.
All the vowels of English are voiced. A consonant sound may be ‘voiced’ or ‘voiceless’

Evaluation
1. List all the organs of speech.
2. What happens when the vocal cords are placed edge to edge during the production of a sound?
3. What happens when the vocal cords are drawn apart?


Topic: Parts of speech: Noun (functions)
(Content)
Nouns
What is a Noun?
Of all the parts of speech, nouns are perhaps the most important. A noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Here, we’ll take a closer look at what makes a noun a noun, and we’ll provide some noun examples, along with some advice for using nouns in your sentences.

Identifying a Noun
A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. The English word noun has its roots in the Latin word nomen, which means “name.” Every language has words that are nouns. As you read the following explanations, think about some words that might fit into each category.
*.Person– A term for a person, whether proper name, gender, title or class, is a noun.
*.Animal– A term for an animal, whether proper name, species, gender, or class is a noun.
*.Place– A term for a place, whether proper name, physical location, or general locale is a noun.
*.Thing– A term for a thing, whether it exists now, will exist, or existed in the past is a noun.
*.Idea– A term for an idea, be it a real, workable idea or a fantasy that might never come to fruition is a noun.

Identifying a noun in a sentence
When we first start to learn the parts of speech, trying to identify different words can seem like a challenge. This process gets easier with practice. Here are some noun examples to help you get started. The nouns in each sentence have been italicized.
* Person –He is the person to see.
* Person –John started to run.
* Person – Plato was an influential Greek philosopher.
* Animal – The dog barked at the cat.
* Animal – Elephants never forget.
* Animal – Sophie is my favourite horse.
* Place – The restaurant is open.
* Place – Let’s go to the beach.
* Place – Harvard and Yale are two famous universities.
* Thing – Throw the ball.
* Thing – Please close the door and lock it.
*.Idea – Follow the rules.
*.Idea – The theory of relativity is an important concept.

TYPES OF NOUNS
Common noun
A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g.boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness.

Proper noun
A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g.Steven, Africa, London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.

Concrete noun
A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.

Abstract noun
An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions- things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g .truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour.

Collective nouns
Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g.audience, family, government, team, jury. In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb: The whole family was at the table.In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct, but it would also be correct to treat the collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb: The whole family were at the table. A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, happiness is both a common noun and an abstract noun, while Mount Everest is both a concrete noun and a proper noun.

Evaluation
Identify the nouns in the following sentences
* Person – Sharon admires her grandfather.
* Place – Look! There’s the Eiffel Tower.
* Thing – The lamp sits on a table next to the sofa.
* Thing –Money doesn’t grow on trees.
* Person – My mother looks a lot like my grandmother, and I look very much like them.
*Idea –Love is a wonderful emotion.
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JSS1 Second Term English Lesson Note

TOPIC: The Simple past Tense

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: is used for an action that took place in the past. For example:
(i) John drove to Lagos on Monday
(ii) Yesterday, I ate rice
(iii) I was at work yesterday
To make the simple past tense we use:
(i) Past form (of verbs only)
(ii) Auxiliary did + base form

EVALUATION:- Complete the table below.
Simple Present Tense (Everyday) Simple Past Tense (Yesterday)
1. I go I went
2. I write ________________________
3. I run ________________________
4. They choose ________________________
5. He digs ________________________
6. He begins ________________________

ASSIGNMENT: Explain the difference that exists between the simple present tense and the simple past tense with examples in sentences.


Topic: Comprehension – Vocabulary Development Marriage Related Words.

Marriage is the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce). E.g. A long and happy marriage we have the following marriage-related words: Courtship, date (dating), bride, bride, groom, bride price, dowry, fiancée, spinster, bachelor, reception, engagement, wedding, matrimony, wedlock, white wedding.
1. White wedding:- A traditional wedding in which the bride wears a white dress
2. Courtship:- A man’s country of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage)
3. Bride price:- Money or property given (in some societies) by the bridegroom to the family of his bride


TOPIC: Grammar: The Past Continuous tense
The past continuous tense refers to an action that was given on at a time when another thing happened. The past continuous tense is formed by using WAS or WERE and a continuous tense. For example:
a. I was eating rice when he entered the room
b. While Kate was selling bread, her sister stole her money
c. The men were working hard when the supervisor appeared

EVALUATION: Underline the verbs in the paragraph below:
James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond was the killer in a telephone box.....


TOPIC: Composition (Narrative Essay)
A narrative is a recount of past experience or shared experience of the past. In everyday life, we often need to give an account or a report of an event or something that happened in the past, when we do this, we are involved in narration. Note that you make use of the past tense form of verbs a you are reporting an event that has happened. You also make use of the simple and the compound sentence. E.g. i woke` up as early as 4:00am. I completed my house work by 5:00am and left for school at 7:00am. The underlined words – work, completed, text are in the past tense.

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JSS1 Third Term English Lesson Note

Verb ( Introduction)

What is a Verb?
A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.
In fact, you can’t have a sentence or a question without a verb! That’s how important these “action” parts of speech are.
The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs always express.

Physical Verbs – Definition and Examples
Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you can create a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb.

Physical Verb Examples
The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
1. Let’s run to the corner and back.
2. I hear the train coming.
3. Call me when you’re finished with class.

Mental Verbs – Definition and Examples
Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.
Mental Verb Examples
The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
1. I know the answer.
2. She recognized me from across the room.
3. Do you believe everything people tell you?

States of Being Verbs – Definition and Examples.
They are also known as linking verbs: State of Being Verbs describe conditions or situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. These verbs are usually complemented by adjectives.
States of Being Verb Examples.
The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
1. I am a student.
2. We are circus performers.
3. Please be quiet.
4. She is a doctor.

Types of Verbs
How many types of verbs are there? In addition to the main categories of physical verbs, mental verbs, and state of being verbs, there are several other types of verbs. In fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are grouped by function.
Action Verbs
Action verbs express specific actions and are used any time you want to show action or discuss someone doing something. Example: dance, sleep etc.E.gI am dancing.

Transitive Verbs
These verbs always have direct objects. It means someone or something receives the action of the verb. Examples: She gave me my book.
Bolukilled a snake.
Intransitive Verbs
These are verbs that do not have direct object.
Examples:
She slept soundly.
Jesus wept.
The baby cried.

Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs and are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a question or negative.
Examples:
I will give you my note.
I am going to the market.
I shall see you tomorrow.

Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs that cannot be used in the progressive continuous form. They can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements.
Examples: hear, smell, feel, understand, see etc.
Examples:
(i) I am hearing you (wrong)
I can hear you (right)
(ii) Are you understanding me? (wrong)
Do you understand me? (right)

Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and obligations.
Examples: would, need, ought, will, shall etc. I will visit you later

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are not single words; instead, they are combinations of verbs and prepositions and adverbs to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb. Examples: put off, sit up etc. You need to sit up academically.

Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are those that do not take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past participle verbs as they do not end in ‘ed’ in their past simple and past participle forms. Example: sleep, slept, slept. I slept soundly last night.
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Really helpful.