This was conceived a while back but it has taken me some time to come around to actually “committing” to it (yeah, this is a double-entredre – *winking at you J). And it sure does blend in perfectly with the recent theme of the influence of motorsports on production cars: https://www.nairaland.com/8145631/influence-motorsports-production-cars Please do check that out if you haven’t already.

Inspiration: there have been numerous suggestions emanating from different schools of thought over time about whether it is “divine”, simply just “logical mimicry” or even a mixture of both, but whichever side of the debate you represent – one thing is for certain; history is replete with examples of how humans have merged ideas from different sources to create something entirely different and will continually do so as the dominant species on this “floating bubble” of ours.

Now back to this business of the day. I won’t claim to be the most observant but I’ve noticed this tiny niched not-so-new trend of exotic/supercars being enhanced with the capability to engage in serious off-roading activities; giving off that apocalyptic Mad Max/Twisted Metal vibes (there have been a few SUVs in this regard as well) and I’d like to think the OG Top Gear/Grand Tour:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dowVr7B1Kc “Boiz” would be proud as they often carried out such experiments via either retrofitting or upgrading such categories of vehicles thereby enabling them to embark on lengthy trips across challenging terrains, sometimes trans-continental – over the course of their long careers which has spanned more than 3/4-ish decades.

But before talking about the 911 Dakar, let’s visit another car that was probably the reason for its existence – the Lamborghini Huracán Sterrato.

Lamborghini Huracán Sterrato

Back in mid-2019, I had read an article about the then concept Lamborghini Huracán Sterrato on MotorTrend: https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/lamborghini-huracan-sterrato-first-drive-review/ – an off-road high-performance sports car which was designed by Mitja Borkert and Nikola Peychich, and as someone who has always enjoyed rallying I remember thinking to myself – “Oh that’s so cool”.

The Sterrato though is simply just a Huracán that has been modified for off-road usage. The production version of the concept car was shown off in 2019 as stated earlier; compared to the standard Huracán it features higher ground clearance, revised suspension, reinforced steel-plate chassis, LED lights mounted to the front of the car which is quite stupendously excessive and incredibly unusual for a “Lambo”, and it’s also got a unique “Rally” driving mode. The Sterrato retained the powerful 5.2-litre naturally-aspirated V-10 engine and quick-shifting dual-clutch transmission of the base Huracán.

Porsche 911 Dakar

Finally! Okay, I agree – I’ve teased you long enough. It is the title after all. Apologies.

Earlier this year – March I think, I came across the 911 Dakar: https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2023-porsche-911-dakar-first-drive-review/ and believe me (at the risk of offending you-know-who) – it was love at first sight… It felt a bit more practical and my first thoughts were – “Ah, dis wan go fit tackle dat Festac 2nd avenue road wella O!”, as I could easily picture myself driving one around town. FYI there is a play on words active because “town” here in my head and mind means – difficult terrain. And like I’ve joked about a plethora of times over the years, the average driver down here in Naija is already an amateur to intermediate semi-professional rally driver! And in the words of the great Bruno Mars – “Don’t believe me just watch”:

The 911 Dakar comes beefed-up with extra cladding/protection (its under steel-plate kind of looks even thicker than that of the Sterrato, but it’s not by any means slower) similar to the Lambo, as well as stiffer suspension, higher ground clearance, grippy purpose-built Pirelli Scorpion all-terrain tyres, one more driving mode – Rallye and Off-Road Modes (the Lambo has only Rally Mode as we’ve already established), and an incredibly frenetic Twin Turbo 3.0-litre straight-6 engine which makes for a fantastic driving experience – whether off-road (especially when dune-surfing on the desert), on the streets, or on a track.

A feature which reminds me a lot about the Audi All-Road Quattro (the VW group of manufacturers comprising of Porsche, Lamborghini, Audi, Volkswagen and a host of others often rummage about in each other’s parts bin and sharing of technology is also quite common hence plenty similarities between some production models) is the ability to further increase its height, raising the ground clearance even higher in order to tackle more difficult and challenging terrains. It however allows that only up until 105mph (168km/hr), any speed above that and it automatically starts to lower itself as a lower centre of gravity makes for better handling and the prevention of slips.

Even its iconic name has some rich history to it as it is famously named after the gruesome yet epic Dakar Rally: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally – a rally style race-against-the-clock from Paris-France to Dakar-Senegal, spanning about 10,000-kilometres (6,250miles) and can go for days on end (10 – 15 days actually, please ignore my “flair for the dramatic”). Albeit lately it’s being held and has been held in Saudi Arabia mostly due to insecurity. Oh Africa my Africa…

Naturally, you’d expect a real-world comparison between both cars and you wouldn’t be wrong. Yes, the 911 Dakar isn’t as bodacious as the Huracán Sterrato, some us know the story (and have seen that Ferrari Vs Lamborghini movie:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjTICfrC25s starring Frank Grillo) – despite his “humble” agricultural/tractor manufacturing background, Ferruccio Lamborghini was always one for ostentatious aesthetic and wouldn’t even mind sacrificing functionality and or performance which caused frequent rifts and clashes with his engineers and designers. However, like an adage in my native Igbo says – “Ana n’aputa agu ihe o’kpu n’no unu.” – which loosely translates to “You can’t take away what a lion already has in its mouth.” – sure it’s a matter of preference but the Porsche is clearly the stand-out winner here and “you can’t take that away” as this video from Top Gear:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tw7NlbVg4oI rightly proves.

Toyota GR Corolla

One thing I intentionally failed to mention in the previous article about how motorsports influences production cars was the ergonomics of seats, as I had the GR Corolla in mind. Now you don’t have to imagine racing-type bucket seats with a high-performance engine out-front in a Toyota Corolla – it’s already a reality!

The GR Corolla is undoubtedly the new kid on the block with its rally-style (World RallyCross Championship: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_World_Rallycross_Championship <WRX> ) configurations as there have been other manufacturers before them that have “been there, and done that”, literally. I’d like to think it’s more of a statement from Toyota rather than a cash-grab seeing is how they limited the production units drastically (to about 6,000, and just 70 for the Morizo Edition ‘without rear-seats’ - named after Akio Toyoda’s racing alter-ego). I remember Mercedes doing something similar with the A45S AMG but ultimately the King of hatchbacks/hot-hatches will always be the VW Golf as compared here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo62IXMdyNw, it’s simply too iconic to be unseated anytime soon.

I’m not even going waste anymore time spitting any game as Matt Watson of Carwow:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbyPYHrmvFU already reviewed not just one but two variants of the nimble GR Corolla on a track in Japan.


I hope you enjoyed this article as much as I enjoyed putting it all together. Thank you for taking out your more than precious time, out of what I imagine is a crazy and hectic schedule to read no just this but previous posts altogether (yes and yes – pun fully intended, couldn’t resist *winks). All the very best wishes.

For a more visually stimulating post, please visit: https://autohub.ng/blog/when-luxury-meets-rallying-a-911-dakar-special/

In the world of automotive performance, enthusiasts often debate the merits and demerits of turbochargers versus superchargers. These devices, both designed to increase an engine’s power output – operate on different principles and offer unique advantages as well as drawbacks. Now let’s dive into the details to understand what sets them apart and how they influence the driving experience.

Turbochargers: Harnessing Exhaust Energy

How They Work
Turbochargers utilise exhaust gases to spin a turbine connected to a compressor. This compressor in turn – forces additional air into the engine’s cylinders, allowing more fuel to be burned and thus generating more power.

Pros
Efficiency: Turbochargers are known for their efficiency because they use wasted exhaust energy to produce more power thereby improving fuel efficiency compared to larger engines.

High-End Power: They excel at generating power at higher RPMs (Revolutions Per Minute), making them ideal for achieving top-end performance without necessarily increasing engine displacement.

Emissions: Turbocharged engines can be more efficient in terms of emissions output per unit of power produced. Thus, contributing to cleaner operation.

Cons
Turbo Lag: Traditional turbochargers suffer from turbo lag – delayed response time before boost kicks in, which can affect throttle response and initial acceleration.

Complexity: The integration of a turbocharger adds another layer of complexity to the engine system – potentially increasing maintenance costs and requiring robust cooling systems.

Superchargers: Direct Power Delivery

How They Work
Superchargers are mechanically driven by the engine via a belt or gear drive, compressing air and forcing it into the engine’s intake manifold.

Pros

Instant Power: Unlike turbochargers, superchargers provide instant power and response at lower RPMs thereby enhancing throttle response and low-end torque.

Simplicity: They are generally simpler in design and installation compared to turbochargers, often requiring fewer modifications to the engine.

Consistency: Since superchargers are driven directly by the engine, they provide consistent power delivery throughout the RPM range, which can enhance the thrill of the drive via an instant “kick-down”.

Cons
Efficiency: Superchargers consume engine power to operate, which can reduce overall engine efficiency and potentially increase fuel consumption.

Heat Build-Up: They can generate more heat under heavy use, necessitating effective cooling systems to maintain optimal performance and reliability.

Choosing the Right Option

What to Consider
Purpose: Turbochargers are often favoured for high-performance applications where top-end power and efficiency are crucial. Superchargers, on the other hand – excel in scenarios requiring immediate throttle response and low-end torque, such as in trucks or street cars.

Installation: The complexity of installing a turbocharger versus a supercharger can vary, influencing costs and feasibility for different vehicles.

Driving Experience: Personal preference, just as Jason from Engineering Explained mentioned on this very topic:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUFf4n0MUq8 – plays a significant role; some drivers prefer the linear power delivery of a supercharger, while others enjoy the surge of power from a turbocharged engine. “Different strokes for different folks” – as they say…


Both turbochargers and superchargers offer unique advantages depending on your priorities, whether it’s raw power at high RPMs or instant torque at low speeds. Understanding these differences allows enthusiasts to make informed decisions based on their driving needs and preferences. Whether you lean towards the efficiency of a turbo or the immediate response of a supercharger, both technologies continue to push the boundaries of automotive performance, providing thrilling driving experiences for enthusiasts worldwide.

https://autohub.ng/blog/boosting-power-turbochargers-or-superchargers/

Every dream is valid, even in this part of the world. Unfortunately, there's always so much to overcome down here if you're gonna make that dream a reality (Dangote refinery is case in point). Good luck. 🙏🏽

budaatum:
I keep dreaming of creating a race track in my village and getting people to race cars made with motorcycle engines just to see what it evolves into.

Unfortunately, I haven't yet figured how to make my dream real yet.

Motorsports, the thrilling, pulsating field where speed, technology, and innovation collide – culminating into one gigantic high-octane symphony. But beyond the roar of engines, the beating of hearts and the flash of checkered flags lies undoubtedly – a profound influence that stretches far beyond the racetrack and well into the very cars we drive daily. Please permit me to lead you on as we dive into the fascinating world of how motorsports have helped shape and continues to shape the cars we see on our roads today.

Evolution through Competition
Motorsports have always been a crucible for mixing and properly testing-out cutting-edge automotive technology and innovation. From Formula 1 to endurance racing like the Le Mans, every race is a relentless pursuit of speed, reliability, efficiency and believe it or not – safety! The technologies developed under these extreme conditions inevitably find their way into production cars, enhancing their performance, safety, and efficiency.

Take Formula 1, for instance – every season sees new aerodynamic designs, advanced materials, and hybrid powertrains pushing the boundaries of what’s possible. These innovations eventually filter down and find their way to road cars, improving fuel efficiency, handling dynamics, and safety features. The carbon fibre monocoque:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvgOVBVk3KE for example, now common in supercars and high-performance vehicles these days, has its provenance in Motorsports and owes its existence to advancements pioneered on the track.

Success in Motorsports also solidly enhances a brand’s reputation for engineering prowess, performance, and reliability. Auto-manufacturers usually capitalise on their racing achievements to market their production cars, often emphasising the transfer of technology from track to road in order to appeal to enthusiasts and performance-minded consumers – Ferrari and Mercedes Benz are prime examples in this regard. Toyota is also doing something similar with its “GR” line these days as well.

Testing Ground for Technological Advancements
Motorsports serve as an unparalleled testing grounds for advanced automotive technology as stated earlier. The grueling conditions of racing in intense heat, high speeds, and extreme forces – put vehicle components to the ultimate test! Engineers gather invaluable data on engine performance, tyre durability, braking systems, aero-dynamics and more – refining these technologies for everyday use.

Take the the advancements in tyre compounds and construction developed in Motorsports – that have translated into longer-lasting tyres with more grip for consumer vehicles. Electronic stability control, initially perfected on rally stages, now enhances the safety of passenger cars, preventing skids and maintaining control in adverse conditions. Even the Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS): https://www.nairaland.com/7946599/anti-lock-braking-system-abs-basic that’s now industry standard today – was initially developed for Formula 1 but was later successfully deployed to production cars after about two decades of relentless experimentation.

Another place where you wouldn’t have expected Formula 1 tech to end up is in the hospital but alas! Telemetric systems on F1 gather enormous amounts of data per second and sends said data wirelessly to a receiver – where the team can constantly monitor and evaluate the data, something similar is now being done in hospitals:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnXes_kphPA as patients can be better monitored, remotely and efficiently.

Still on the impact of Motorsports beyond the racetrack, pit stops have set a great example of team coordination and fast response hence, two hospitals; Great Ormond Hospital in London and University Hospital of Wales have sort of cloned these racing teams reactions during pit stops in order to effectively increase communication and harmony between doctors, nurses, anesthetist and the first response teams in cases of emergency. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) also partnered up with McLaren to utilise pit lane efficiency data for twin high-speed production lines of toothpaste.

There have also been other partnerships, collaborations and consultations between racing personnel and the health industry just like the high performance training from some F1 teams given to child heart surgeons. Also, not just health – other industries have tried to replicate and adapt some of these fast-paced hacks from the environment of Motorsports and its gruesome training into theirs in order to greatly improve worker’s reflexes just like Isack Hadjar‘s: https://x.com/Formula2/status/1794092357068980583 unbelievably insane reaction time to avoid an almost expected crash in a tunnel whilst competing in F2 Qualifying, Monaco – this May.

Enhancing Performance, Safety, and Reliability
The pursuit of victory in Motorsports demands not only speed but also reliability. Each component must withstand the punishing rigours of racing without faltering. This obsession with reliability drives improvements in engine durability, transmission efficiency, and overall build quality and this has led to significant advancements in automotive safety. Features such as crumple zones, roll cages, fire suppression systems, and advanced driver safety equipment (like helmets and race suits) originated from safety innovations developed in racing. These technologies are often later adapted for use in everyday cars to enhance occupant protection.

In the realm of Electric Vehicles (EVs), motorsports like Formula E is accelerating the development of battery technology and charging infrastructure rapidly (pun intended). As these technologies mature, EVs will become more accessible and practical for everyday drivers, offering increased range and faster charging times. As a matter of fact a UK start-up Nyobolt: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz9dp3ye77do was recently able to accomplish just that – successfully charging up a specially-built concept sports car on a test track in Bedford, from 10% to 80% in 4 minutes and 37 seconds!

Inspiring Design and Aesthetics
Beyond performance and technology, Motorsports inspire the design language and aesthetics of production cars. The sleek lines, aggressive stance, and aerodynamic shapes of race cars often influence the styling of sports cars and even mainstream vehicles. Design elements like rear spoilers, diffusers, liveries, and even bonnet/hood vents that are common on our cars today – aimed at enhancing both performance and visual appeal, can all find their origins on the track.

The Human Element: Pushing Boundaries
Motorsports aren’t just about machines in the end; they’re also are about human achievement and pushing the limits of what’s possible. The relentless pursuit of faster lap times, tighter corners, and smoother shifts drives engineers and designers to innovate constantly. This passion for improvement translates into cars that are not just a means of transport but also – expressions of human ingenuity and aspiration.


As you can now tell, Motorsports exert a profound influence on not just the cars we drive every day but also other aspects of the world around us. They are the crucible in which cutting-edge technologies are forged, tested, and refined. From enhancing performance and reliability, to inspiring design and pushing the boundaries of automotive engineering – the impact of Motorsports on production cars is heavily undeniable! So the next time you admire a sleek sports car or appreciate the advanced safety features of your vehicle, you have Motorsports to thank for that… And always remember that the spirit of Motorsports is in every detail of your car and hopefully – this glorious symbiotic relationship between racing and production cars continues to remain, shaping the evolution of the automotive industry globally for years to come.

https://autohub.ng/blog/the-influence-of-motorsports-on-production-cars/

Leather seats unquestionably add a touch of luxury and elegance to any car interior especially when said seats are looking quite “glammed up”. However, to preserve their beauty and longevity – regular cleaning and conditioning are required, crucially. Proper maintenance not only keeps the leather soft and supple but also protects it from drying out, cracking, and even fading over time.

With that said, listed below is a guide on how to properly clean and condition leather seats to keep them in pristine condition for many years to come.

Materials Needed

Before you begin, endeavour to gather the following materials:

Mild Leather Cleaner: Look for a cleaner specifically formulated for automotive leather. Avoid harsh chemicals or household cleaners that can damage the leather.

Soft Microfibre Cloth: These are gentle on leather and help prevent scratches.

Leather Conditioner: Choose a conditioner that moisturises the leather and restores its natural oils.

Soft Bristled Brush: Ideal for gently scrubbing any dirt or grime from crevices.

Vacuum Cleaner with Soft Brush Attachment: Usually does most of the work which is to remove loose dirt and debris from the seats, especially in those hard-to-reach areas.

Optional: Leather protectant for added UV protection and stain resistance.

Step-by-Step Guide

1. Preparation

Start by thoroughly vacuuming the seats to remove any loose dirt, crumbs, or debris. Use a soft brush attachment to avoid scratching the leather.

2. Test Cleaner

Before applying any cleaner to the entire seat; be patient – test it out first on a small, inconspicuous area to ensure compatibility and check for any adverse reactions.

3. Clean the Leather

Apply a small amount of the leather cleaner to a soft microfibre cloth. Gently wipe the seats in a circular motion, working on one section at a time. Avoid saturating the leather with cleaner.

4. Remove Dirt and Stains

For stubborn dirt or stains, you can use a soft-bristled brush to gently scrub the affected area. Be careful not to scrub too hard to avoid damaging the leather.

5. Rinse and Dry

Wipe down the seats with a clean, damp microfibre cloth to remove any residual cleaner. Immediately follow with a dry microfibre cloth to absorb excess moisture.

6. Condition the Leather

Apply a small amount of leather conditioner to a clean microfibre cloth. Work the conditioner into the leather using gentle, circular motions. Allow the conditioner to penetrate the leather for the recommended time as per the product instructions.

7. Buff and Protect

After allowing the conditioner to absorb, buff the leather with a fresh microfibre cloth to remove any excess conditioner and achieve a smooth, polished finish. Optionally, apply a leather protectant to provide additional UV protection and stain resistance.

Tips for Maintaining Leather Seats

Regular Cleaning: Clean your leather seats every 2-3 months or as needed to prevent dirt buildup.

Avoid Direct Sunlight: Park in shaded areas or use sunshades to protect leather from UV damage.

Use Leather Conditioner: Condition your seats at least twice a year to keep them soft and prevent cracking.

Immediate Spill Cleanup: If spills occur, try to soak them up immediately with a clean cloth to prevent stains.


By following these simple steps and incorporating regular maintenance into your car care routine, you can ensure that your leather seats remain luxurious, comfortable, and looking like new. Taking the time to clean and condition your leather seats not only enhances their appearance but also protects your investment in your vehicle’s interior.

Maintaining leather seats is a straightforward process that, when done correctly, preserves their beauty and extends their lifespan as well. With the right tools and a bit of care, you can enjoy the elegance and comfort of your car-leather seats for many more years ahead.

https://autohub.ng/blog/how-to-properly-clean-and-condition-car-leather-seats/

One of my all-time favourite quotes and most definitely my number one Albert Einstein quote is – “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.” as those close to me can speedily attest to. And the reason I bring this up is because in my time (could be either short or long to inquirers, it’s all a matter of perspective *winks) thus far on earth, I’ve seen things that were or would in fact be considered science fiction now existing in actual reality today – which is why I rarely underestimate movies and the futuristic ideas explored in them; no matter how widely unreasonable or elusive they might seem.

Also, it’s in our nature as humans to expediently explore faster means of executing our day to day activities even if that ends up leading to our detriment – “we aite” and “we gucci”, as long as we achieved it faster. There has however been a recrudescence of a conscious reawakening to the perils of ignoring our dear planet, hence – the current revolution to decarbonise, urgently. And with that in mind, the future of road transportation most especially, strongly tilts towards “greener” and “sustainable”: https://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2021/05/25/what-is-environmental-sustainabilitya-primer/?sh=376822d31234 models.

Let’s take a look at a few of those technologies, shall we‽

1. Hyperloop: Revolutionising Travel
Imagine travelling at near-supersonic speeds in a pod through a low-pressure tube. That’s the promise of the Hyperloop, a futuristic transportation concept that aims to propel passengers at speeds exceeding 600 mph (966 km/hr) made popular in 2013 by the usual suspect – Elon Musk (yeah, you probably guessed right). By minimising air resistance and utilising Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) technology, Hyperloop systems could potentially reduce travel times between major cities to mere minutes, revolutionising long-distance commuting and intercity travel as seen in this short clip:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5fOWB6SNqs

It is hoped that Hyperloop systems would help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with air travel and road transportation as operating in a low-pressure (air is regularly sucked out of the tube therefore less resistance, just watch the clip) environment would mean lesser energy consumption and this in turn would have a huge impact on the environment.

Another idea albeit not exactly Hyperloop but which I think of whenever the subject arises is the one that was displayed in the remake of movie Total Recall (2012) – where humanity had successfully built an intercontinental transportation system around the earth’s core that was so fast it took only 17 minutes to get to Australia from the UK. You can see the exterior of the tram from this short clip:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzzijuZof1w&list=PLZbXA4lyCtqo6j43FtC-uUjMS4vDGtSr1&index=8 from 00:53. I remember science/physics based accounts nitpicking the entire premise, how it couldn’t be justified scientifically but as mentioned earlier – no one really knows what the future holds! Anything and everything that’s deemed “impossible” today might only well be beyond our current level of reasoning and just might end up being a “normal” concept or activity tomorrow, just as with the miracle/normality of cell-phones these days.

2. Maglev Trains: Floating on Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) trains are another marvel of modern engineering and as mentioned previously – it’s also the technology behind the Hyperloop as well.

Instead of relying on traditional wheels and tracks, these trains use powerful magnets to float above the guideway, eliminating friction and allowing for incredibly high speeds. Currently operational in countries like Japan, Germany, and high-speed iterations already being deployed in China:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBCdFTVPQKg; Maglev trains can reach speeds of over 300 mph (482 km/hr), offering a smooth and efficient travel experience – ideal for connecting urban centres.

3. High-Speed Rail: Combining Speed and Sustainability
High-speed rail (HSR) networks have been rapidly expanding across the globe, providing an eco-friendly alternative to air travel for medium-distance journeys. With top speeds approaching 200 mph (322 km/hr) in countries like France, Spain, and Japan, these trains offer a balance of speed, comfort, and environmental sustainability. High-speed rail not only reduces travel times but also alleviates traffic congestion and lowers carbon emissions, making it a preferred choice for both commuters and leisure travelers.

4. Underground Tunnels: Boring, Not Boring
I couldn’t help myself, pun fully intended (*winks). Again, the brainchild of Elon Musk who proposed that mini-tunnels could be built underground a city to help minimise and alleviate road traffic.

The Vegas Loop:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djfYafWFWtk is up and running underneath the Las Vegas Convention Center. You can only ride in Teslas for now though, Model X’s to be precise and they don’t exceed the speed of 35 mph (56km/hr). The original idea is more expansive than what’s currently on offer but the infrastructure isn’t as easy to come by. There are also whispers (to which Musk himself has said – “Maybe”) around the tunnels being an experiment by Elon that might eventually be replicated on Mars via his SpaceX program where the plan is to establish human colonies there.

5. Personal Rapid Transit (PRT): Customised Commuting Solutions
For urban environments seeking to decrease congestion and provide personalised transportation options, Personal Rapid Transit (PRT): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit systems offer a promising solution. PRT utilises small autonomous vehicles that hold 3 to 6 (could be more) passengers on dedicated guideways, allowing passengers to travel directly to their destination without intermediate stops. While currently implemented in limited locations like the Heathrow Airport:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0y9ajVIZzs in London for example, PRT does holds enormous potential for transforming urban mobility by combining the convenience of private vehicles with the efficiency of public transit. The future of PRT systems lie in the pods becoming fully autonomous outside their dedicated guideways and perhaps developing the capability of being airlifted and safely conveying person(s) to say the suburbs from a major “busy” city centre.

Embracing the Future of Mobility
As technology continues to advance so also will our ability to travel faster and more comfortably – it sure does look increasingly promising. The evolution of fast forms of road transportation will undoubtedly reshape how we move within and between cities in the future. Whether you’re commuting to work, embarking on a cross-country journey, or exploring new destinations, these fast transportation options offer exciting possibilities for enhancing both the speed and quality of our travels.

From revolutionary concepts like the hyperloop to practical solutions such as high-speed rail and electric vehicles, each innovation hopefully will contribute greatly to a more interconnected, efficient, and sustainable transportation ecosystem with reduced impact on our environment.

https://autohub.ng/blog/faster-forms-of-road-transportation-in-future/

Once upon a time, hailing a taxi or cab meant standing on a street corner and hoping for the best, or calling a company/service as time went by to dispatch one to your location. However, all that has changed in more recent years because with only just a few taps on a smartphone – a car will arrive within minutes! And this new-ish dispensation is irrevocably here to stay as it’ll only alter slightly, the main idea will forever remain.

Welcome to an all-new world of Ride-Hailing/Sharing services, the unfathomable dark-horse of a revolution in urban transportation that has dramatically transformed how we move from point A to point B and according to this overview of the number$ from Statista: https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/shared-mobility/ride-hailing/worldwide, it sure is a money spinner! And the Nigerian market is anticipated to generate a revenue of $252.7m for 2024.
The mouth-watering projection of $63.28b for China is enticingly enormous!

Now let us take a journey through the history, evolution, and future of this game-changing industry:

The Early Days: From Carpools to Technology-Driven Solutions
Pre-2000s: The Humble Beginnings
Just as with with the flight of birds giving inspiration to the invention of aeroplanes, before ride-sharing became synonymous with apps and smartphones, it had a much simpler form – carpooling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpool

The concept of sharing rides has been around for decades, particularly during times of economic hardship or energy crises. Take the 1970s for example – when carpooling surged in popularity globally in response to the oil embargo. Families and colleagues would share rides to save money and fuel.

2000-2009: The Seed of Innovation
The internet is the main pioneer, the main driver (pun intended), and was the very first domino to have fallen – leading to other discoveries and endless possibilities. To side-step a bit, AI could likely do the same – nature often repeats itself…

Now back to the thematic revelation at hand: The early noughties (2000s) saw websites like Craigslist starting to play a role in ride-sharing, they offered ride-matching services – where users could post and find rides. However, these solutions lacked the higher levels of convenience, safety, and efficiency we’ve all come to associate modern ride-sharing services with.

The real game-changer though was the rise of GPS technology and smartphones. These advancements provided the foundation for real-time location-based services thereby greatly enabling a simple yet formulaic approach to e-hailing a taxi or cab, also ensuring continuity and setting the stage for the eponymous ride-sharing revolution experienced – as even our colloquy has now been transformed as well; just like the transposition of “Google” with “online search” – Uber, the first entrant into the market has been verbified also, it isn’t uncommon to hear things like “I Ubered there.” or “Let’s get an Uber.” these days. The legit name for when that happens is called anthemeria: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil/2020/07/28/naming-your-brand-control-the-verb-control-the-market/

The Ride-Sharing Revolution: Uber and Beyond
2009: Uber’s Entry
In 2009, two friends, Garrett Camp and Travis Kalanick, were frustrated by the difficulty of hailing a cab in San Francisco which led them to envision a service where you could request a ride with just a tap on your phone. This idea gave birth to UberCab, later renamed Uber.

Uber’s model was simple yet revolutionary; it connected riders with drivers through a mobile app, offering a seamless and cashless experience and yes they did gain and enjoy that “first-mover advantage” thoroughly, consolidating their position as the first few years went by.

Also, I can’t exactly remember which conference or interview it was but a few years after Uber was launched, then CEO Travis Kalanick was asked about autonomous cars in the future and how they would affect the drivers in terms of loss-of-jobs to which he replied that there would be training programs available for drivers to pivot into other careers (agriculture was strongly suggested) but he was almost certain that the next technological wave was coming as he said explicitly that reason an Uber seemed expensive was due to paying for “the other dude” in the car, and if that dude wasn’t there – the trip would be significantly cheaper. An unfortunate but truthful reality nonetheless in my own opinion; an industry will often cannibalise itself. “Adapt or die.” – as they say.

2012: Lyft Joins the Race
Hot on Uber’s heels, Lyft entered the market in 2012. Founded by Logan Green and John Zimmer, Lyft distinguished itself with a more community-oriented approach. With its iconic pink mustaches and emphasis on friendly, casual interactions, Lyft aimed to create a fun and social ride-sharing experience.

Prior to that however, as Computer Programmers – they had already founded a long-distance intercity carpooling company focused on college transport in 2007 after Green shared rides from the University of California, Santa Barbara campus to visit his girlfriend in Los Angeles.

2013: Bolt (Formerly “Taxify”) Enters the Fray
One thing that always stood out in my mind about Taxify (now Bolt) was that it was set-up by a kid from Estonia and I would often joke with my mates back then in our local parlance – “see persin wey we senior O, see im doings nah” loosely translated to look at what someone younger than us has been able to achieve.

So, in 2013 – then 19 year-old high-school student Markus Villig founded Taxify after receiving a sum of €5000 loan from his family. He then went on to build a prototype of the app and went out to the streets of Tallinn to recruit drivers personally. That determination would eventually bear fruit as within a year the service was up and running and even became operational outside Estonia.

2013-2016: Expansion and Competition
The mid-2010s saw explosive growth for Uber, Lyft, and Bolt. Uber expanded aggressively, launching in cities worldwide with Uber coming in strong into Nigeria in 2014, whilst Bolt started their operation as Taxify still “young and fresh” – entered in 2016 (global rebrand to "Bolt" happened in March 2019). They both went on to launch their services in other major cities across the country.

Uber branched off, introducing services like UberX, UberPOOL, and UberEATS which is currently the name sponsor of the top tiered Football League in France – Ligue 1. Bolt also eventually launched Bolt Food, albeit in 2019. Lyft wasn’t left out, they also grew rapidly – expanding their footprint across the United States and Canada. Lyft however didn’t start-off in Nigeria.

This period was marked by fierce competition, with these companies offering promotions, subsidies, and innovations to capture market share. The ride-sharing model became increasingly popular, appealing to consumers across multiple demographics mostly due to its convenience, affordability, ease of use and naturally led the way for other ride-hailing entrants like inDrive who now seem to garner more and more market-share by the day – with their conventional pricing model differentiating themselves as opposed to the traditional ride-hailing dynamic pricing model. I opine that the market is large enough to absorb and accommodate more "players" especially in a heavily congested city like Lagos, there would always be opportunities abound so much so that even the state (public-private partnership just as with the BRT mass transit service) hasn’t been left out and have joined-in with the launch of LagRide service in March 2022.

Challenges and Controversies
Regulatory Hurdles
It hasn't all been smooth sailing all the way - as ride-hailing services grew, they faced significant regulatory challenges. Traditional taxi companies and metropolitan city governments pushed back, arguing that ride-hailing companies were operating without proper licensing and safety standards. This led to numerous legal battles and regulatory changes worldwide. I remember Bolt even briefly ceasing their operations in London before reacquiring the necessary licence(s) to continue offering their services again in that city.

Driver and Labour Issues
Another major controversy is centered around the classification of drivers. Ride-hailing companies classified drivers as independent contractors, sparking debates over labour rights, wages, and benefits. This issue remains contentious, with it being partially resolved in a few regions whilst ongoing legal and political battles continue to plague ride-hailing services in many regions to this very day.

Safety and Trust
Safety has always been a critical concern. Although the major ride-hailing services implemented various safety features such as background checks for drivers, in-app emergency buttons, and ride-tracking – incidences of assault and other crimes have slipped through notwithstanding, and this has led to calls for more stringent safety measures.

The Present: Ride-Sharing Today
A Ubiquitous Service
Today, ride-hailing/sharing services have become an integral part of urban life in many cities around the world. Companies like Uber, Lyft and Bolt have become household names, and new players like inDrive, DiDi Rider, and Grab have emerged in international markets. The convenience, flexibility, and affordability of these service-offerings have made them the preferred mode of transportation for millions globally.

Technological Integration
Modern ride-hailing/sharing services leverage advanced technologies to enhance user experience. Features like real-time GPS tracking, dynamic pricing, and in-app payment systems have streamlined the process for both riders and drivers.

Additionally, services like ride-sharing for special needs, bike and scooter rentals, and even helicopter rides have now improved and diversified the offerings further.

The Impact of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic, a dark chapter in our recent history already becoming a distant memory – posed significant challenges for the ride-sharing industry.

With lockdowns and travel restrictions, demand plummeted, and many drivers faced economic hardships. Companies had to adapt quickly, introducing measures like mask mandates, vehicle sanitisation, and even delivering essential goods in order to stay afloat.

The Future: What’s Next for Ride-Hailing/Sharing Services?
Autonomous Vehicles
One of the most exciting prospects for the future of ride-hailing/sharing as mentioned earlier is the advent of autonomous vehicles. Companies like Uber and Lyft amongst others who aren’t even currently offering ride-sharing services such as those in the online shopping and deliveries industry are also investing heavily in self-driving technology.

Autonomous vehicles: https://www.nairaland.com/8024281/autonomous-vehicles promise to reduce costs, improve safety, and increase efficiency. While fully autonomous ride-sharing fleets are still a few years away, pilot programs and testing are already underway. City planners, architects and designers are already reimagining a future whereby the parking lots in large buildings would be repurposed and retrofitted to include apartments and or offices since optimal riding-sharing services will cause car ownership to drastically reduce in future for if autonomous vehicles continually pick-up and drop-off different people and or items to and fro, it's only logical that a significant decline ensues.

With the idea of a subscription based Mobility-on-Demand (MOD) and Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) already happening with e-bikes and e-scooters in North-America and some major cities in Western-Europe where you meet an already charged e-bike docked in a station – you make use of it and dock it in another station when you arrive at your destination, then some other subscriber makes use of that particular e-bike you docked when they are ready to leave - leaving you to use another when you’re through with whatever business you were involved with – and that cycle continues.

Sustainability and Environmental Impact
As cities worldwide grapple with climate change, the ride-sharing industry is focusing on sustainability. Many companies are committing to greener fleets, including electric and hybrid vehicles.

Additionally, initiatives like ride-sharing for e-bikes and e-scooters as mentioned above contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. However, e-bikes have also brought their own problems as there have been a few unfortunate fatal accidents where these machines have caught fire in buildings whilst charging overnight.

Expanding Services
The future of ride-sharing isn’t limited to cars alone. Companies are exploring various modes of transportation, including bicycles, bikes, scooters, boats, and even flying cars. The integration of these different transportation modes aim to provide a comprehensive and seamless urban mobility solution in the future.

Enhanced Safety and Regulation
In response to past controversies, the industry is likely to see stricter regulations and enhanced safety measures. Improved background checks, AI-driven safety features, and collaboration with local authorities will be essential to maintaining trust and security. Take the data-sharing agreement between Uber and the Lagos State Government: https://nairametrics.com/2024/03/24/lasg-clarifies-uber-sanction-and-e-hailing-data-sharing-agreement/ which raised a few eye-brows back then, for example.

Global Reach and Local Adaptation
As ride-sharing continues to grow globally, companies will inevitably need to adapt to local cultures, regulations, and infrastructure. Tailoring their services to meet the unique needs of different regions will be crucial for sustained success.


The rise of ride-sharing services has been a remarkable journey, transforming urban transportation and redefining mobility. From humble beginnings as a simple idea, to the global phenomenon that it is today; the industry has indeed come a long way. As we look to the future, the potential for innovation and growth remains immense. Whether it’s through autonomous vehicles, sustainable practices, or new modes of personal-transportation or otherwise, ride-sharing is poised to continue shaping the way we move for years to come.

Also, I’d like to use this opportunity to appeal to all folks out there, yes – there might be a lot of money associated with this industry but it doesn’t trickle down as much to the drivers who are at the lowest rung of the ladder. Plus, we have the tendency to be condescending and belittle those who we perceive to be beneath us. So please, be kind and courteous in your interactions – same goes for the drivers as well. And the next time you tap a button and hop into a ride – remember that you’re part of a revolution that’s only just getting started.

https://autohub.ng/blog/the-global-adoption-of-ride-hailing-sharing-services/

Driving Towards Efficiency: Modern Technologies That Aid the Improvement of Fuel Efficiency

We are now in the era where Environmental Sustainability: https://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2021/05/25/what-is-environmental-sustainabilitya-primer/?sh=66801b241234 is becoming increasingly important as the automotive industry continuously seeks out ways to enhance fuel efficiency. From cutting-edge technologies to innovative design approaches – the quest to squeeze-out more kilometres from each litre has never been more prevalent. We’ll discuss some of the promising “modern” methods that are revolutionising the way we think about fuel efficiency in this article. Now, let’s dive right in!

Hybrid Powertrains

One of the most significant advancements in fuel efficiency has been the widespread adoption of hybrid powertrains. These systems combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor, allowing vehicles to operate more efficiently by leveraging both power sources.

Hybrid vehicles can alternatively switch between electric and gasoline power, or combine both for optimal performance thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

Lightweight Materials

Another key strategy that has aided in the improvement of fuel efficiency has been the use of lightweight materials in vehicle construction. Advances in materials science have led to the development of high-strength yet lightweight materials such as carbon fibre, aluminium, and advanced composites. By reducing the overall weight of the vehicle, auto manufacturers have been able to improve fuel economy without having to sacrifice neither performance nor safety.

Aerodynamic Design

Aerodynamics plays a crucial role in determining a vehicle’s fuel efficiency despite not seeming so to the uninitiated. Modern automotive design employs advanced aerodynamic principles to minimise drag and improve airflow around the vehicle. At highway speeds, features such as sleek body contours, underbody panels, active aerodynamic elements:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOG6RSjIEEs, and even minor tweaks such as raising up your windows (yes, you read that correctly) can help reduce resistance which in-turn – enhances fuel economy.

Engine Efficiency Technologies

Engine technology continues to evolve, with a focus on improving efficiency and reducing emissions. Direct fuel injection, turbocharging, variable valve timing, and cylinder deactivation: https://www.carwow.co.uk/guides/glossary/cylinder-deactivation-explained#gref are just a few examples of technologies that help modern engines operate more efficiently. These advancements allow engines to deliver more power while consuming less fuel, resulting in improved fuel economy across a wide range of driving conditions.

Smart Electronics and Connectivity

The integration of smart electronics and connectivity features in modern vehicles has also contributed to improved fuel efficiency. Advanced onboard computers monitor various parameters such as engine performance, driving behaviour, and environmental conditions in real-time.

This data can then be used to optimise fuel delivery, adjust engine settings, and provide feedback to drivers, helping them adopt more fuel-efficient driving habits.

Regenerative Braking Systems

Regenerative braking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stq2E3sZYg0 systems are another innovative technology that enhances fuel efficiency in hybrid and electric vehicles. These systems capture and store energy normally lost during braking and deceleration then uses it to recharge the vehicle’s battery. By harnessing this energy, regenerative braking not only improves fuel economy but also extends the driving range of electric and hybrid vehicles.


As the automotive industry continues to evolve, so too will the methods for improving fuel efficiency. From hybrid powertrains to lightweight materials and advanced aerodynamics, modern vehicles are undoubtedly more efficient than ever before. Feel free to also check out our article on a few actions you can take in order to reduce your fuel consumption: https://www.nairaland.com/8110701/how-save-money-reducing-fuel

By embracing these innovative technologies and design approaches, we can drive toward a more sustainable future whilst still enjoying the convenience and performance of personal transportation as we continue to wait and look towards the next generation of vehicles that would expectantly use cleaner energy sources.

https://autohub.ng/blog/driving-towards-efficiency-modern-technologies-that-aid-the-improvement-of-fuel-efficiency/

ChiefOloye:
Good evening
My 2005 toyota camry car fuel consumption is too high. I live in Kuje, Abuja and work in Central Area, Abuja. Driving from my house to office is about 40km, 10k of fuel at about ₦690 per litre only take me to and from office, daily.
The catalyst [indomie] of the car is intact, the exhaust pipe is not leaking.
Please, what could be the problem?

Driving 40km twice daily is quite a lot though! But from the calculations I did from the numbers you gave - your Camry's consumption is approximately 18L/100km (Europe) or 13 mpg (America) which is frankly speaking quite crappy. You should take it to another mechanic to get a second opinion as you've said already that the catalyst is intact & exhaust isn't leaking. I honestly can't tell you what the issue might be.

Trust me, I understand how biting the money being spent can be, nah so Naija dey make allufus dey kaku... Good luck.

No one needs to be told, with the current reality – nah only big boiz & gurls wen dey fit flex fuel nowadays…

So listed below are a few tips to help you save money by reducing your fuel consumption.

1. Adjust Driving Habits/Patterns

Although we are aware that engines require fuel to operate, this doesn’t mean that you can’t make a few little driving adjustments to assist you save some fuel. You can stop completely, or at the very least reduce the frequency of stepping on the accelerator aggressively (wa wa wa driving as we normally say in our local parlance) or idling the engine unnecessarily, for example.

2. Keep Tyres Properly Inflated

Underinflated tyres have more of a resistance to rolling over the surface of the road. This simply implies that as you drive, your tyres produce greater friction and rolling resistance, which in-turn increases your fuel consumption.

To checkmate this – always endeavour to inspect your tyres regularly and ensure they are properly inflated at all times to minimise fuel consumption and improve fuel efficiency. You can also check out our article about choosing the right tyres for your vehicle: https://www.nairaland.com/8080942/choosing-right-tyres-vehicle. Don’t be shy (*winks).

3. Reduce The Weight in Your Boot

Think again the next time you load up, especially if you have a tendency of keeping emergency spares along with anything and everything in the boot.

Your car’s fuel usage rises by 15% for every 50 kg of weight it gains. Therefore, reduce the “load” in order to reduce fuel consumption – it’s as simple as that.

4. Avoid Driving Too Quickly or Slowly

Your engine has to work hard to overcome wind resistance when traveling down a highway. At 100 km/hr and 110 km/hr, respectively, you’ll consume up to 15% and 25% more petrol. That should entice you to drive slowly, but doing so would cause your engine to shift into a lower gear and use more fuel. Therefore, it is preferable to maintain a constant speed of within 50 to 90 km/hr when on the highway to get the optimum fuel economy.


These are just a few tips that can help you save money as a result of reduction in your vehicle’s consumption of fuel. Be sure to check out our next article discussing innovative ideas from auto manufacturers that help boost fuel efficiency in modern vehicles: https://www.nairaland.com/8117594/driving-towards-efficiency-modern-tech#130350947 and perhaps – a few of these technologies will likely continue to linger on in the vehicles of the future to come.

https://autohub.ng/blog/how-to-save-money-by-reducing-fuel-consumption/

sexyto:
You have not mentioned where the Asian spec stands.

"Guilty as charged." 😏

Choosing between European and American vehicles often goes beyond more than just personal preference; it’s about understanding the subtle yet significant differences in their specifications, design philosophies, and intended purposes. Whether you’re an automotive enthusiast or a casual driver, “delving” into these distinctions can help you make a more informed decision when it comes to choosing between them both – however, there’s a dark horse that has emerged from Asia; grouping them all into one, they are – China, the Middle-East and South-East Asia (mostly) - as these frontier markets have come well into the fray in recent times, defining vehicle-specifications unlike ever before!

Design Philosophy

European vehicles are renowned for their emphasis on performance, agility, and precision engineering. They often prioritise a balance between sportiness and luxury, offering dynamic driving experiences coupled with upscale interiors and advanced technology. This focus on driving dynamics is evident in European cars’ responsive handling, finely-tuned suspensions, and powerful yet efficient engines.

In contrast, American vehicles tend to prioritise comfort, size, and power. They are known for their spacious interiors, smooth rides, and robust engines designed to excel in straight-line acceleration and towing capabilities. American automakers often cater to a domestic market that values (above all) space, comfort, and versatility, resulting in larger vehicles with ample boot/trunk space and elevated towing capabilities for heavy cargo such as equipment, camping trailers, boats, other vehicles, etc. which frequently gets towed by many across the country side.

Size and Dimensions

One of the most noticeable differences between European and American vehicles is their size and dimensions. European cars typically have more compact dimensions, making them well-suited for navigating narrow city streets and tight parking spaces. They often feature sleek designs with aerodynamic profiles, contributing to their agility and fuel efficiency.

On the other hand, American vehicles as previously mentioned are known for their larger size and imposing presence on the road. SUVs and trucks dominate the American automotive landscape, offering spacious interiors, high ground clearance, and rugged capabilities suitable for various terrains and weather conditions. While this size can provide added comfort and versatility, it may pose challenges and become somewhat impractical in urban environments with limited parking and congested streets frequently encountered in most European cities that have been standing for centuries now as demonstrated in this video from Carwow:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Fpu2qM8pWo

Engine Technology and Performance

European vehicles are renowned for their advanced engine technology, including turbocharging, direct injection, and hybrid powertrains. These technologies deliver a potent combination of power and efficiency, allowing European cars to achieve impressive performance figures while maintaining fuel economy.

Additionally, many European automakers offer a wide range of engine options, including small-displacement turbocharged engines and high-performance variants developed by their motorsport divisions.

In contrast, American vehicles are often associated with larger-displacement engines, particularly in trucks and muscle cars. While these engines may offer formidable horsepower and torque figures, they typically prioritise raw power over fuel efficiency. However, advancements in engine technology, such as cylinder deactivation and turbocharging, have now allowed American automakers to improve fuel economy as well and without having to sacrifice performance.

Interior Features and Technology

European vehicles are known for their upscale interiors, featuring high-quality materials, meticulous craftsmanship, and cutting-edge technology. From luxurious leather upholstery to advanced infotainment systems and driver-assistance technologies, European cars often offer a premium driving experience with an emphasis on comfort, convenience, and connectivity.

American vehicles also prioritise comfort and convenience, with spacious interiors and an array of features designed to enhance the driving experience but not to the extent that the Europeans do. Just take a look at the interior of any coupe from Benz, BMW, Audi etc., and then compare with coupes from the likes of Ford, Chevrolet, Dodge etc. “The difference is clear” as they say…

While American cars may not always match their European counterparts in terms of interior refinement, they often undoubtedly excel in providing ample cargo space – I mean the cabin of an F-150 is so spacious it’d easily fit-in multiple adults comfortably – most especially when embarking on a long journey or “road-trip” in American parlance. There’s also a wide variety of user-friendly infotainment systems, and advanced safety features available on offer.

Driving Dynamics and Handling

One of the defining characteristics of European vehicles is their exceptional driving dynamics and agile handling. European automakers place a strong emphasis on engineering cars that offer precise steering, responsive handling, and engaging driving experiences. Whether you’re navigating winding country roads, going up a twisty mountain road which are frequently encountered across Europe or tackling tight corners on a race track, European cars are engineered to deliver a thrilling driving experience with confidence-inspiring handling.

In contrast, American vehicles are typically tuned for comfort and stability, and straight roads/drag races – with an emphasis on smooth rides and relaxed driving dynamics. While some American performance cars offer impressive handling capabilities, they may not always match the agility and precision of their European counterparts to which this clip from an old Top Gear:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4CPBfpnye0 episode proves completely. However, American automakers do quite well as mentioned previously in producing vehicles that are well-suited for long-distance cruising and highway driving, thanks to their comfortable suspension setups and refined ride quality.

Emergence of The Asian Market

As mentioned – the unseen and unexpected dark horse has emerged and is here to stay! It’s almost unbelievable to think that four decades ago there wasn’t any substantial markets from this zone but today, they’re just about the largest combined. It’s even crazier when you try to imagine that around the same period private car ownership wasn’t a thing in China! However, fast-forward to today where since 2009 – when it first became apparent that China was a behemoth beating the US to the punch in terms of vehicle sales, and has steadily maintained that feat over the years – coupled with huge sales figures from thriving economies in the Middle-East and in the Indo-Pacific region has seen automakers shift their designs and specifications which were traditionally tailored for the Euro-American markets to also suit these frontier markets. So, there’s that.


Ultimately, the choice between European and American vehicles comes down to personal preference, driving needs, and budget considerations. European cars appeal to those who prioritise performance, luxury, and driving dynamics, while American vehicles cater to drivers seeking comfort, space, and power. By understanding the differences in design philosophy, size, engine technology, interior features, and driving dynamics, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your preferences and lifestyle. Whether your preferences pushes you to opt for a nimble European sports car or a spacious American SUV, they both offer unique strengths and characteristics that contribute to the rich tapestry of the automotive world.

Also, there's a huge probability that in the future - we'd all be Chinese "spec'd" as China looks to continue increasingly in its quest to dominate the "all-new world of EVs (Electric Vehicles)", just take the BYD Yangwang U8:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3DOb7_5SrE crazy and almost unimaginable features for example. No go dey use China dey play. After years of trying, they've come to see the futility in battling against the legacy manufacturers in terms of ICEs (Internal Combustion Engines) so getting ahead of the curve - the Chinese Authorities and Private Sector alike have made massive investments in battery technology coupled with the fact that they were already controlling a sizeable share of the supply of raw materials like lithium needed for battery production and after decades of fruitful Sino-European/American automotive partnerships that have seen notable companies like Volkswagen and GM (General Motors) amongst others - share valuable production and supply-chain knowledge with local on-ground Chinese manufacturers, including them being a great hub for software/mobile technologies presently as all these interplay and interface with each other when manufacturing "ultra-modern" vehicles (so no need to outsource many developmental aspects) - everything surely looks set for them to take over. Plus, their overcapacity has already given them the leverage to go ahead and slash prices, massively! They've saturated the market and flooded Ports with their EVs such as this one in Belgium: https://wiscnews.com/chinese-evs-flood-european-ports-as-some-cars-remain-unsold-for-over-a-year/video_bcfcb7c4-e65e-5488-8a96-751a70d38c17.html#:~:text=China's%20plans%20to%20seize%20a,Chinese%20cars%20inundating%20European%20ports, for example. I guess it's safe to say that an interesting and exciting future awaits...

https://autohub.ng/blog/european-vs-american-spec-subtle-yet-significant-differences/

Whether it’s an old car or a recently produced model, we all love when a ride is looking all “frosh” and shiny. Waxing and polishing your car isn’t just about aesthetics by the way – even if that’s what drives most of us in Naija insane; it’s about preserving that showroom sparkle and protecting your paint job from the elements. And with that said, let’s dive into the art of waxing and polishing to ensure your car stays as radiant as ever!

Preparation is Key

Before embarking on the waxing and polishing journey, you have to firstly ensure that your car is squeaky clean. Begin with a thorough wash, as in make you wash am well well O – using a dedicated car shampoo and a soft microfibre mitt or fabric.

Start at the roof and work your way down, washing one section at a time. Try to wash off any dirt, sludge, grit and grime intensely and then rinse off any soap residue thoroughly, ensuring no streaks are left behind. Once washed, dry your car completely using a clean microfibre towel to prevent water spots.

You might want to take your vehicle to the “experts” to carry out the same procedure more or less if you’re unable to take it on yourself for whatever reason or the other, but for a price of course. However if you’re finicky about stuff like this you should monitor the entire process closely from inception to completion in order to ensure the work is optimally done, and to your satisfaction as well.

Choosing the Right Products

Selecting the appropriate wax and polish for your car’s specific needs is crucial. Consider factors such as your car’s paint type (clear coat, single-stage, metallic, etc.) and colour when choosing products. You should always opt for high-quality waxes and polishes from reputable brands to ensure superb results.

If you’re unsure about what or which products to choose from, please seek advice from car care professionals or refer to product labels for guidance on compatibility and application instructions. A thorough Google search/watching YouTube DIY (Do-it-yourself) videos can also be a major tool at your disposal.

Wax On, Wax Off

This sub-topic is an ode to one of the greatest movie franchises of all time – Karate Kid:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-ES4AiOZCs (coincidentally celebrating its 40-year anniversary – chai, I feel old!), where a young Daniel LaRusso is taught the art of Karate via everyday house-hold chores such as washing-cum-waxing a car and painting a fence by a true master of the arts – Mr. Miyagi. Wow, what a digression. Let’s get back to it, shall we…

Now that your car is clean and dry, it’s time to apply the wax. Begin by shaking the wax bottle well to ensure proper mixing of the formula. Using a foam applicator pad, apply a small amount of wax onto the pad and start working it into the paint using small, circular motions. Start from the top of the car and work your way down, make sure you obtain an even coverage. Take care not to apply too much wax at once, as a little goes a long way. Allow the wax to haze over according to the product instructions, typically between 5 to 15 minutes depending on environmental conditions.

Once hazed, buff off the wax using a clean, dry microfibre cloth, using light pressure and overlapping strokes. Continue this process until the entire car is waxed – revealing a brilliant, glossy shine – wey dey enta for eye!

Polishing for Perfection

With the waxing complete, it’s time to take your car’s shine to the next level with polishing. Ensure the car is clean and dry before proceeding. Apply a small amount of polish onto a fresh foam applicator pad, then gently work it into the paint using light, overlapping motions. Focus on one section at a time, such as the bonnet or door panel, ensuring thorough coverage.

The polish will help remove any fine scratches, swirl marks, and oxidation (when the paint faints in patches kind of like vehicle eczema), restoring depth and clarity to the paintwork. Allow the polish to dry to a haze, typically between 5 to 10 minutes, before buffing it off with a hand-held buffing/polishing machine, or a clean, dry microfibre cloth. Repeat this process until the entire car has been polished to perfection.

Finishing Touches

After polishing, step back and admire the fruits of your labour! However, before calling it a day, take a clean microfiber cloth and give your car a final wipe-down to remove any remaining product residue. This step ensures a flawless finish, free from streaks or smudges, leaving your car looking immaculate.

Maintenance Matters

To prolong the benefits of waxing and polishing, regular maintenance is essential. Schedule periodic waxing and polishing sessions every few months, depending on your car’s exposure to the elements. Additionally, consider using quick detailer sprays or spray waxes as interim maintenance solutions to keep your car looking its best between full waxing sessions.

Regular washing with a gentle car shampoo and microfibre mitt or fabric will also help preserve the shine and protect your paintwork from environmental contaminants over time.


Waxing and polishing your car is more than just a routine maintenance task; it’s a labour of love that pays dividends in the form of a gleaming, showroom-worthy finish. By following these detailed steps and investing time and effort into proper car care, you can ensure your pride and joy remains a head-turner for years to come. So, roll up your sleeves, gather your favorite car care products, and take on the task. Alternatively, you can definitely explore the option of taking it to the professionals if you can afford to.

MMempire:
Thanks @ OP.

You're welcome.

When it comes to your vehicle, few things are as crucial to your safety and comfort as your tyres which is why it is quite intriguing that something of that level of importance is often largely ignored – especially in this part of the world where “harsh economic realities” might make one not entirely focus so much on that aspect of their vehicle(s) but tyres however remain extremely important nonetheless.

Tyres are the only point of contact or “touch-point” between your vehicle and the road, affecting everything from handling and fuel efficiency to braking distance and overall driving experience. And with so many options available, choosing the right tyres can seem a daunting task but fear not! In this “little” guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know to make an informed decision thereby enabling you to be much more comfortable every time you hit the road. So, without further ado – here are few things you need to be keenly aware of before making that all-important purchase:

Know Your Needs

Before diving into the world of tyre shopping, take a moment to consider your specific driving needs. Are you a city commuter dealing with inordinate amounts of traffic jams or “go-slow” as it’s commonly referred to as? You reside in an area where the feeder roads feels somewhat like an off-road course (Ojo LGA – I’m looking at you)? Or perhaps you prioritise fuel efficiency for those long highway drives? Understanding your driving habits and the conditions you encounter frequently will help narrow down your options.

Understand Tyre Basics

Tyres come in various sizes, designs, and materials, each serving different purposes albeit vehicles can use multiple specifications of tyres. You need to however consider factors like tyre width, aspect ratio, and load index to ensure compatibility with your vehicle.

Always feel free to consult with the experts but to gain some insight for yourself on how the labelling could affect your tyre-purchase decision(s) – please read the next sub-topic carefully:

Check the Labels Carefully

When browsing for tyres, please pay close attention to the labels. The sidewall code provides information on tyre size and construction (e.g. whether they’re radial), as well as their load-carrying capacity and speed rating. This short clip from the good people at Tyrepower:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B67i5ap9suw paints a better picture.

“For example, the code: 205/65R15 95H

205 indicates the normal section width of the tyre in millimetres (205mm).

65 indicates its aspect ratio, a comparison of the tyre’s section height with its section width (65 indicates the height is 65% of its width).

R indicates radial ply construction.

15 indicates the nominal diameter of the wheel rim (15 inches).

95H is a symbol indicating the maximum load capacity and speed at which the tyre can be safely operated, subject to the tyre being in sound condition, correctly fitted, and with recommended inflation pressures (95 represents a maximum load of 690kg per tyre; H represents a maximum speed of 210km/h).”

Tyre Label provides essential information on fuel efficiency, wet grip, and noise emission. A tyre with a high fuel efficiency rating can save you money on gas, while excellent wet grip ensures safer driving in rainy conditions. Moreover, opt for tyres with low noise emission for a quieter ride, especially on long journeys.

Don’t Forget the Terrain

As mentioned, if you frequently ply those “challenging terrains”, consider tyres or vehicles even – that are designed for those specific terrains.

Off-road tyres feature aggressive tread patterns and reinforced sidewalls to tackle rough terrain with ease. Whether it’s mud, sand, or rocky trails underneath muddy water, there’s a tyre tailored to suit that scenario.

Consult the Experts

Never hesitate when in doubt or even when certain – to seek out advice or a second opinion from seasoned tyre professionals. Whether it’s a trusted mechanic or a knowledgeable tyre personnel in your locale, they can offer valuable insights based on your vehicle, driving habits, and budget. Don’t hesitate to ask questions and express your concern – they’re there to help you make the best decision for your needs.


Choosing the right tyres for your vehicle is essential for safety, performance, and overall driving enjoyment. By understanding your driving needs, familiarising yourself with tyre basics, checking labels for crucial information, considering terrain requirements, and seeking advice from experts, you can confidently select tyres that provide optimal performance and reliability. So, go out there with confidence that you will indubitably acquire the perfect tyres for your vehicle!

cardoctor:
Cars now fly. Unbelievable but true. They've been flying for over 70 years.

Yes, there have been flying cars in existence since the 30s!

Just as I mentioned in the first sentence of this article: https://www.nairaland.com/7780779/10-most-common-cars-nigeria – “Cars have become an important part of our daily lives all over the world and especially here in Nigeria where alternative means of transportation aren’t as readily available. And without any shred of doubt, we would cease to function optimally as the apex species if it weren’t for these machines aiding our intended tasks.” – we’ve come to be extremely dependent on these machines daily for our existence in the modern world. We’ve indeed come a very long way from centuries of riding on horse/donkey/camel-back, to fitting horses with carts/carriages, to steam-powered locomotive trains, to first and second generation cars up until today’s cars, and now – to super-sonic jets; we’ve really as a species collectively conquered this whole “mobility thingy”. The next stage in our evolution undoubtedly – hyper-speed space exploration to which companies such as SpaceX: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX, Blue Origin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin, and Virgin Galactic: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic are already gearing up towards, actively! Despite the current bleak outlook, our future does seem filled with endless possibilities...

The evolution of the automobile industry however has no doubt been an extraordinary journey marked by slow to medium-paced technological advancements (compared with say the Cell/Mobile-phone industry which is rapid-paced. On a side-note – “Education” is actually the slowest moving industry which is quite ironic), fast changing consumer preferences, and vacillating global economic factors. Here is a “brief” overview of key milestones in the periods/eras thus far:

Invention of the Automobile (Late 19th Century); Karl Benz and the Motorwagen (1885-1886)

Karl Benz, a German engineer, is widely credited with inventing the first practical automobile. In 1885 and 1886, he developed and built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, a three-wheeled vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline.

The Motorwagen, patented in 1886, is considered the world’s first true automobile because it was designed specifically for personal use and not adapted from existing horse-drawn carriage designs and it marked a significant departure from earlier steam-powered and electric vehicles, showcasing the potential of the internal combustion engine for powering automobiles.

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line (1913):

While Karl Benz’s invention marked the birth of the automobile, Henry Ford’s innovations in production techniques revolutionised the industry and made cars accessible to the masses.

In 1913, Ford introduced the moving assembly line at his Highland Park plant in Michigan, for the mass production of automobiles. This system allowed workers to remain stationary as the product moved along a conveyor belt, with each worker responsible for a specific task. The assembly line dramatically increased efficiency and reduced the time required to build a car. As a result, the cost of production per unit decreased significantly, making automobiles more affordable for the average consumer.

Ford’s introduction of the assembly line is often associated with the Model T, a car that became synonymous with reliability, affordability, and accessibility. The Model T, produced from 1908 to 1927 – played a crucial role in popularising car ownership.

Impact on Mass Production and Affordability:

The assembly line transformed the manufacturing process from a labour-intensive and time-consuming approach to a highly efficient and streamlined system.

Mass production led to a substantial reduction in the cost of manufacturing each car. This, in turn, allowed manufacturers to pass on the cost savings to consumers, making automobiles more affordable for a larger segment of the population.

The combination of Karl Benz’s invention and Henry Ford’s innovations fundamentally changed the landscape of transportation, shifting it from a luxury enjoyed by only the elite to a mode of transportation accessible to the general public. The collaboration of these two key milestones in automotive history, the invention of the practical automobile along with the implementation of mass production techniques – set the stage for the widespread adoption of cars and laid the foundation for the modern automotive industry which still benefits us all greatly today and will continue to do so even in the distant future.

Early 20th Century – Rise of Major Automakers

The early 20th century saw the establishment of major automobile companies across Europe and in the United States.

Technological innovations like electric starters, headlights, and more powerful engines improved the functionality and safety of automobiles.

Interwar Period – Streamlining and Styling

In the 1920s and 1930s, automobile design started to focus on aesthetics, with streamlining and styling becoming important considerations. Advances in materials and engineering led to more comfortable and stylish vehicles.

Post-World War II – Economic Boom and Globalisation

The post-World War II period saw a surge in automobile production and consumption, global adoption and higher sales numbers fueled by economic prosperity leading to increased consumer demand which became increasingly challenging for manufacturers to keep up with. Furthermore, the American, European and Japanese automakers contributed immensely to the globalisation of the industry.

1970s – Oil Crisis and Environmental Awareness

The oil crisis in the 1970s prompted a shift towards fuel efficiency and a rethink of the entire industry. Environmental concerns gained global recognition, resulting in the development of emission control technologies which led to the prominence of Japanese automakers whose cars tackled said concerns head-on effectively yet, not breaking the bank either.

1980s – Technological Advancements and Electronics

The 1980s witnessed the integration of advanced electronics, with the introduction of computer-controlled systems, fuel injection, and electronic ignition. Safety features such as airbags and anti-lock brakes became standard.

1990s – Rise of SUVs and Alternative Fuels

The 1990s saw a surge in Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) as they heavily gained popularity (and even to this day), blending off-road capabilities with passenger comfort.

Interest in alternative fuels, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, also began to gain more prominence.

21st Century – Electric and Autonomous Vehicles

The 21st century has seen a significant focus on Electric Vehicles (EVs) alongside hydrogen-powered vehicles and other alternatives with advancements in battery technology and increased environmental awareness.

Autonomous driving technology has become a major area of research and development, with more and more companies coming into the fray - investing heavily in self-driving capabilities which leads us to:

Current Trends – Connectivity and Mobility Services

Connectivity Features in Smart Cars:

Telematics: Modern cars are equipped with telematics systems, allowing them to send, receive, and store information. This includes GPS navigation, real-time traffic updates, and vehicle diagnostics.

Infotainment Systems: In-car entertainment systems have evolved into sophisticated infotainment hubs, offering features like touchscreen displays, voice recognition, and seamless integration with smartphones for hands-free calling and music streaming.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication: Smart cars can communicate with each other through V2V technology. This enhances safety by providing real-time information about nearby vehicles, helping to prevent accidents and improve traffic flow.

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication: Cars can also communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as traffic lights and signs. This connectivity aids in optimising traffic flow, reducing congestion, and improving overall transportation efficiency.

Mobility Services:

Ride-Sharing: The rise of ride-sharing services like Uber, Bolt, Lyft, and similar platforms have transformed the way people access transportation. Instead of owning a car, individuals can use these services on-demand, contributing to reduced traffic congestion and lower individual transportation costs.

Car Subscription Models: Car subscription services allow individuals to access a variety of vehicles for a monthly fee. This model eliminates the need for traditional car ownership, offering flexibility and the ability to switch between different car models based on personal preferences or immediate needs.

Micro-Mobility Solutions: The introduction of electric scooters, bikes, and other micro-mobility options complements traditional transportation methods. These services provide convenient and eco-friendly alternatives for short-distance travel within urban areas. Albeit this too has brought upon some new problems - such as charging fire hazards when recharging these e-scooters and e-bikes.

Autonomous Mobility Services: The development of autonomous or self-driving vehicles is expected to further revolutionise mobility services. Companies are exploring the deployment of autonomous taxis and shuttles just like this driverless pod:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eFv0ulOn-o – for the provision of safe and efficient transportation for individual(s) without the need for a human driver.

Data and Analytics:

Big Data in Transportation: The connectivity of vehicles generates vast amounts of data. Manufacturers and service providers regularly analyse this data to improve vehicle performance, enhance safety features, and offer personalised services to users.

Predictive Maintenance: Connectivity enables real-time monitoring of a vehicle’s health. Manufacturers can anticipate maintenance needs, reducing downtime and enhancing the overall reliability of vehicles.

Challenges and Considerations:

The age of IoT (Internet of Things): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things is strongly upon us and is here to stay. And with that comes a multitude of challenges which needs to be addressed such as:

Data Security and Privacy: As cars become more connected, concerns about data security and privacy have risen astronomically. Manufacturers need to implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive information.

Infrastructure Development: The success of connected and autonomous vehicles relies on the development of supporting infrastructure, including advanced communication networks and smart city initiatives which may not be readily accessible on a global scale.

In summary, the integration of connectivity features and the evolution of mobility services represent a transformative phase in the automotive industry. These trends not only enhance the driving experience but also contribute to more sustainable and efficient transportation systems. As technology continues to advance, further innovations in connectivity and mobility services are likely to reshape the future of transportation.

Future Outlook

The automotive industry faces increasing challenges such as environmental regulations, shifting consumer preferences, and the need for sustainable practices. The future is likely to involve continued advancements in electric, hydrogen or other alternative sources of cleaner energy (as previously mentioned) and inevitably - autonomous technologies.


The automobile industry’s evolution reflects a constant pursuit of efficiency, safety, and more recently - environmental responsibility. Innovation will undoubtedly continue to be experienced in not only the automotive sector but in all other industries as well because the process of technological evolution, and revolution is unremittingly eternal.

https://autohub.ng/blog/evolution-of-the-automobile-industry/

cardoctor:
Many car mechanics will be out of work soon.

"Adapt or die", right‽

I do however think the EV revolution isn't feasible in Africa just yet, especially in rural areas. And here in Naija - we'd probably still have infrastructural deficits for at least the next 50 years.

The advent of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has prompted significant changes in the automotive industry as previously mentioned in past posts (*grins – yeah I know, sounded a lot like gbas gbos in my head too as soon I read what I wrote), and one of the major aspects said changes have hit hard on is the overall manufacturing procedure – impacting production processes on account of the level of sophistication required to manufacture EVs and their “larger/heavier” batteries efficiently, supply chain, other key components, technical know-how, and more. Let’s get into some of those key changes, shall we?

For a more visually stimulating post, please visit the link below.

1. Shift in Manufacturing Processes

As mentioned in the introduction, the transition to Electric Vehicle (EV) manufacturing requires fundamental changes in production processes compared to traditional vehicles. While conventional vehicles rely heavily on internal combustion engines, EVs centre around electric drive-trains, battery packs, and power electronics. As a result, manufacturing facilities must adapt eminently to accommodate the assemblage of these components, which often involves retooling existing production lines or building new facilities altogether designed specifically for EV production.

This shift often entails adjustments in workforce skills and training to handle the intricacies involved in the assembly of EVs which is notably more complex than that of conventional vehicles.

2. Supply Chain Adjustments

The surge in demand globally for Electric Vehicles (EVs) has had significant implications towards automotive supply chain. Key components such as lithium-ion for batteries, electric motors, semi-conductors or chips (which are already experiencing shortages) and electronic control units are in high demand – leading manufacturers to reassess their supply chain strategies. Some companies are forming strategic partnerships with suppliers to secure a stable supply of critical components, while others are adopting cum investing in vertical integration: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/verticalintegration.asp to bring key technologies in-house at an expedited rate.

Additionally, there’s a growing emphasis on sustainable sourcing practices, with manufacturers being beckoned to seek-out responsibly-sourced materials in order to minimise negative environmental impact and ensure ethical supply chains which is a whole other ball game as it isn't always easy to circumnavigate the obstacles on the way to acquiring the raw materials necessary for the manufacturing process especially when it comes to batteries.

3. Investment in Battery Technology

Batteries represent one of the most critical components of Electric Vehicles (EVs), influencing factors such as range, performance, longevity/life-cycle and most importantly – cost. To remain competitive, manufacturers are investing heavily in battery technology Research and Development (R & D). This includes efforts to improve energy density, reduce manufacturing costs, and enhance battery lifespan and safety.

EV battery recycling is currently known to be an “expensive drudgery” – requiring large amounts of water, heat, technical expertise, top location(s), reasonable financial input amongst other factors as well thereby making recycled lithium ion battery components five times more expensive than virgin lithium mined from faraway locations the world over.

However, as innovations in battery chemistry, manufacturing processes, and technologies advance – it’ll inevitably lower the cost and make it an inexpensive procedure for the most part as the ultimate goal is to do away with conventional Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) completely, and make EVs more affordable and readily accessible to a wider reach of consumers.

4. Adoption of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies

The production of Electric Vehicles (EVs) often leverages advanced manufacturing technologies to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and ensure product quality. Robotics and automation play a prominent role in tasks such as precision assembly, welding, and quality control.

Machine learning and artificial intelligence are also used to optimise production schedules, predict maintenance needs, and identify opportunities for efficiency improvements. Furthermore, data analytics enables real-time monitoring of production metrics, allowing manufacturers to make more efficient data-driven decisions and continuously optimise their manufacturing processes.

5. Focus on Lightweight Materials

Improving the energy efficiency and driving range of Electric Vehicles (EVs) requires reducing overall vehicle weight especially to counter the ineluctable battery-weight that comes “default” with the territory. Manufacturers are increasingly turning to lightweight materials such as aluminum alloys, carbon fibre, and advanced composites to achieve this goal. These materials offer high strength-to-weight ratios, allowing for lighter vehicle structures without compromising neither safety nor performance. By incorporating lightweight materials into vehicle design and manufacturing, manufacturers can enhance energy efficiency, extend driving range, and improve overall vehicle dynamics just as with the all new Porsche Taycan: https://www.porsche.com/usa/models/taycan/taycan-models/taycan/

6. Integration of Connectivity and Smart Features

Electric vehicles (EVs) are often equipped with advanced connectivity features that enable remote monitoring, over-the-air software updates, and integration with mobile devices. Manufacturers are rapidly incorporating these features into their design and manufacturing process, requiring expertise in software development, cybersecurity, and wireless communication technologies.

By integrating connectivity and smart features into EVs, manufacturers can enhance the user experience, improve vehicle functionality, and differentiate their products in the market and nobody embodies this like Rimac with the Nevera:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsrmMGVa7HE, which is quite equipped with said advanced connectivity features such as having cameras that can recognise you from afar making unlocking a breeze (yes, pun intended – couldn’t help it, couldn’t resist *winks) and “not only can these record track laps to help you get faster but they can do something even more special. The interior camera will use facial recognition to recognise and adjust settings based on who’s in the driver’s seat”.

7. Transition to Sustainable Practices

The ubiquitous shift towards Electric Vehicles (EV) is driven not only by regulatory requirements and consumer demand, but also by the growing recognition of the need for sustainable eco-friendly transportation solutions to preserve our environment moving forward. Manufacturers are under increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices throughout the manufacturing process, from sourcing raw materials to reducing waste and minimising energy consumption. This includes initiatives such as using renewable energy sources in production facilities, implementing eco-friendly manufacturing processes, prioritising recyclability and implementing circular economy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy principles into product design.


Through embracing sustainable practices, manufacturers can reduce their environmental footprint, enhance brand reputation, and meet both evolving consumer and regulatory expectations for environmentally-responsible products. Hopefully you’ve gotten a better understanding of how these trends collectively highlight the transformative impact of electric vehicles towards the automotive manufacturing industry – driving innovation, sustainability, and technological advancement across the sector and beyond.

https://autohub.ng/blog/automotive-manufacturing-in-the-age-of-evs/

PrinceJoeWan:
The mods no dey see this kind post to push go front page?

No wahala. 😁 Dem don try push a couple go front page in the past. Wetin dey important nah awa regular readers lyk U wen we dey giv update steady...

Thanks for reading.

Understanding the Functions of Catalytic Converters (Catalysts) in Automotive Exhaust Systems

Catalytic Converters AKA Catalysts – play a vital role in modern automotive exhaust systems, helping to mitigate harmful emissions emanating from internal combustion thereby reducing air pollution by converting toxic gases such as Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) into less harmful gases – Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Nitrogen (N2) and then Water (H2O) which are subsequently released into the atmosphere through the exhaust pipe. These devices have become a standard component in vehicles worldwide due to increasingly stringent emission regulations. In this article, we will delve into the detailed functions of catalytic converters, exploring how they work, their importance in environmental sustainability, why they’re “sought after” and much more.

But before we progress further, in order to acquire a better understanding or obtain a vivid image in your mind about a catalytic converter works – I suggest you watch this short video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PG7NI-bAt-8

Functions of Catalytic Converters

Conversion of Harmful Pollutants: Catalytic converters primarily function to convert harmful pollutants present in vehicle exhaust gases into less harmful substances. The pollutants targeted include Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Hydrocarbons (HC), all of which contribute to air pollution and have adverse effects on human health and the environment as well. Catalytic converters employ the processes of oxidation and reduction reactions to convert harmful pollutants into less harmful substances. The core components responsible for these reactions are typically platinum, palladium, and rhodium catalysts coated onto a ceramic or metallic substrate within the converter.

The platinum and palladium catalysts facilitate the oxidation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) present in the exhaust gases, converting them into Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and water vapour. The chemical reactions involved in these processes help to reduce the concentration of these harmful pollutants that are emitted into the atmosphere.

Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides: Rhodium catalysts within the catalytic converter facilitate the reduction of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) present in the exhaust gases. These reactions involve the conversion of Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx) into Nitrogen (N₂) and Oxygen (O₂) molecules, which are less harmful to the environment. This process is known as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).

Oxygen Storage and Release: Catalytic converters also incorporate an oxygen storage component, typically cerium oxide or other metal oxides, which helps to regulate the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gases. This oxygen storage and release mechanism enables more efficient conversion of pollutants during varying engine operating conditions, such as during cold starts or sudden accelerations.

Monitoring and Control: Modern catalytic converters are equipped with oxygen sensors and Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that monitor exhaust gas composition in real-time. Based on sensor feedback, the ECU adjusts engine parameters such as fuel-air mixture and ignition timing to optimise the catalytic converter’s performance and ultimately – minimise emissions.

Temperature Management: Catalytic converters operate most effectively within a specific temperature range. To ensure optimal performance, they often incorporate heat shields, insulation materials, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) systems to ensure systematic temperature regulation of the exhaust gases reaching the converter.

How to tell if your Catalytic Converter is bad/malfunctioning

Catalytic converters are designed to withstand high temperatures and harsh operating conditions encountered in automotive exhaust systems. However, factors such as engine misfires, fuel contamination, and physical damage can degrade their performance over time. Regular maintenance and adherence to recommended service intervals are essential for ensuring the longevity and durability of catalytic converters.

With that being said, detecting a malfunctioning or failing catalytic converter is extremely important for maintaining vehicle performance and ensuring compliance with emission regulations. Here are several signs that can indicate that there’s a problem with a catalytic converter:

Check Engine Light (CEL) Illumination: The most common indicator of a catalytic converter issue is the illumination of the Check Engine Light on the vehicle dashboard. The onboard diagnostic system (OBD-II) in modern vehicles monitors various engine parameters, including catalytic converter efficiency. If the system detects abnormal converter performance, it will trigger the CEL instantly to alert the driver.

Decreased Engine Performance: A failing catalytic converter can lead to decreased engine performance, including reduced power output, sluggish acceleration, or difficulty starting the engine. This can result from increased exhaust backpressure caused by a partially clogged or damaged converter.

Unusual Odours: A malfunctioning catalytic converter may produce unusual odours emanating from the exhaust system. The presence of a strong sulfur-like smell (similar to that of a rotten egg) can indicate that the converter is not effectively converting hydrogen sulfide into odourless sulfur dioxide.

Excessive Exhaust Smoke: If the catalytic converter is failing due to internal damage or overheating, it may produce excessive exhaust smoke. This smoke can vary in colour, ranging from white (indicating coolant contamination), to blue (indicating oil consumption), or black (indicating excessive fuel combustion) which is quite common with public transportation vehicles here in Naija – then the owners/drivers keep on wondering why the fuel consumption of their vehicle(s) is high, but won’t fix up the “visibly” faulty exhaust system.

Rattling or Hissing Noises: Internal damage to the catalytic converter substrate or honeycomb structure can cause rattling or hissing noises during vehicle operation. These noises may become more pronounced during acceleration or when the vehicle is idling.

Inspection: During vehicle inspections or emissions testing, a malfunctioning catalytic converter can cause the vehicle to not meet up with present-day emissions standards. Elevated levels of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), or Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases can indicate catalytic converter inefficiency.

Excessive Heat Under the Vehicle: A failing catalytic converter may generate excessive heat, leading to elevated temperatures in the vicinity of the exhaust system components. Carefully check for signs of heat damage, discolouration, or melting of nearby heat shields, wiring, or undercarriage components.

Fuel Efficiency Issues: In some cases, a failing catalytic converter can contribute to decreased fuel efficiency as mentioned – which can also be due to altered air-fuel ratios or increased engine load. Monitor changes in fuel consumption or unexpected drops in fuel economy, which may indicate underlying catalytic converter issues.

If you suspect a problem with your vehicle’s catalytic converter based on these signs, it is advisable to have the vehicle properly inspected by a qualified mechanic or automotive technician. They can perform diagnostic tests, such as exhaust gas analysis or catalytic converter temperature measurements, to accurately identify the root cause of the issue and recommend appropriate repairs or replacements.

Why are Catalytic Converters frequently targeted by thieves?

Precious Metal Content

Catalytic converters contain precious metals such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium, which act as catalysts in the conversion of harmful pollutants in vehicle exhaust gases. These metals have significant monetary value, particularly in the secondary market for recycling and resale. As a result, thieves target catalytic converters to extract and sell these precious metals for profit.

Accessibility and Ease of Theft

Catalytic converters are located underneath vehicles, typically attached to the exhaust system between the engine and the muffler. This positioning makes them relatively accessible to thieves, who can quickly remove them using basic hand tools such as saws, wrenches, or cordless power tools. The theft process can be completed in a matter of minutes, making catalytic converters an attractive target for opportunistic thieves, unfortunately.

Lack of Serial Numbers or Identification

Unlike other vehicle components, catalytic converters generally lack unique serial numbers or identifiable markings, making them difficult to trace once stolen. This anonymity reduces the risk of detection and apprehension for thieves, as stolen catalytic converters can be sold and resold on the market or to metal recyclers without immediate suspicion.

High Demand for Replacement

With the increasing prevalence of stricter emission regulations and the high level of theft, the demand for replacement catalytic converters remains high. Legitimate buyers often require one as soon as theirs might have been stolen or damaged and this demand in turn – creates a lucrative market for stolen catalytic converters, incentivising theft. A vicious cycle.

Vulnerability of Specific Vehicles

Certain vehicle models are more susceptible to catalytic converter theft due to factors such as ground clearance, ease of access, and the type of catalytic converter used. Vehicles equipped with larger, more valuable catalytic converters or those with hybrid powertrains containing higher concentrations of precious metals are often targeted by thieves.

Limited Security Measures

Despite efforts to deter theft, such as installing catalytic converter shields or aftermarket security devices, many vehicles still lack sufficient anti-theft measures to protect catalytic converters effectively. Thieves may exploit vulnerabilities in vehicle security systems or easily bypass existing deterrents to steal catalytic converters successfully within a short amount of time without detection.

Due to these factors, catalytic converter theft has become a prevalent crime worldwide, posing financial burdens and safety concerns for vehicle owners and communities. Therefore, there lies an urgent need to come together and put in serious efforts to combat catalytic converter theft and safeguard vehicles globally.


Hopefully, you now have a better understanding about the intricate functions of catalytic converters and their importance in modern automotive technology and emission control efforts.

In many other parts of the world, emission regulation is not clumsily responded to – so, you might want to get yours replaced or fixed if it’s malfunctioning/non-functional. Also, you may want Google VW DieselGate Scandal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal which was mildly an interesting episode in automotive history – especially as regards emission.

https://autohub.ng/blog/understanding-the-functions-of-catalytic-converters-catalysts-in-automotive-exhaust-systems/

Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass – that is, plant, algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Biofuel is commonly advocated as cost-effective and being an environmentally benign alternative to petroleum and other fossil fuels, particularly within the context of rising petroleum prices coupled with increased concern over the contributions made by fossil fuels to global warming. Many critics express concerns about the scope of the expansion of certain biofuels because of the economic and environmental costs associated with the refining process and the potential removal of vast areas of arable land from food production.

Types of biofuels

Some long-exploited biofuels, such as wood, can be used directly as a raw material that is burned to produce heat. The heat in turn, can be used to run generators in a power plant to produce electricity. A number of existing power facilities burn grass, wood, or other kinds of biomass.

Liquid biofuels are of particular interest because of the vast infrastructure already in place to use them, especially for transportation. The liquid biofuel that’s in the greatest production is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is made by fermenting starch or sugar. Brazil and the United States are among the leading producers of ethanol. In the United States ethanol biofuel is made primarily from corn (maize) grain, and it is typically blended with gasoline to produce “gasohol,” a fuel that is 10 percent ethanol.

In Brazil, ethanol biofuel is made primarily from sugarcane, and it is commonly used as a 100-percent-ethanol fuel or in gasoline blends containing 85 percent ethanol. Unlike the “first-generation” ethanol biofuel produced from food crops, “second-generation” cellulosic ethanol is derived from low-value biomass that possesses a high cellulose content, including wood chips, crop residues, and municipal waste. Cellulosic ethanol is commonly made from sugarcane bagasse, a waste product from sugar processing, or from various grasses that can be cultivated on low-quality land. Given that the conversion rate is lower than with first-generation biofuels, cellulosic ethanol is dominantly used as a gasoline additive.

The second most common liquid biofuel is biodiesel, which is made primarily from oily plants (such as the soybean or oil palm) and to a lesser extent from other oily sources (such as waste cooking fat from restaurant deep-frying). Biodiesel, which has found the largest acceptance in Europe, is used in diesel engines and usually blended with petroleum diesel fuel in various percentages. The use of algae and cyanobacteria as a source of “third-generation” biodiesel holds promise but has been difficult to develop economically. Some algal species contain up to 40 percent lipids by weight, which can be converted into biodiesel or synthetic petroleum. Some estimates state that algae and cyanobacteria could yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area than second-generation biofuels.

Other biofuels include methane gas and biogas – which can be derived from the decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen and methanol, butanol, and dimethyl ether – which are in development.

Many assume that the material is used just for transportation but biofuel can provide hydrogen, clean up oil, work as cooking oil, and more. Biofuels can work as an alternative to replacing energy needs from vehicle fuel to central home heating.

Here are the top ten uses for biofuel

1. Transportation

More than 30% of energy consumed in the United States for example is used for vehicle transportation. Across the globe, transportation accounts for about 34% of energy consumption, this means that over a third of oil is used to operate vehicles.

The main problem with alternative energy such as solar, wind and other alternative energy sources is that they are not practical for transportation. Experts believe that efficient breakthroughs in practical technological advances are still decades away.

More major car brands have already invested in stations for biofuel-powered vehicles.

2. Energy Generation

In addition to producing fuel for transportation, biofuel can be used to generate power in backup systems; this includes facilities such as schools, hospitals, etc., that are located in residential areas.

In fact, the largest market for biofuel turned into energy generation for over 350,000 homes from landfill gas – is in the United Kingdom.

3. Provide Heat

Bioheat has grown over the past few years. The majority of biofuel that is used for heating is substantial. Wood is the most practical method to heat, and that is why most houses use wood burning stoves rather than gas or electricity.

A blend of biodiesel however, will help reduce the emission of harmful air pollutant such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and polycyclic organic matter (POMs), resulting from the activities of wood burning.

4. Charging Electronics

According to scientists from Saint Luis University, a fuel cell was developed with cooking oil and sugar to generate electricity; consumers will be able to use these cells instead of using electricity generated from sources that threaten our environment. Consumers may be able to use fuel cells in place of batteries to charge anything from computers to cell phones. While they are still in the process of development, these fuel cells have the potential to become a readily available source of power.

5. Clean Oil Spills and Grease

Biofuel is known to be environmentally-friendly; biofuel can also help to clean up oil spills and grease. It has been tested to work as a potential cleaning agent for areas where crude oil contaminated the waters.

The results have also been found to increase the recovery areas and allow it to be removed from the water. Biofuel can also be used as an industrial solvent for cleaning metal, which is also beneficial due to its lack of toxic impact.

6. Cooking

While kerosene is the most common ingredient to use for stoves and non-wick lanterns, biodiesel works just as great.

7. Lubricate

Diesel fuel is required to reduce the sulphur concentration as sulphur provides the most lubricity of the fuel. This is important when it comes to keeping the engine properly functioning and to avoid engine failure. Biodiesel can help reduce friction and increase lubricity thereby making the engines last longer.

8. Remove paint and adhesive

Biofuel can replace the toxic products that are designed to remove paint and adhesives. Biofuel is also considered as the best method for removing non-critical applications.

9. Create energy when fossil fuel runs out

As oil supply is starting to run out, this has caused us to question how fuel can be extracted without destroying the environment. Biofuel – will help the government create a stable method of producing energy that is cost-effective.

10. Reduce cost and need for imported oil

Analysts say that replacing imported oil with biofuel will help to stabilise economies whenever oil supply is disrupted as countries become reliant on themselves for their energy needs instead of an overdependence on oil imports.

Various Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuels

Fuels that have been extracted from plants and crops are known as biofuels. Of these, the most commonly extracted and used one is Bioethanol or simply Ethanol and Biodiesel. It is blended with gasoline and can be used as an alternative fuel for your car. Plant-based fuels come from renewable sources, can be grown anywhere and have lower carbon emissions as compared to fossil fuels.

Biofuels not only help a struggling economy by providing jobs, but also helps in reducing greenhouse gases to a large extent by emitting less pollution.

We should increase our development of alternative fuels, taking advantage of renewable resources, like using corn and sugar to produce ethanol or soybeans to produce biodiesel.

As prices of crude oil are soaring day by day, especially with new conflicts arising in the different regions that produce – disrupting supply, most people are switching to biofuels to save money and reduce their dependence on oil.

Biofuels are produced from wheat, corn, soybeans and sugarcane, which can be produced again and again on demand, so they are highly sustainable.

Though biofuels have many advantages over their counterparts, there are some other complicating aspects that we need to look at. But first let’s touch on some its advantages.

Various Advantages of Biofuels

1. Efficient Fuel

Biofuel is made from renewable resources and relatively less-flammable compared to fossil diesel. It has significantly better lubricating properties.

It causes less harmful carbon emission compared to standard diesel. Biofuels can be manufactured from a wide range of materials and the overall cost-benefit of using them is much higher.

2. Cost-Benefit

As of now, biofuels cost the same in the market as petrol does. However, the overall cost-benefit of using them is much higher. They are cleaner fuels, which means they produce fewer emissions when they burn. And with the increased demand for biofuels, they have the potential of becoming cheaper in the future as well.

According to the RFA (Renewable Fuels Association) in its Ethanol Industry Outlook report, “Ethanol was the highest-octane, lowest-cost motor fuel on the planet.” Additionally, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) allocated $73 million for 35 bioenergy research and development (R & D) projects a couple of years ago. Pretty certain by now those various researches will start bearing fruit.

With goals such as reducing drop-in biofuel costs which aims to “enable high-value products from biomass or waste resources” and reduction in the cost of producing biopower, the use of biofuels will be less of a drain on the wallet in the near future.

3. Durability of Vehicles’ Engine

Biofuels are adaptable to current engine designs and perform very well in most conditions. It has higher cetane and better lubricating properties. When biodiesel is used as a combustible fuel, the durability of the engine increases.

There is also no need for engine conversion. This keeps the engine running for longer, requires less maintenance and brings down overall pollution check costs. Engines designed to work on biofuels produce less emission than other diesel engines as mentioned previously.

4. Easy to Source

Petrol is refined from crude oil, which happens to be a non-renewable resource. Although current reservoirs of natural gas will sustain for many years, they will end sometime in the future.

Meanwhile biofuels are made from many different sources such as manure, waste from crops, other byproducts, algae and plants grown specifically for the fuel; hence you are always assured of its presence.

5. Renewable

Most of the fossil fuels will expire and end up in smoke one day as mentioned. Since most of the sources like manure, corn, switchgrass, soybeans, waste from crops and plants are renewable and are not likely to run out any time soon, it makes the use of biofuels efficient in nature. Also, these crops can be replanted again and again.

6. Reduce Greenhouse Gases

Studies suggest that biofuels reduce greenhouse gases by up to 65 percent. Fossil fuels when burnt produce large amounts of greenhouse gases i.e., carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap sunlight and cause the planet to warm.

Besides, the burning of coal and oil increases the temperature and causes global warming. To reduce the impact of greenhouse gases, people around the world are implored to use biofuels.

7. Economic Security

Not every country has large reserves of crude oil. For them, having to import the oil puts a huge dent in their economy. If more people start shifting towards biofuels, a country can reduce its dependence on fossil fuels.

Biofuel production increases the demand for suitable biofuel crops, providing a sizeable boost to the agricultural industry. Fueling homes, businesses and vehicles with biofuels are less expensive than fossil fuels. More jobs will be created with a growing biofuel industry, which will keep our economies secure.

8. Reduce Dependence on Foreign Oil

While locally grown crops have the capacity to reduce a nation’s dependence on fossil fuels, many experts believe that it will take a long time to solve our energy needs. As prices of crude oil are touching sky high, we need some more alternative energy solutions to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and biofuel can fill that gap strategically.

9. Lower Levels of Pollution

Since biofuels can be made from renewable resources, they cause less pollution to the planet. However, that is not the only reason why the use of biofuels is being encouraged.

They release lower levels of carbon dioxide and other emissions when burnt compared to standard diesel. Its use also results in a significant reduction of PM emissions.

Although the production of biofuels creates carbon dioxide as a byproduct, it is frequently used to grow the plants that will be converted into the fuel. This allows it to become something close to a self-sustaining system.

Besides, biofuels are biodegradable and that greatly reduces the possibility of soil contamination and contamination of underground water during transportation, storage or use.

As mentioned, there are some disadvantages to the usage of Biofuels. Here are a few discussed below.

Disadvantages of Biofuels

1. High Cost of Production

Even with all the benefits associated with biofuels, they are quite expensive to produce in the current market. As of now, the interest and capital investment being put into biofuel production is fairly low, but it can match demand.

If the demand increases, then increasing the supply will be a long-term operation, which will be quite expensive. Such a disadvantage is still preventing the use of biofuels from becoming more popular.

2. Monoculture

Monoculture refers to the practice of producing the same crops year after year, rather than producing various crops through a farmer’s fields over time. While this might be economically attractive for farmers but growing the same crop every year may deprive the soil of nutrients that are put back into the soil through crop rotation.

The problems with growing a single crop over large tracts of land are many. First, growing only one crop changes the environment in terms of the food available to pests, and they are free to destroy an entire crop.

Secondly, we could treat the pests mentioned above with pesticides, but a few of those pests will inevitably become resistant to the chemicals intended to kill them and they can eventually inhabit the single field of crops, raving it drastically thereby reducing the overall yield needed.

The next problem comes with genetic engineering when we decide to modify the crop that is resistant to pests without the need for pesticides. It is still likely that at least a few pests aren’t affected by the modification and the problem remains. Thus, the key to healthy crops worldwide is biodiversity that is simply having lots of different types of plants and animals around.

3. Use of Fertilizers

Biofuels are produced from crops, and these crops need fertilizers to grow better. The downside of using fertilizers is that they can have harmful effects on the surrounding environment and may cause water pollution. Fertilizers contain nitrogen and phosphorus. They can be washed away from soil to nearby lakes, rivers or ponds.

4. Shortage of Food

Biofuels are extracted from plants and crops that have high levels of sugar in them. However, most of these crops are also used as food crops. Even though waste material from plants can be used as raw material, the requirement for such food crops will still exist. It will take up agricultural space from other crops, which can create a number of problems.

Using existing land for biofuels may not cause an acute shortage of food; however, it will definitely put pressure on the current growth of crops. One major worry being faced by people is that the growing use of biofuels may just mean a rise in food prices as well.

Some people prefer using algae, which grows in very inhospitable regions and has a limited impact on land use. However, the problem with algae is water use.

5. Industrial Pollution

The carbon footprint of biofuels is less than the traditional forms of fuel when burnt. However, the process with which they are produced makes up for that. Production is largely dependent on lots of water and oil.

Large scale industries meant for churning out biofuel are known to emit large amounts of emissions and cause small scale water pollution as well.

Unless more efficient means of production are put into place, the overall carbon emission does not get a very big dent in it.

6. Water Use

Large quantities of water are required to irrigate the biofuel crops which might impose substantial strain on local and regional water resources, if not managed wisely. In order to produce corn-based ethanol to meet local demand for biofuels, massive quantities of water are used and that could put unsustainable pressure on local water resources.


Overall, Biofuel as with other alternative sources of energy will ease pressure and our massive dependency on fossil fuel. Hopefully, more research will lead to cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions in the future. Thanks for reading.

https://autohub.ng/blog/biofuel-production-functions-advantages-and-disadvantages/

PrinceJoeWan:
Worth reading.
Kudos!

Thank you.

The Braking System in a vehicle is crucial for slowing down or stopping the vehicle safely. It relies on converting kinetic energy (the energy of motion) into other forms of energy, typically heat energy – through friction. The most common types of braking systems are hydraulic brakes and regenerative brakes, found in most modern vehicles. Here’s how they work:

But before you delve into this you might want check out our comprehensive article on ABS; https://www.nairaland.com/7946599/anti-lock-braking-system-abs-basic a safety anti-skid braking system technology. It will be worth your time, assuredly.

Brake Pedal: The brake pedal is the first point of contact and interfaces between the driver and the braking system. When the driver presses the brake pedal, it exerts force on a pushrod connected to the master cylinder.

Master Cylinder: The master cylinder is a key component of the hydraulic braking system. It consists of a reservoir filled with brake fluid and a piston assembly. When the brake pedal is depressed, the pushrod from the brake pedal moves the piston inside the master cylinder. This movement increases the pressure of the brake fluid within the master cylinder.

Brake Lines: Brake lines are durable, reinforced hoses or metal tubes that carry pressurised brake fluid from the master cylinder to the brake calipers or wheel cylinders located at each wheel.

Brake Calipers/Wheel Cylinders: These components are responsible for converting the hydraulic pressure from the brake fluid into mechanical force to actuate the brakes.

Disc Brakes: In disc brake systems, the brake calipers contain pistons that are actuated by the pressurised brake fluid from the master cylinder. These pistons force the brake pads against the brake rotor, creating friction and ultimately slowing down the vehicle.

Drum Brakes: In drum brake systems, the wheel cylinders are responsible for pushing brake shoes against the inner surface of the brake drum. This action creates friction, slowing down the vehicle.

Friction: Friction is the force generated between the brake pads (or shoes) and the brake rotor (or drum) when they come into contact. This friction converts the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat energy, which is dissipated into the surrounding air.

Release: When the brake pedal is released, the pressure on the brake fluid within the brake lines decreases. In disc brakes, springs within the calipers retract the pistons, pulling the brake pads away from the rotor. In drum brakes, the wheel cylinders retract, allowing the brake shoes to move away from the drum. This release of pressure and retraction of brake components enable the wheel to rotate freely again.

We are in the age of EVs: https://www.nairaland.com/7859016/how-electric-vehicles-ev-work so we’d be remiss if we didn’t mention how their own braking system functions. Here’s how they do:

Electric Motor as Generator: When a vehicle equipped with regenerative braking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stq2E3sZYg0 decelerates or in simpler terminology – whenever you slow down -taking your foot off the accelerator or by stepping on the brakes (not when you’re trying to effect a complete stop though), the electric motor is utilised in reverse as a generator thereby loading that power generated back onto the batteries which would have otherwise be lost as heat.

Typically, electric motors are designed with the capability to generate electricity when rotational force is applied to them. In the context of regenerative braking, as the wheels slow down, they turn the electric motor – which in turn generates electricity.

Kinetic Energy Recovery: The electric motor acts as a generator during deceleration, it converts the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle back into electrical energy. This process effectively slows down the vehicle by transferring the energy from the wheels back into the electrical system. Instead of dissipating the kinetic energy as heat, as with traditional friction braking, regenerative braking captures and stores this energy for later use.

Battery Charging: The electrical energy generated during regenerative braking is directed to the vehicle’s battery pack. The battery serves as a storage reservoir for the captured energy. This energy can then be used to power the vehicle’s electric motor during acceleration or to operate other onboard systems, ultimately reducing the load on the vehicle’s internal combustion engine (in the case of a hybrid) or extending the driving range in electric-only mode.

Supplementary Mechanical Brakes: While regenerative braking is effective at slowing down the vehicle and recovering energy, it may not provide sufficient braking force under all conditions. During aggressive braking or when the battery is fully charged and cannot accept additional charge, traditional friction brakes such as hydraulic or mechanical brakes are still employed. These supplementary brakes provide additional stopping power when needed, ensuring the vehicle can come to a complete stop safely and efficiently.


Overall, braking systems are designed to slow down or stop vehicles safely and efficiently, using a combination of mechanical and hydraulic principles or regenerative technologies depending on the type of vehicle. And just as with all things mechanical – regular maintenance and inspection of these systems are essential for ensuring optimal performance and safety.

https://autohub.ng/blog/how-a-vehicles-braking-system-functions/

PrinceJoeWan:
Instead of posting half of the content and leaving us with the option of going to your site like others usually do, you dropped everything and for that I went to your site to give you the click that you deserve.
Continue one day all your posts would hit for one by one.




Kudos!

Thank you. 🙏🏽 Greatly appreciate your kind remarks. There'd even be more media if it wasn't for NL's old limiting layout.

2dotsproperties:
What happened to olist ?

The domain no longer opens up anymore. Don't have the slightest clue as to what might have happened.

Car problems can originate from various factors, which could include mechanical issues, electrical faults, wear and tear, environmental conditions, and human error. Each of these factors can contribute to numerous issues with a vehicle, ranging from minor inconveniences to significant mechanical failures.

By being aware of these potential issues and addressing them promptly through regular maintenance and responsible driving habits, car owners can help prevent many problems and ensure their vehicle’s longevity and reliability.

Here are some common causes of car problems:

1. Neglected Maintenance

Routine maintenance tasks such as oil changes, tyre rotations, fluid checks, and filter replacements are crucial for keeping a car running smoothly. Ignoring these maintenance tasks can lead to issues (some recurring) further down the line such as engine wear, reduced fuel efficiency, overheating, and frequent breakdowns.

2. Worn Out Parts

Various components in a car, including brakes, tyres, belts, hoses, and spark plugs, experience major wear and tear over time. Failure to replace these worn-out parts can result in decreased performance, compromised safety, and eventual mechanical failures. Therefore, do the right thing by replacing worn-out and or detective parts on time.

3. Electrical System Failures

The electrical system in a car comprises components like the battery, alternator, starter, and wiring. Problems such as a dead battery, faulty alternator, or damaged wiring can cause issues ranging from difficulty starting the car to non-functionality of knobs, buttons and switches, and to complete electrical failure and breakdown.

4. Fuel System Issues

The fuel system is responsible for delivering fuel to the engine for combustion. Issues such as clogged fuel filters, malfunctioning fuel pumps, or injector problems can lead to poor engine performance, sputtering, stalling, or difficulty starting the car.

5. Engine Overheating

Overheating can occur due to various factors, including coolant leaks, a malfunctioning thermostat, a faulty radiator fan, or low coolant levels. Persistent overheating can cause significant engine damage, such as warped cylinder heads or a blown head gasket. And I’d like to believe we’re all aware that this can cost a fortune to either repair, or replace the affected part(s) all together.

Therefore, the most sensible approach will be to tackle these issues promptly when they are still burgeoning in the nascent phase and giving signs or warnings of what’s to come – than when it builds up and becomes a
“ginormous” behemoth of a problem which might be insurmountable as with some worst-off cases.

For a more in-depth take, please read or reread (as the case may be) our article on overheating: https://www.nairaland.com/7934894/causes-prevention-engine-overheating as the topic was well covered there.

6. Transmission Problems

The transmission is responsible for transferring power from the engine to the wheels. Problems such as slipping gears, rough shifting, or transmission fluid leaks can result in poor performance, loss of power, or total transmission failure, necessitating costly repairs and or replacements.

7. Suspension and Steering Issues

The suspension and steering systems play a critical role in maintaining vehicle stability, ride comfort, and steering response. Worn-out suspension components, damaged steering systems, or misaligned wheels can cause handling problems, vibrations, or uneven/hastened tyre wear, compromising safety and overall ride quality.

8. Brake System Failures

The brake system is essential for vehicle safety, allowing drivers to slow down or stop when necessary. Issues such as worn brake pads, brake fluid leaks, or malfunctioning brake calipers can compromise stopping power and pose a significant safety risk to both the driver and other road users. And as we would say in our local parlance – “Dem no dey tell persin…”

9. Environmental Factors

Harsh weather conditions, road salt (especially for cars that come from Canada), extreme temperatures, and exposure to environmental elements can accelerate wear and corrosion of various car parts. Regular cleaning, rust prevention measures, and protective coatings can help mitigate the effects of these environmental factors on a vehicle.

This is why manufacturers usually subject their vehicles to extreme testing such as Audi’s famous INKA test:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InOkUFDgjx0

10. Accidents and Collisions

Car accidents can cause damage to various components, including the body, frame, suspension, electrical and mechanical systems. Even minor collisions can lead to hidden damage that may eventually affect the vehicle’s performance or safety, highlighting the importance of thorough inspections and repairs after your vehicle’s involvement in an accident.

11. Poor Driving Habits

Aggressive driving behaviours such as excessive speeding (especially over speed-bumps or damaged/bad roads or pathways), sudden braking, and hard acceleration can put undue stress on a vehicle, leading to premature wear and potential damage to components such as brakes, tyres, and suspension systems. Following traffic laws and practising defensive driving techniques can further help in minimising wear and tear on a vehicle long-term.

12. Manufacturing Defects or Recalls

This one might be sounding or looking odd to most of us here in Naija as we aren’t well-versed in how new vehicles occasionally get recalled by manufacturers to fix one defect or another from time to time, or even over the air updates (New Gen Recall) to fix said issues as with Tesla’s steering (or “yoke” as they like to call it), warning-light font size, and door-latch issues recently: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/02/tesla-recall-warning-light-font-size – because a large percentage of the cars we purchase are used, and even the minute percentage that are purchased as “new”, their owners often end up not utilising the available warranties to the maximum.

However, despite rigorous quality control measures instituted, cars may still have inherent defects or issues due to faulty manufacturing, design flaws, or part recalls. Keeping abreast of recalls and addressing any identified defects promptly can help prevent potential problems and ensure the safety and reliability of your vehicle(s).


By understanding not just these common problems but also the causes of vehicle breakdowns: https://www.nairaland.com/7824810/major-causes-car-breakdowns as well, and taking proactive measures to address them – car owners can help maintain their vehicles thereby keeping them in optimal working condition, prolong their lifespan, and ensure a safe and enjoyable driving experience all together. Regular inspections, timely maintenance, and responsible driving habits are key to preventing many common car problems and maximising the longevity and reliability of a vehicle. Thanks again for reading.

https://autohub.ng/blog/common-causes-of-car-problems/

Autonomous Vehicles, also known as “driverless vehicles” or “self-driving cars”, represent a revolutionary advancement in transportation. These vehicles are equipped with sophisticated technologies that enable them to navigate and operate without direct human input. The development of driverless vehicles involves a combination of sensors, cameras, radar, lidar, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced algorithms to interpret and respond to the surrounding environment.

How Autonomous Vehicles Work
Sensors Galore

Driverless vehicles rely on an array of sensors to perceive their surroundings. Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging), radar, and cameras that act as the vehicle’s eyes – providing a comprehensive view of the environment. These sensors work together to detect obstacles, pedestrians, road signs, and other vehicles.

Artificial Intelligence

The brains behind the operation; AI processes the vast amount of data collected by sensors in real-time. Machine learning algorithms enable the vehicle to learn from its experiences, improving decision-making and adapting/re-adapting to different driving conditions.

GPS and Mapping

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, combined with detailed mapping data, allows driverless vehicles to determine their location and plan routes. High-definition maps help in navigation and contribute to the overall safety and efficiency of autonomous driving systems.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication

Though not particularly integrated at the moment, it is hoped that it would be widely accepted in the future – across all brands and models as this will further reinforce safety if these vehicles can communicate wirelessly with each other; sharing critical information such as speed, routes, braking, amongst other activities – enabling even faster response times to rapid changes and or emergencies.


Levels of Autonomy
Autonomous vehicles are categorised into different levels, ranging from Level 0 (no automation) to Level 5 (full automation). Level 1 and 2 involve partial automation with features like adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assistance, while Level 3, 4, and 5 represent increasing levels of autonomy, with Level 5 being fully self-driving without any need for human intervention which brings me to Autonomous Pods that can carry multiple people. In the future, this would also likely be a common sight. And it wouldn’t just be limited to ground-driverless-pods alone, some will most likely take to the skies as well.


Challenges and Concerns
Ethical Dilemmas: Autonomous vehicles face complex ethical decisions, such as how to prioritise the safety of occupants versus pedestrians in emergency situations. Resolving these ethical challenges remains a critical aspect of the ongoing development of driverless technology.

Regulatory Framework: Establishing clear and standardised regulations for the deployment of autonomous vehicles is an ongoing challenge. Governments worldwide are working to create a legal framework that ensures the safety of driverless technology while addressing liability and insurance concerns.

Public Perception: Widespread acceptance of autonomous vehicles depends on gaining the trust of the public. Overcoming skepticism and addressing concerns about safety, privacy, and the potential impact on employment (the security of) are all vital for the successful integration of driverless vehicles into society at large.


The Road Ahead
Embarking on a journey in a driverless vehicle feels like stepping into the future, it’s a fusion of relaxation and exhilaration. Picture yourself reclining in your seat, sipping on your favorite beverage, and watching the world unfold outside the window as your car expertly navigates the bustling city streets. No more stressful commutes or the annoyance of finding the perfect parking spot; your autonomous chariot is on a mission to make every ride a smooth and ultimately – an enjoyable experience.

Safety First, Second, and Always

A primary motivation behind driverless technology is the potential to significantly reduce traffic accidents. Autonomous vehicles are not susceptible to human factors like fatigue, distraction, or impaired driving, making them inherently safer. They can react faster to unexpected situations, potentially preventing collisions.

Commercial Applications

Beyond personal transportation, driverless technology has significant implications for various industries, including delivery services, logistics, and public transportation. Autonomous vehicles could reshape urban mobility, making transportation more efficient and accessible.

Environmental Impact

Optimised driving patterns, reduced traffic congestion, and the potential for electric-powered autonomous vehicles contribute to environmental sustainability. The integration of driverless technology aligns with global efforts to address climate change and promote eco-friendly transportation solutions.

Innovation and Collaboration

Continued research, innovation, and collaboration between technology companies, automotive manufacturers, and regulatory bodies are essential for the continued advancement and safe deployment of driverless vehicles the world over. There is always another door waiting to be opened.

Continuity and Incorporation of Older Vehicles

Of course there’d be some concern about the lack of these advanced technology on older vehicles but that’s where players like “Lane Cruise” (please use the web-link below to watch the short video demonstration) from X-matic Inc. will come into the fray as they offer the ability to retrofit even older vehicles with the hard and soft-ware(s) necessary – granting the capability to become “autonomous”, or at least attain a certain level of autonomy.


Driverless vehicles represent an enormous paradigm shift not only as regards to transportation but from the already established – human order; promising safer roads, increased efficiency, and transformative changes in various industries. As technology advances and societal/infrastructural challenges are addressed, the days when autonomous vehicles becoming a common sight on our roads beckons closer and closer. The journey is both thrilling and complex, with each technological breakthrough drawing us nearer to a future where the “driver’s seat” becomes optional.

However, just as with all things life – there’d always be opposition. Personally I’m of the opinion that I’d rather be in control than leaving it in the “virtual hands” of some algorithm being in charge and calculating whilst conveying – whether a then 65-year old me would be better off being offed, or instead – preserving the life a 52-year old woman crossing the road… Albeit hypothetical, this is just the kind of conundrum we’ll be faced with in the not-so-distant future. Maybe it’s because I’m from another time (which I really do appreciate greatly by the way) or my own maxims that makes me hesitant about these advanced innovations but one thing is certain – THE PERSONAL/PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION IS COMING, ineluctably. So, “y’all better get ready!”

https://autohub.ng/blog/autonomous-vehicles/

There is a diverse range of mechanic jobs available that caters to various interests and expertise. Mechanics operate in different professional settings, such as repair shops, construction companies, and vehicle lots. Their responsibilities include examining vehicles, conducting diagnostic tests, performing mechanical and electrical repairs. We’ll explore various mechanic types and their job descriptions to help you understand the diverse career paths within this illustrious field.

Many industries use and hire mechanics to maintain and service their vehicles, meaning that there are several career fields for mechanics to pursue. Mechanics examine vehicles and carry out a variety of diagnostic tests to identify issues with their engines, bodies or internal systems and determine the appropriate resolution. Handling and repairing mechanical and electrical equipment is an important aspect of their responsibilities, regardless of their area of specialisation. Mechanics may use different tools depending on the machinery they work with and may rely on their extensive knowledge and understanding of vehicles’ systems and mechanisms.

Depending on their area of interest, there are many fields with careers for mechanics as mentioned previously. Professionals can pursue careers working in aviation to repair aircraft, they may decide to work with heavy equipment in construction or farming, or they can choose to work exclusively with diesel engines. In addition to repair shops and car lots, mechanics can also work for government agencies, on aircraft hangars and for mining companies; the opportunities abound seem almost endless!


1. General automotive mechanic

Automotive mechanics diagnose and repair issues in various vehicles, including cars, buses, and trucks. They possess the technical know-how of mechanical and electrical components, using computerised diagnostic tools and understanding evolving automotive technologies. This role requires extensive knowledge about the mechanical and electrical components of automobiles, including the brakes, steering systems, drive belts, transmissions, and engines. It may also require individuals to be familiar with various tools used during the repair process, including lathes, spanners/wrenches and computerised diagnostic programs. The job duties for these professionals may be subject to change as a result of the continuous technological developments within the automotive industry.

The primary job duties of general automotive mechanics include:

1. Using computerised diagnostic tools to examine mechanical issues and identifying how to address them.

2. Understanding the appropriate tests for various parts to find potential malfunctions or issues.

3. Disassembling and reassembling different components in order to access smaller parts of the vehicle.


2. Brake and transmission technician

Some automotive technicians specialise in issues related to brakes and transmissions systems. These technicians focus on brake and transmission systems, identifying malfunctions and performing repairs on gear trains, hydraulic pumps, and other transmission components. They may use specific alignment equipment or wheel-balancing machines. The typical job duties for these professionals are:

1. Identifying malfunctions or operational errors using diagnostic tools.

2. Examining and recognising issues in order to repair defective parts or substitute them with new ones.

3. Working with gear trains, hydraulic pumps, coupling and other aspects of transmissions.

4. Identifying malfunctions or operational errors using diagnostic tools.


3. Auto body mechanics (Panel Beaters) and Painters

Specialising in aesthetics, these professionals repair or replace damaged vehicle parts, including headlights and panels. They work closely with painters to restore the appearance of cars, buses, and trucks after accidents.. They’re responsible for deciding when they can repair a vehicle component or if they’re going to replace it altogether. They handle the aesthetics for cars so if your car’s shabby looking, well; you didn’t take it to the right personnel or it might be the case of a car’s body crossing the Rubicon, and there’s not much that can really be done.

Nigerians are often swayed by the aesthetics of cars and it’s usually enough to turn them off from making a purchase, even if the vehicle’s engine is in top working condition. Auto body mechanics typically work with cars, buses and trucks; reviving them after they’ve been involved in accidents. They usually work closely with painters because after they are done with the repairs, the next process will be to spray the affected parts.

While some professionals may be able to learn skills while they work, many employers may prefer if professionals attended a trade school or specialised centres to teach them the necessary skills prior to employment. Some of their primary responsibilities include:

1. Performing major and minor repairs such as fixing dents, correcting paint scratches or performing larger structural improvements.

2. Executing full automotive paint jobs.


4. Small engine mechanic

These professionals service and restore engines that are smaller than those of standard automobiles, meaning that they may have detailed and complex tasks. Small engine mechanics can work on different kinds of machinery, including motorcycles, generators, lawn-mowers, boats and outdoor power equipment. In order to effectively complete their job duties, they may use tools such as pliers, screwdrivers and spanners/wrenches. They may also rely on computerised diagnostic tests to determine solutions to finite and complex engine issues. Their overall responsibilities are similar to those of general automotive mechanics albeit working with smaller-scale engines more often than not. Some of their duties include:

1. Performing routine maintenance, including oil changes, fluid maintenance and tyre care.

2. Communicating their findings to clients and deciding on the right actions to recommend.

3. Testing electrical and mechanical systems to diagnose issues or malfunctions.

4. Using hand tools to restore or improve the condition of various parts.


5. Diesel mechanic

Diesel mechanics specialise in vehicles with diesel engines, working on cars, trucks, generators, and heavy machinery. They handle routine maintenance, perform repairs, and are familiar with various transmissions, brake systems, and steering mechanisms. Diesel mechanics may maintain and restore public service vehicles, including mass transit buses, fire trucks and ambulances. They also have the opportunity to work on bulldozers, cranes and trucks used for building and construction projects. Certain power generators use diesel engines that require these professionals for routine maintenance and repairs.

Diesel mechanics can also work for municipalities, repair shops and large trucking companies. Some of their additional job duties may include:

1. Performing standard maintenance such as lubricating equipment, aligning wheels and replacing batteries.

2. Using tools such as jacks and hoists to raise trucks, buses and other kinds of heavy machinery.

3. Test-driving vehicles to ensure system malfunctions don’t occur.

4. Repairing generally worn-out or broken parts of various types of vehicles.


6. Tyre mechanics (Vulcanisers)

While other kinds of mechanics can contribute to tyre care and maintenance, there are also professionals who specialise in this role. Tyre mechanics routinely identify tyre issues and handle repairs and replacements on a large variety of vehicles, including installations, balancing, and inspections for inflation, abnormalities, or wear. Due to how they work with one specific aspect of automobiles and other vehicles, their responsibilities are detailed and unique. Their job duties can include:

1. Installing and knowing how to torque the wheel according to manufacturer specifications.

2. Removing tyres from the rims and understanding how to balance them.

3. Inspecting tyres for proper inflation, abnormalities, or wear.


7. Heavy equipment mechanic

While heavy equipment mechanics may work on similar kinds of machinery as diesel mechanics, their responsibilities and tasks differ a little bit. Because they’re familiar with large pieces of machinery, these professionals typically work in industries such as construction, farming, industrial development, large scale mining, and railroad transportation. This means that they may have the opportunity to work with several types of equipment, including hydraulic systems, engines and electrical systems. Some other professional tasks for a heavy equipment mechanic may include:

1. Understanding how to disassemble and reassemble equipment.

2. Reading and understanding drawings of systems, operation manuals and blueprints.

3. Traveling to various locations for on-site repairs and or replacements due to the sheer size and restrictive mobility (or immobility as the case may be) of the machinery.


8. Auto glass mechanics

Auto glass mechanics specialise in removing, repairing and installing glass on vehicles. They may also evaluate whether glass components need restoration or replacement, performing weatherproofing treatments and installing glass on both new and old vehicles.

They may install windshields and other glass features if they work for a manufacturing facility as well. Alternatively, if they work for a repair shop, these professionals focus on repairs and replacements. They may perform in-shop repairs or provide mobile services, where they travel to their client’s homes or businesses to carry out repairs and or installations. Employers typically require these mechanics to have some form of certification and reasonable experience in auto glass installation and repair. Some of their job duties are:

1. Performing glass weatherproofing duties using chemical treatments that can withstand extreme weather conditions.

2. Installing glass on both new and old vehicles.

3. Evaluating whether they can restore the auto glass or if it requires replacement.


9. Service technicians

By virtue of modern vehicles being more inclined towards advanced never-seen-before technological installations – service technicians have become even more important in today’s world due to the complexities of the aforementioned “technological installations”. These mechanics are usually versatile and are responsible for servicing different types, cum brands of vehicles, which can include checking important mechanical and electrical components or assessing the levels of oil and fluid.

Service technicians diagnose and repair operational issues such as excessive fuel use. These professionals may work for a repair shop, set-up their own, or freelance and they often use a variety of tools such as pneumatic spanners/wrenches, welding torches and lathes to complete the necessary tasks. They also diagnose issues with a vehicle’s ignition, electrical and engine management systems with the aid of computerised diagnostic systems which is why emphasis has been laid on their growing prominence because technical automotive systems will only continue to become more and more complex in the coming years. Some of their responsibilities can include:

1. Using diagnosis equipment and computerised programs.

2. Understanding integrated electronic systems including accident-avoidance sensors.

3. Knowing how to work with alternative fuels; such as ethanol – for specific vehicles.

4. Improving overall efficiency of vehicles by way of tweaking and adjusting program settings within.


10. Aircraft mechanic

Aircraft mechanics service and inspect aircraft, replacing defective parts, having deep understanding of the repair procedures, and with the use of diagnostic tools – they’re able to effectively address issues in aeroplanes, helicopters, single/multi-engine piston aircrafts, and jets. They may work on a variety of helicopters, pistons and jets, and while employers may not require a specific certification to tend to an aircraft; it is necessary that the concluding inspection and servicing be supervised by a professional who has the correct certification. Job duties for this role can include:

1. Replacing defective parts and examining them for possible defects prior to installation.

2. Understanding the necessary procedures for various repair projects.

3. Using diagnostic tools and programs to determine how to identify and address issues within an aircraft.

4. Repairing specific aircraft features, including brakes, wings and components of aircraft electrical systems.

5. Ensuring performance standards by routinely inspecting, repairs, and replacements.


11. Marine mechanics

While some diesel mechanics may work with boats depending on their engines, marine mechanics, also known as motorboat mechanics, specifically focus on servicing and maintaining aquatic vehicles i.e. assessing ship and boat engines, performing repairs, and updating of their navigational and electrical systems.

They can work for a variety of employers including shipping and boat yards, marinas, etc. They’re responsible for assessing the operation of ship/boat engines and determining whether repairs or part replacements are necessary. They may work with inboard motors, outboard motors and large diesel ship engines. Some of their responsibilities are:

1. Servicing and updating navigational systems and equipment.

2. Repairing or replacing different boat features, including sails, propellers and rigs.

3. Installing and maintaining steering and electrical systems.

4. Monitoring mechanical and other systems routinely, whether in transit or at rest.


In conclusion, the vast roles in the automotive industry gives sufficient room to follow one, or more career path(s) as you please; there will always be opportunities now, and further down the line.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article and found it quite informative.

https://autohub.ng/blog/categories-of-automobile-mechanics/

A vehicle’s engine is a complex piece of machinery designed to convert fuel into mechanical energy to propel the vehicle. The most common type of automotive engine is the internal combustion engine. Here’s an overview of how it works:

The 3 Main Parts:

In broad terms, the engine can be segregated into three key parts, the head, the block, and the oil sump.

1. The cylinder head is the channel through which the fuel enters the engine chamber and exhaust gases exit. Its key components are the camshafts, valves, and spark plugs.

2. The cylinder block is where all the combustion action takes place. The key components here are the combustion chamber, piston, and the crankshaft.

3. The oil sump constitutes the lowermost part of the engine. Its key components are the oil pan and the oil filter.

How a Car Engine Works: The Fundamental Workflow

The modern-day car engine is a 4-stroke engine which means it creates usable power in 4 strokes. Each stroke is defined as the movement of the piston from the bottom most position (Bottom Dead Centre) to the topmost position (Top Dead Centre) and vice-versa. The 4-strokes are as follows: Intake Stroke, Compression Stroke, Power Stroke, and Exhaust Stroke.

How a Car Engine Works

The Processes Inside The Engine Head:

The combustion process begins at the engine head, precisely at the intake manifold. The intake manifold is the channel through which the air-fuel mixture flows into the combustion chamber. The air is directly sucked into the manifold from the throttle body. The fuel, on the other hand, is injected into the end of the manifold through a nozzle called the fuel injector.

Next, we move on to the tap controlling the fuel release, the valve. The valve in simple terms is the device that seals the chamber shut during combustion and opens the gate when fuel has to enter the chamber or gases have to exit. The valves open and close based on which stroke is taking place. The opening and closing of the valves are done by an actuator rod known as the camshaft. The camshaft is a cylindrical rod with drop shaped protrusions known as cams. When the sharp end of the cam is rotating against the valve, it pushes the valve downwards and opens up the port. Once the sharp end transitions back to the round end, the valve springs push back the valve to its original position and shut the port. The rotation of the camshaft is connected to the rotation of the crankshaft via belts and pulleys. The rotation is timed with a very delicate and precise timing mechanism that can be adjusted.

Processes Inside The Engine Block:

Now let’s get started with the serious business, i.e. the combustion process. The combustion process takes place inside the combustion chamber present in the head. Here the most important part is the piston. The rotational force that is generated on the wheels starts with the movement of the piston. The piston generates usable power through a total of 4 strokes or 4 movements of the piston from end to end. Let’s have a look at these 4 strokes in detail.

The 4 Strokes of the Engine

1. Intake Stroke: The combustion starts with the piston at the Top Dead Centre or TDC position. The piston now starts to move down. Just before the piston begins its downward motion, the intake valve opens up. As the piston moves down, it sucks in the fresh air-fuel mixture from the manifold. As the piston reaches Bottom Dead Centre or BDC, the chamber fills up with air-fuel mixture.

2. Compression Stroke: Once the piston has reached BDC, the compression stroke begins. Just before the piston reaches the lowermost position, the intake valve closes. Now the piston moves upwards. As it moves up, it compresses the air-fuel mixture as it has no place to escape with the closed valves.

3. Power Stroke: Just before the piston reaches the topmost position in the compression stroke, the spark plug mounted on the cylinder head lets off a very tiny spark. When this spark comes into contact with the compressed air-fuel mixture, it ignites the mixture. Once ignited, the flame rapidly expands. Since the valves are still closed, the flame has no place to escape and pushes the piston downwards. This is the power stroke; where usable – power is generated by the motion of the piston.

Please Note – Diesel Engines don’t have spark plugs. Instead, the fuel injector sits in that position. On diesel engines, the combustion mechanism is slightly different. Only hot air is sent to the combustion chamber during the intake stroke. This air is then compressed which causes it to heat up even more. During the power stroke, the injector sprays the diesel-fuel which on coming into contact with the hot air – catches fire and starts the combustion. The remaining cycle is the same as a petrol engine.

4. Exhaust Stroke: Last comes the exhaust stroke. The piston with the momentum gained from the previous stroke starts to move back upwards. As it begins to move, the exhaust valve opens up. The leftover gases from the combustion process are pushed out and the 4-stroke cycle is completed. After this, the piston again moves from TDC to BDC and the cycle restarts.

You may be wondering what happens when you start the car from an off position, how does the piston get the force to move downward. This is taken care of by the starter motor. When you turn the car on with your key, the starter motor provides the initial force to move the piston downwards which commences the combustion cycle. After that, the momentum created in each power cycle provides the necessary force to move the piston.

The piston is connected to a rotating shaft called the crankshaft through a connecting rod. The piston is connected on offset projections on the rod called crankpins. So, it effectively converts the up and down motion of the piston into rotational motion. The crankshaft’s rotation is what reaches the wheel passing through various parts and components on the way.

Importance of The Oil Sump

The Oil Sump is the lowermost part of the engine yet extremely crucial to the entire process of how an engine operates, efficiently. The function of the oil sump is to store and circulate the lubricant oil to the different moving parts of the engine. Two primary parts are located in the oil sump, the oil pan, and the oil pump. The oil pan is the reservoir where all the lubricant is stored. Submerged in this oil pan is the oil pump which sucks in oil and transfers it to the lubricant channel. The oil pump has a small strainer at its opening which is used to filter out large debris. Once the oil is sucked in by the pump, it passes the oil to a primary oil filter which removes all the smaller debris and metal bits as well. This oil is then passed into the lubricant channel and sprayed around the various engine parts. This oil falls back through a separate channel and is sent back to the sump where the process restarts. Oil is sprayed directly on the combustion chamber to allow smooth up-and-down motion of the piston. This process is set-up to be highly effectual as incorrect mixture of oil and fuel will lead to improper combustion.

So how is the piston sleeve lubricated? The piston has a set of rings that runs around its circumference. Every time the piston reaches BDC during the 4-stroke cycle, the oil sprayed on the walls of the combustion chamber. As the piston starts to move down, the oil spray is stopped and the rings scrape down the excess oil from the walls. Thus, the oil and fuel are never allowed to mix.


So that sums up our explanation of how a car engine works. As you can see, an engine has a number of systems that help it do its job of converting fuel into motion proficiently. Now you have a basic understanding of how an engine works. Thanks for reading as always.

https://autohub.ng/blog/how-a-vehicles-engine-functions/

There are two basic types of vehicle transmissions namely; manual, and automatic transmission. However, the year 2003 via a PS2 video game – Need For Speed (Hot Pursuit II), was my first rendezvous with vehicle transmission other than the conventional “manual”, and “automatic” transmission – to which the latter was really starting to catch on back then as more and more vehicles being brought down to Naija were mostly Japanese models – from America and were almost exclusively automatic transmissions. This clip at 1:10 from xTimelessGaming:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2f2aJFJLck fully illustrates what I’m going on about. Coincidentally this version of NFS didn’t only pique my curiosity towards automobiles but also really compelled my first true foray into rock music as the soundtrack to this game is surely a classic and upon listening to any of them or watching throwback in-play clips (still had the poster from the PS2 pack “plastered” on a wall in my childhood bedroom until it was removed just recently) such as the one posted; immense nostalgia hits, like an avalanche…

Well, that’s that – let’s get back to the topic at hand, shall we – transmission. If you didn’t already know, vehicle transmission systems play a crucial role in ensuring not only smooth but efficient power delivery from the engine, to the wheels. Whether you drive a manual or automatic transmission vehicle, understanding the basics of how these systems work can help you appreciate the intricate mechanics behind your car’s performance.

Manual Transmission

Manual transmission, also known as “stick shift” by those across the Atlantic, requires the driver to manually engage and disengage gears by stepping on the clutch and adjusting the gear lever to different positions depending on the driving conditions as much – if more, or less speed is required. The key components include:

Clutch: Located between the engine and the transmission, the clutch allows the driver to disconnect the engine from the transmission temporarily. Pressing the clutch pedal disengages the engine, enabling gear changes.

Gears: Manual transmissions have multiple gears, typically arranged in an H-pattern albeit some racing cars have theirs arranged in a dissimilar pattern called “Sequential Manual” – where you have go through one gear to get to the next by pushing the gear lever upwards to drop a gear e.g. from 3 to 2, and move up a gear e.g. from 3 to 4, by pulling the lever backwards – with the movements repeated to get to the desired gear of choice which makes for a faster shifting time evidently required in tumultuous racing environments. Each gear provides a different speed and torque ratio, allowing the driver to adapt to varying driving conditions.

Transmission Input Shaft: Connected to the engine, the input shaft receives power and transfers it to the gears, determining the vehicle’s speed.

Output Shaft: Connected to the wheels, the output shaft transmits power from the gears to drive the vehicle.

Shifter: The driver uses the shifter to select the desired gear, determining the speed and efficiency of the vehicle.

All these culminate to one of the most entertaining experiences ever as “true gear-heads” will tell you! Pressing on the clutch and going through the gears makes for a more engaging drive. However, due the “labourious” nature of it all – manual transmission is becoming extinct, unfortunately. The good people at Engineering Explained already did a wonderful job “explaining” the basic process here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VEc3zhGaro

Automatic Transmission

Automatic transmissions greatly simplify the driving experience by automatically changing gears without any driver input or intervention. Key components include:

Torque Converter: Replacing the manual clutch, the torque converter is a type of fluid coupling which is used to transfer rotating power from the engine to the transmission, allowing for smooth gear changes.

Planetary Gear Set: Instead of a manual gearbox, automatic transmissions use planetary gear sets to achieve various gear ratios. These gear sets automatically adjust to provide the optimal combination of speed and torque.

Hydraulic System: Automatic transmissions rely on a hydraulic system to control gear changes. Transmission fluid is pressurised and directed to engage or disengage clutches and bands, facilitating smooth transitions between gears.

Transmission Control Unit (TCU): The TCU monitors various factors such as vehicle speed, engine load, and throttle position to determine when to shift gears. It uses this information to control the hydraulic system and ensure optimal performance.

Shift Lever: While automatic transmissions don’t have a clutch pedal, they have a shift lever that allows the driver to select between Park, Reverse, Neutral, Drive, and other gear options.

I’d like to believe most of us are quite familiar with this process already as it is quite common. You press down on the accelerator pedal to move, the brake to stop or slow down, and simply steer. There isn’t that much to it.


Please note: As mentioned in the beginning of this article the two basic types of transmissions are Manual and Automatic, anything in-between such as iMT (Intelligent Manual Transmission), CVT (Continuous Variable Transmission), DSG (Direct Shift Gear-Box) or DCT (Dual-Clutch Transmission) can still be classified under either one of them. For me personally, the presence of a clutch pedal denotes the answer as to whether it is a manual, or an automatic transmission.

Understanding the intricacies of manual and automatic transmission systems however, provides insight into the coordination required to optimise a vehicle’s performance. Whether you prefer the hands-on engagement of a manual transmission or the convenience of an automatic, both systems are designed to enhance the driving experience and maximise efficiency. Thanks once again for reading.

https://autohub.ng/blog/how-vehicle-transmission-systems-work/

In today’s current climate, “Tracking cum Monitoring” is definitely one of the industries gaining significant prominence as the years roll on by and technology inevitably advances greatly. And due to its numerous applications which we’ll get into, it is highly sort after by governments, corporations (big and small), and private entities.

Vehicle Tracking simply involves monitoring the location, activities, and behaviour of vehicles using technology such as GPS (Global Positioning System), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), and other communication tools. As mentioned it has various applications which include; fleet management, logistics, security, and personal tracking.

Hopefully, this basic guide to understanding Vehicle Tracking will serve its double-edged purpose of enlightening as well as entertaining you (yes you are, without any doubt – an esteemed reader *winks); “edutainment” at its finest… And with that said, let’s jump right into it!

Components of Vehicle Tracking System

As with other integrated systems as regards technological doodads – nothing is really “standalone”; therefore, in order to track effectively, there would always be the need for these components. They are:

GPS Receiver: The GPS receiver is the core component that receives signals from satellites to determine the vehicle’s precise location.

Telematics Unit: This unit collects and processes data from various sensors and the GPS receiver. It is responsible for transmitting this information to a central server.

Communication Module: This module enables communication between the Vehicle Tracking System and the central server. Common communication methods include cellular networks, satellite communication, or a combination of both.

Server and Software: The server stores and processes the data received from vehicles whilst the software provides a user interface for real-time tracking, historical data analysis, and reporting.

User Interface (Web or Mobile App): Users can access the tracking system through a web-based platform or mobile application. It allows them to easily and effectively monitor vehicle locations, receive alerts, and generate concise or comprehensive reports if and whenever needed.

Types of Vehicle Tracking

There are basically two types or tracking levels, they include:

Passive Tracking: This is the recording and storage of data for retrieval later. Data is downloaded when the vehicle returns to a home base.

Active/Real-Time Tracking: This is the provision of instant live data, allowing continuous monitoring and quick response to changes or emergencies.

Installation and Activation

Professional Installation or DIY: Vehicle tracking systems often require professional installation. Technicians install GPS devices and ensure proper integration with the vehicle’s systems. You could also research, follow instructions and be able to install yourself as well. After all, almost everyone seem to be “tech savvy” these days.

Activation and Configuration: After installation, the system needs activation and configuration, including setting up geofences, defining alert parameters, and establishing reporting intervals.

Uses and Applications of Vehicle Tracking

The uses and applications of Vehicle Tracking are aplenty, they include but not limited to:

History and Reports: This aids users to review historical routes, stops, and events. Reporting features help in analysing vehicle usage patterns.

Geofencing: Geofencing enables the creation of virtual boundaries – defining specific areas for vehicles. Alerts are triggered whenever a vehicle enters or exits a predefined area. It is commonly used for monitoring unauthorised vehicle usage, ensuring vehicles stay within designated regions, or optimising delivery routes.

Speed Monitoring: Vehicle(s) speed can be monitored and alerts sent out, if a predefined speed limit is exceeded.

Fuel Monitoring: Fuel usage can be properly monitored to enable optimal fuel consumption and efficiency.

Maintenance Alerts: Notifications can be sent out for scheduled maintenance based on mileage or engine hours logged.

Driver Behaviour Monitoring: Driver behaviour, including harsh acceleration, braking, and cornering – can all be monitored in fantastically pedantic detail in real time or like we usually say in our local parlance – as e dey hot!

Security and Anti-Theft Features: Security features such as ignition status, remote immobilisation, and theft alerts can be integrated into the system.

Fleet, Logistics, and Supply Chain Management: Most of the uses listed already point towards effective management of assets, both human and vehicular – so it is unsurprising that optimisation of fleet operations is made possible by the astute tracking of vehicles coupled with proper management of routes – which in turn enables efficient management of shipments, reducing delays, and improving overall logistics experience.

Personal Vehicle Tracking: Tracking of personal vehicles for security, location sharing, and monitoring family members can be achieved efficiently.

Emergency Response: Vehicle Tracking greatly aids in emergency situations by providing accurate and timely information on vehicle positions within or heading into distressed locations.


As stated in the beginning of this article, Vehicle Tracking Systems play a crucial role in enhancing efficiency, safety, and security across various industries especially in this current clime of “instant information”. Choosing the right system for your specific needs however – is essential for harnessing and reaping its maximum benefits.

https://autohub.ng/blog/vehicle-tracking-a-basic-guide/