Origins and Early Dynasties of the Chinese Empire :

The origins of the Chinese Empire trace back to the legendary Xia Dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), often regarded as the first Chinese dynasty, though its existence remains partly mythological. Traditional accounts attribute the founding of the Xia to Yu the Great, who is celebrated for his efforts in controlling the Great Flood and establishing a hereditary rule. While direct archaeological evidence of the Xia is sparse, some scholars associate this period with the Erlitou culture, which reveals signs of early urbanization and social complexity in the Yellow River Valley.
The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) is the first historically verified Chinese dynasty, with a wealth of archaeological evidence supporting its existence. Known for their advanced bronze work, the Shang produced intricate ritual vessels and weapons that indicate a high level of metallurgical skill. The Shang capital at Anyang has yielded significant finds, including oracle bones used for divination, which provide insight into the political, social, and religious life of the time. These inscriptions represent the earliest form of Chinese writing and offer a glimpse into the early development of Chinese script and literacy.
Following the Shang, the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE) introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which justified their rule as divinely sanctioned. The Zhou era is divided into the Western Zhou ...
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