Bond is a fixed income instrument that can help you diversify your portfolio. The bond market is big and diverse and here we will try to make sense of some of the terms that will help you have a deeper knowledge of the bond market.

Characteristics of Bonds
Face Value
It is the original cost of the loan which you are going to get back when the bond matures. It is usually $1000. Usually bond prices begins to fluctuate once they resume trading on the secondary market. But at maturity, the bond issuer pays the bond holders the face value of the bonds.

Maturity
The is the day the bonds come due. It is the date the bond investors will get their money and the bond issuer will end all its obligations. A five-year bond matures after two years. A ten years bond matures after ten years. Most bonds mature at least within 30 years of issue. But there are still short-term bonds that mature after just a year or two. Those kinds of bonds are usually called notes.

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Bond Yields
Bond yield is the amount of return you are going to get for investing in a bond. It is the sum total of the profits you are going to make by the time the bonds matures.

Coupons
Coupons are the amount of interest paid to bond holders. These interests are usually paid annually or semi-annually. When you invest in a 10-year bond that has an annual coupon payment of 7%. It means that for the next ten years, an interest of seven percent will be paid into your bank account.

Call-ability
If a bond is callable, it means that the issuer can pay back their obligation to the bondholders before the maturity date. A ten-year bond can be called back in six years if it has a call option embedded in it.

Bond Rating and Risks
Rating Agencies.
Credit Rating Agency is a company that evaluates the financial conditions of debt issuers and assigns credit ratings which rate a debtor’s ability to pay back the debts and the likelihood of default.

Standard & Poors, Moody’s and Fitch dominates the rest of the world.



If a country or an organization have a low evaluating from any of the trustworthy rating office, it implies that the nation or organization is probably going to default in it’s obligation commitment. Regardless of whether they prevail with regards to bringing reserves up in the security showcase, they must will to pay high coupons on the bonds to pull in financial specialists.

Be that as it may, a nation or nation with high appraising like AAA to Aaa will raise finances effectively at low coupon rates since they can pay back the obligations.

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Bond Risks
Investing in bonds can be a great investment especially when it comes to preserving one’s capital. But bonds investors are exposed to a lot of risks. Chief of those risks includes:

Interest rate risk
The interest rate risk is the biggest risk that affects the bond market. There is a negative relationship between the prices of bonds and interest rates. That is, the higher the higher the interest rates, the lower the prices of bonds and the lower the interest rates, the higher the prices of bonds.

This happens because if interest rates go down, investors would want to buy bonds that have higher coupons, increasing the demand for bonds and therefore pushing it’s price up. On the other hand, if interest rates go up investors don’t care about what is going on in the bond market. Their indifference naturally pushes the prices of bonds down.

Inflation risk
Bond investors also have to deal with inflation risks. Because bonds are fixed income instruments they are affected very much by changes in prices. If you invested a Ten thousand dollars in bonds that will mature in ten years at 7% annual coupons. But by the third year since the bonds were issued inflation rose by more than 10%.

If the inflation rates stayed like that for the remainder of the seven years, you most have achieved a negative return because the high inflation has eroded the purchasing power of your money.

Default Risk
At the point when a bond insurer is not any more ready to reimburse its commitment, that is the point at which a default happens. Before you purchase a bond, the default hazard in that bond is the probability that one day, the issuer won’t have the capacity to reimburse the obligation.

Default risk is for the most part higher in corporate bonds yet financial specialists still go for broke of purchasing these bonds on account of higher coupon rates.

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If you lend your credit card to a friend in financial need, trying to be helpful, there’s a decent chance that you’ll end up with increased debt – and possibly loose that friend.

A recent survey was conducted by CreditCards.com found out that 49% of Americans that have owned a credit card at any time have loaned their card to others to use – including family members, co-workers, and friends. Of that gathering, 35% endured some kind of negative outcome. Overspending was accounted for by 19% of card loan specialists, while 14% of card moneylenders were never compensated for Credit card charges. Significantly sadder: 10% never recovered their card by any stretch of the imagination!

The survey results imply that approximately 36 million Americans have experienced problems when loaning out a credit card. Are you in that group? If so, would you take the same risk again? We suggest looking for alternatives and considering why a person wants to borrow your credit card in the first place.

“Once that card departs your hand, that individual has the flexibility to charge whatever they feel like on your credit card, regardless of what spending you dispensed to them,” Jerry Nemorin, CEO of online obligation rebuilding administration LendStreet. “I have one customer with more than $50,000 in charge card obligation since she was offering her card to her mate (they are currently getting separated) and he was a major high-roller and a speculator. In any case, the card is in her name, not his, as it’s failed her credit so that is how credit cards work.

Kristin, 36, who declined to give her last name, is another such wake up call. The Florida mother is as yet attempting to uncover herself from underneath the monetary opening her ex place her in 10 years prior when she gave him access to her Credit card to purchase both of them hockey tickets. They’d been as one for a long time and were cohabiting, so she believed that she could believe him.

“My attitude was, ‘gracious we’ll get hitched one day,'” she said. She didn’t set any standard procedures for utilizing the card since he was out of work because of damage, and, “I was attempting to be the ‘great spouse’ and show I could bolster us both.”

Be that as it may, he piled on $2,000 in charges throughout a year on hockey tickets ($100 or all the more each for prime seats), and numerous were in different states, which additionally required expensive plane tickets and inn stays — where, adding affront to money related damage, he was likewise undermining her.

“I took the card away, yet he had the data spared,” said Kristin. He continued spending without paying her back, and she couldn’t stay aware of the installments since she was additionally buried in healing facility bills from a current surgery. She guaranteed insolvency in 2005, and has been attempting on how to pay off credit card debt with her new (and all the more fiscally dependable) spouse from that point forward.

“It took her years to get back up on credit. according to her, It was difficult to get a car, and difficult to purchase a house once she was hitched. It just fell off my credit report three years prior,” she also said.

That reasons made 42 year old lady vow never to share her her credit or debit card with anybody; not even to buy the cheapest commodity. “You wouldn’t give somebody a checkbook loaded with clear marked checks, so for what reason would you give them your credit card?” she said.

She’s particularly sketchy as far back as a cheat once skimmed her charge card and did $5,000 in harm in only a couple of hours. “Wiped our financial records,” she said. “The bank followed through on it, yet it took a long time to fix. Nobody needs that chaos in their life.”
How can you help a friend or family member with funds by not giving out your credit card?
Loan money rather than credit.
Try to give who ever needs your help on funds that exact money in cash they need no matter how discomforting it seems for you at that moment. for Example “In the event that your girl needs to obtain your card to go to go on a lunch, take her to the ATM and simply give her $30 rather,” . Regardless you may never get that $30 again, yet in any event your loss is restricted to that sum. “It creates a roof of what your hazard is,”

Cap a partner’s credit limit.
In the event that you need to include a partner or a youngster to your Visa to help him or her construct their own credit, check whether your leaser will give you diverse credit cutoff points to monitor spending. “Giving the other individual a lower credit constrain than your highest line is one approach to relieve that potential harm,”

Exchange finances over cash sharing applications.
On the off chance that heading off to the ATM is excessively of an issue, credit somebody some mixture over cash sharing applications like Venmo and PayPal. Venmo will give you a chance to exchange supports in a split second to somebody’s linked Visa or MasterCard credit card. Besides, in the event that you feel clumsy about requesting cash back, these applications incorporate “demand installment” includes that send the borrower a content or notice reminding him or her to pay you back. http://makecashonlinetip.com/credit-cards-and-loan/creditcard/

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Mr Oseloka Obaze who is the gubernatorial candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), has chosen the daughter of former vice president of Nigeria, Dr Alex Ekwueme, Barr Chidi Ekwueme-Onyemelukwe as his running mate.
Mr Obaze addressed journalists during the
unveiling ceremony at the party’s secretariat in Awka on Wednesday, September 20, and revealed his choice. Explaining his reason, he said she was chosen to complement his efforts especially with her wealth of knowledge in the area of small and medium enterprises, where she worked as a special assistant to President Obasanjo
In accordance to the Constitution and Electoral Guidelines of our great party, as well as the INEC Guidelines, Lady Chidi Onyemelukwe’s candidature along with mine, has been duly submitted to INEC, through the National Caretaker Committee (NCC). “Lady Chidi comes to this state and national assignment with rich personal accomplishments, impeccable credentials and high pedigree. A learned person, she is a Lady of the Anglican Communion, Enugu Dioceses and the first daughter of former Vice-President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Chief Dr. Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme.” “As deputy governor, Chidi will be my partner in turning Anambra state around and returning her to the trajectory, where the state is not just working, but will be an example that other states must seek to emulate. On her own part, the barrister explained that her acceptance of the offer was about sacrifice, service and giving back to society. She said: “We have a plethora of professionals from all fields working all over the world, but ask any of them to come home, they remind you that home is not conducive. Tell them to come home and work to make home better, they remember the stone hurling on print and social media." https://360gab..com.ng/2017/09/anambra-pdp-candidate-picks-alex.html?m=1

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