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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RF BASED REMOTE CONTROLLER FOR ELECTRIC LAMP


ABSTRACT

This project work deals on the design and construction of an Rf based remote control for an electronic/electrical device say electric lamp with the aim of switching on/off of the lamp at discretion and from a distance. It also eliminates the inconveniences associated with manual switching of lamps. This electronic system is designed in two functional units; the transmitter and the receiver using radio frequency (RF) communication wave band. The transmitter is a hand-held remote control while the receiver consists of a tuned radio frequency receiver, clock generator, delay circuit, flip-flop and a driver circuitry and electromagnetic relay which actuates the load (lamp). When the remote control button is pressed, the lamp comes ON and remains ON until the remote is pressed again – it goes OFF. Many advantages are accredited to this design in terms of robust, durability, cost effectiveness and components availability. The result being the simple design of a system easy to operate and maintain. A miniaturized design of it will be a reliable, robust and rugged consumer electronics that will sell like a German burger.


CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electronic communication has gained a holistic approach in the world technological growth. Apparently, no modern electronic system is capable of fascinating the society without an aspect of telecommunication. This trend is so progressive that most remote control systems are designed with RF.

1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

The above-mentioned development motivated me to embark on a project research work on the design and construction of an Rf based remote control electric lamp. This electronic system is designed with a handheld remote control realized using frequency generator and modulator coupled into a tuned class-C amplifier. The amplified signal is radiated into the atmosphere through a tank circuit at a particular frequency. The receiver is realized with a tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver coupled into a transistor static switch. These solid state switches are used to clock a D-type flip-flop through a delay circuit. The output of the flip-flop biases a driver circuitry realized using a Darlington pair transistors which drives the relay to switch ON/OFF the lamp connected to its normally open contact, whenever the remote is pressed.


1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY/PROJECT

One of the objectives of this project is to design and implement an Rf based remote control for electric lamp capable of switching ON/OFF of electric lamp from a maximum distance of 200m at convenience.

It is also aimed at exposing the graduating student to electronic system design using random logic. It is also aimed at familiarizing the young engineers with digital system design involving telecommunication systems. Another objective of this project is to ground the young engineers in engineering design which is indispensable in engineering professional practice.



1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This project work signifies a lot in telecom, computer and electronic engineering. It is very useful in a number of domestic places like in bedroom and security lamps in the compound. A project of this type if modified can be used as a gate/door opening system, car immobilizer and for industrial process control. Another vital significance of this system is in the control of Air conditioner and refrigerators and other lamps in modern buildings. This system can be used to start and stop a power generating set from a distance.


1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project work covers the following: tuned radio frequency transmitter and receiver, flip-flops, Darlington pair transistors and delay circuits. It also lays great emphasis on passive and active components used to implement the system. It x-rays the mode of calculation of the basic circuit parameters and other areas of application of the system.

1.6 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION

This project is presented in six chapters to appropriately illustrate the steps involved in its implementation. Chapter one introduce the design overview, objective and significance of the project. Chapter two is basically the literature review and some theories relevant to the design. Chapter three x-rays the methodology and analysis. Chapter four is on the system design analysis while chapter five elaborates on the implementation, testing and results. Finally chapter six summarizes the entire thesis and recommendations.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/700/design-and-construction-of-rf

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC HAND DRYER WITH TEMPERATURE DISPLAY


ABSTRACT

This project deals on the design and construction of automatic hand dryer with temperature display facility which is capable of drying a wet hand placed under its vent goes of automatically. It corporate a temperature sensing and displays unit which displays the temperature of the blown out air. This system is designed in top-down methodology using passive and active components sensors (LM35 & LDR) at the input to sense temperature and hands respectively. The control unit is made up of signal conditioning unit, voltage comparator and frequency generator, and decimal counting unit. The output interface comprises transistor, driver, actuator, Electromagnetic relay and a –digit seven segment Display. The sensor are installed at the front of the blower and this device dries with warm air only. When a hand is placed under the vent to block the line of sight of the LASER Diode and LDR, the blower gets actuated and blows warm air. As the hand is removed, the blower stops automatically along side the temperature display. The principle behind the work of this system is that the hands must be opaque enough to block the line of sight of the opto coupler. This removes the stress, time and dangers associated with push button type. The result being automatic hand dryer with temperature display.


CHAPTER ONE

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Automatic Hand Dryer with Temperature Display Overview

Engineering is concerned with goal-oriented projects. Projects that can eliminate problems like time lapse, stream and energy spent, cost and environmental dangers/hazards. In the old days, there were no choices, if you wanted a hand dryer (or hand drier, depending on where you live), you got a push button, cast iron dryer, and it did the job. In 1980’s, hand dryers began appearing in automatic version, with infra-red sensors that detected the presence of hands under the dryer’s nozzle.

The advantages of automatic dryers are obvious. The first is hygienic hand dryer, reducing the possible spread of germs that could be left on the dryer. The second is energy savings. You only use the dryer for as long as you need it. Many timers are set for 30 seconds. But the user may choose to leave after only 10 seconds of drying, wasting energy used for the rest of the cycle. On the order hand, another user may dry his hands for 35 seconds, wasting almost an entire second’s push of the button.

This project work on the design and implementation of an automatic hand-dryer with temperature display is built to eliminate the dangers and problems associated with the manual process of hand-dryer and to display the temperature of the air used in drying the object. This project is realized with passive and active components. And it is pure hardwired in that it does not use micro-program control.



1.1.1. Problem Statement

In a third world country like Nigeria there is poor growth in industrialization as such bars and restaurant all over the places resort to hand towels in cleaning of hands. This has brought about a problem of contracting diseases through the use of same hand towels by many people.

The recent Ebola virus outbreak caused a very big wrath such tat researches should be carried out in better techniques of hand drying in public places like bars, restaurants conveniences and sensor centre (Eateries).

A technique that should have a feature such that no two persons can use the some towel to clean hands is necessary and should be adopted.

This quest resulted to a research on the design and implementation of automatic hand-drier that dries a wet hand without having andy contact with the system.

This proposed system will reduce/prevent contracting of deadly diseases through the use of contact-method of hand cleaning in public places.



1.1.2. Aims and Objectives

The aim of this project is to design and implement an automatic hand dryer with temperature displays facility while is capable of drying a wet hand placed under its vent and displays the temperature of the blown out air in degree centigrade.

1. To develop an opto-coupler that can sense and opaque object like hand using laser diode and light dependent Resistor (LDR).

2. T o develop a system that can sense the temperature of warm air using LM 35 Ic temperature sensor.

3. To develop a system that can switch a handheld blower using electromagnetic relay.

4. To develop a 2-digit decimal counting unit that will display the temperature in seven segment format.

5. To develop a regulated power supply synthesized from NEPA (MAINS) that can power the overall system.



1.1.3. Justification of the study

This project design and implementation of automatic hand-dryer with temperature display justifies a lot in automation and control. It means a lot in CEE, EEE and Physics and Electronic. This project is a marketable product for homes and restaurants. A project of this type if properly modified, can function as a temperature control system for server room, kiln and ovens.



1.1.4. Scope of the Project

This project work focuses on the design and implementation of automatic hand-dryer with temperature display. It covers the following; IC Liner Temperature Sensor (LM 35), Opto-coupler using LDR and laser diodes, decimal counting unit and Quad-comparator (LM 339). It covers other passive and active components used in the design. The project also x-rays the mode of calculation of the basic circuit parameters used in the design. This report does not cover the design of the motor used in hand-dryer.(it was market purchased).



1.1.5. Project Report Organization

This project report is presented in five chapters to appropriately illustrate the steps involved in its implementation. Chapter one covers the introduction and objectives of the system while chapter two is basically the literature review and theories relevant to the project. Chapter three focuses on the system design and analysis while chapter four is the system implementation, testing and result. The fifth and last chapter covers the summary and conclusion.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/699/design-and-construction-of-automatic

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ARRESTING THE FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST TEACHING AND LEARNING OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE, USING COMMUNITY OF INQUIRY PHILOSOPHY FOR CHILDREN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION (COPI4C)

ABSTRACT

The needs for Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) have been seen to be very vital to primary schools. This study has attempted to analyze the arresting the factors militating against teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Udi local government area of Enugu state, using Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of education (COPI4C) with a holistic vie of ascertaining its adequacy and important. Five primary schools in Udi local government Area were used in order to ensure an intensive study. The major findings of the study were that Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of education (COPI4C) fosters critical thinking and creates motivated and independent learners that help in arresting of factors that militates against teaching and learning social studies in primary schools

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The new educational system of Inquiry from teacher centre education to community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of education (COIP4C) is a dramatic change in methodology which involves engaging participants in learning experience, that designed not only to enable them to the centre but also designed to learn the process of learning how to learn, developing and empowering life long learning skills.

Therefore, using community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) in primary schools to control the factors militating against teaching and learning of social studies in a way of consistent internal motivation to employ one’s critical thinking abilities in judging what to believe or to do in any situation. This is because according to Prof Anih, Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) is the systematic and complete curriculum which factors the improvement of reasoning skills through inter-subjectivity of simple philosophic topics by both the teachers and the pupils in the classroom. Therefore, controlling the factors militating against teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Udi L.G.A, Using Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) is the surest
POINT OF INQUIRY

Lack of Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) brings about low standard education which gives rises to low performances in our academic pursuit that causes the major havoc in our academic success.

Also lack of Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) in our primary schools causes expo/examination Mal practice, destination violence and misunderstanding in the society.



1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The values of Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) cannot be over emphasized because Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) is a dramatic change in methodology which often refers to a major change in thinking and planning which ultimately changes the way projects are implemented.

In the Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) effective teaching is defined as facilitating students’ learning and ultimately, promoting positive learning outcomes. Also in the system, instruction changes from being teachers centered and content driven to move Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education and learning process driven. In the Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) paradign, pupils spend less than being “instructed” and more time engaged in learning activities that involve them in doing something other than the root recording a lecture notes. Therefore learn becomes deeper and more durable when pupils becomes actively engaged in the learning process.

According to Prof Anih, learning depend when participants “stepback” and reflects on how they are learning and reflection what they are learning and transforming it into a form that makes sense or has personal meaning to them which enables them to build relevant conceptual connections between what they have already known. Also Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) is focused on the learners needs, abilities interest and learning styles with the teachers as a facilitator of learning. The system has a partnership where ordered dialogue is used to enables both the timid and the strong individuals to discover and recreate from personal word through patterns, so that they could see the world globally and holistically in order to make better choice of the unity in diversity existing in the schools. The system enables the pupils to gain clearer self understanding, through the journey of discovery, resulting not only from philosophically Inquiry as such but as a journey in a global community where unity in diversity occupies the irrevocable environment. The system helps the pupils to start self-awareness, becomes aware of self and realization of one’s situation. It assist the process of change and if an individual’s is open to the voice of there experience, there is automatically floration within the mind and well spring of healthy thought. The system gives pupils a stability in a day to day practice of internalizing the wonderful and marvelous of inquiry process. In community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C), pupils respect the individuality of the human person and allows a healthy flow of human inter-subjectivity to grow in the society.

The system is the greatest weapon against frustration, intellectual suicide and problems of teaching and learning of social studies dies in our schools.

Moreso, in Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C), pupils learn to work cooperatively with other pupils of different opinions, of varied races, of all religious and of all creeds, accept different sex learn to be patient enough to see the other side of the coin in a discussion and construct meaning in a community context. If prevents pupils from looking foolish and supports them to employ relevant criteria thinking that is self correcting and a good thinking that is sensitive to context. In the system, pupils gradually with dialogue, cultivate refined definiteness of purpose by clarifying and knowing what they demand of life and where their academic moral goals propel them towards. The system helps the pupils create with themselves meaningful personal desires for better and richer life. Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) encourages pupils to think of new possibilities and alternatives and to use their imaginations.

The system is about problems seeking as well us about problem solving. Also Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) demonstrates to pupils the value of reflective and self corrective discussion for improving understanding and reasoning. Also it lays the foundations for good thinking and reasoning in all context, both in and out of school.

Finally the new paradigin shift, the authentic Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) would bring in the analysis end of the following.

Þ Low pupils performances on social studies

Þ Problems of unqualified social studies teachers in schools

Þ Problems facing the teaching and learning of social studies

Þ Examination Malpractic/Expo

Þ Truancy and lateness of teacher and pupils in schools



1.4. SCOPE OR DELIMITATION

The research is not claiming to have collected all the information concerning this project work.

Infact my hindrance is on my target audience, in some of the primary school visited, their teachers have little or no idea about Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C). Therefore, there is no enough information collected in source of the schools.

Lack of finance the researcher had no money to cover all the necessary places for the data collections. Therefore, this research work is limited to ten primary schools in Udi L.G.A. such schools randomly selected are as follows:-

1. Central school Umuaga

2. Central school Umuabi

3. Central school Abia

4. Central school Nachi

5. Hillside primary schools Udi

6. Community primary schools amokwe

7. Premier primary schools Udi

8. Community primary school Abia

9. Central schools Amokwe

Also twenty teachers and few pupils involved in the research work which deal on the controlling of the factors militating against teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Udi L.G.A of Enugu state, Using Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C).



1.5. ASSUMPTION (HYPOTHESIS)

The researcher of this project work assumed that due to lack of Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C). There will be unqualified social studies teachers in our schools, so government should introduce and support Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education in our primary schools because the system allows the pupils to be active participation in the classroom.

Also the researcher assumed that due to lack of Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) there will be examination mal-practice/expo in all subject including social studies in our schools. So government should wipe out teachers centered system of education and introduce Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C) the only system that will move us from immaterial to materials. Therefore in order to carry out the research work, the researcher formulated the following researcher question

Þ There are low pupils performances in our schools

Þ Government should introduce Community of Inquiry philosophy for children system of Education (COIP4C)

Þ Teachers and pupils are involved in lateness to schools.

Þ There are problems in teaching and learning of social studies in our schools

Þ Government pay teachers salaries regularly

Þ There are unqualified social studies teacher in primary schools

Þ Pupils attend school regularly

Þ There are examination Mal practice/expo in all subjects including social studies

Þ Pupils are not allowed to be activities participation in the classroom.

Þ Teachers allow pupils to ask question.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/698/arresting-the-factors-militating-against

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FEE CLEARANCE INFORMATION SYSTEM/SOFTWARE (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION)


Abstract

The project work presents a design of a fee clearance information system/software for bursary department ESCET administration, is concerned with the computerization of personal records of all departmental fees in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the organization. The entrance of computer into the departmental fee clearance system for bursary department (ESCET) administration will help create and maintain efficient records. The design was implemented to facilitate the personnel information system for bursary department (ESCET) administration. It will be less time wasting and cheap to run.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Approval page ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi



CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Statement of Problem 3

1.3 Purpose of Study 4

1.4 Aims/Objective 4

1.5 Scope of Study 6

1.6 Limitation of Study 6

1.7 Assumption of Study 7

1.8 Definition of Terms 7





CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 10



CHAPTER THREE: Description and Analysis of

the Existing System 14

3.1 Fact Finding Method Used 15

3.2 Objectives of the Existing System 15

3.3 Input Analysis 16

3.4 Output Analysis 17

3.5 Process Analysis 17

3.6 Problems of the Existing System 17

3.7 Justification for New System 18



CHAPTER FOUR: Design of the New System 19

4.1 Output Specification and Design 19

4.2 Input Specification and Design 19

4.3 File Design 22

4.4 Procedure Chart 24

4.5 System Flow Chart 25

4.6 System Requirement 26

(Software Requirement)

4.7 Hard Requirement 26

CHAPTER FIVE: Implementation of the new system27

5.1 Program Flow Chart 28

5.2 Choice of Program Language 33

5.3 Test Data 33

5.4 Sample Report 33

CHAPTER SIX: Documentation 34

6.1 System Documentation 34

6.2 Program Documentation 34

6.3 User Documentation 35

CHAPTER SEVEN: Summary 36

7.1 Conclusions 36

7.2 Recommendation 37



CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Many organization uses computerized information system to keep their data/information. There is an urgent need to document every information of an organization for the decision making in such organization.

Fee clearance information system/software is used mainly in higher institute of learning to track the record of students data/information need to be change to the electronic format of processing.

Bursary department in every institution is highly and need to be taken care of. This department deal with students figures in terms of payment and therefore need to be well documented. Figures can be easily manipulated and incorrectly represented which call for immediate attention when dealing with such information.

Because of the manual approach used in bursary department, a lot of students’ records are mismanaged. The institute also has suffered a lot of bruises like improper calculation of student departmental fees, embezzlement of the institute money by some bursary staff and some student claiming that they have paid.

Fee clearance information system/software, FCIS is well automated system. Fee clearance information system/software makes the staffs of bursary department of any institution to be accountable to the management. The management uses fee clearance information system/software, FCIS as effective tool in keeping all the students records as pertaining their payment. The management uses fee clearance information system/software; FCIS to know the entire student that have made their payment and those owing them. It is used as a effective tool to calculate all the student payment and document such report.

Another important aspect of fee clearance information system/software, FCIS is that it is used as effective tool during student’s clearance. Being automated system, the student’s record will be easily retrieve to check his/her payment status. Before now, the student’s payment record must have been recorded in the system by the computer operator in the bursary department. Once a student’s record is brought out the payment status will show. If the student is owing any department fee, the fee clearance information system/software, FCIS will indicate it and vice verse.



1.1 Statement of Problem

(i) The difficulties people face in keeping information/data.

(ii) Unwillingness attitude of some staff when dealing with data/information.

(iii) Fragile nature of information/data.

(iv) Difficulties people encountered when searching for a given information.

(v) Time wasted in searching for information on packed files.

(vi) Time wasted in sorting files

(vii) Important nature of data/information in the growth of any organization.

The need arise for the development of fee clearance information system/software bursary department, for a higher institution.



1.2 Purpose of Study

The main purpose of this study is to put to an end the difficulties people encountered during storage of data/information. This is actualized by designing fee clearance information system/software bursary department, which is user friendly and interactive. By the time this software is designed and implemented, the difficulties encountered with manual method of keeping information will be eliminated.


1.3 Aims or Objectives

The aims and objectives of this project are listed below:

· To develop software called fee clearance information system/software that will replace the manual method of storage.

· To stop or eliminate the difficulties people face with manual method of storage.

· To demonstrate increased motivation to the bursary workers.

· To easy the work associated with manual method.

· To eliminate the error involved with the manual storage of data/information.

· To save the time wasted when searching or sorting for a given data/information.

· To remove untidy nature of most offices because of huge number of files scattered all over.

· To make higher institution a computerized one.

All these contributed to show that personnel office is now been influence by information technology.

1.4 Scope of Study

This project work is narrowed to fee clearance information system/software bursary department, ESCET. It deals with the development of personnel management information system to help in the storage of data/information in the Enugu State College of Education Technical bursary office.

It stores all registration, departmental fee and individual information.



1.5 Limitation of Study

Owing to the scope of this project work as stated above, this project work is limited in a fee clearance information system/software bursary department (ESCET).

It is important to mention here that time was a major constraint in the course of fact finding. It is also wise to mention here that some information we need to work with was not collected because of the unwillingness of the staff to review such information.

1.6 Assumption Study

One of the major assumptions made in this project work is that manual method of storage are ineffective, time wasting, prone to error and high level of energy dissipation.

It is also assumed that with the level of development in information technology, there is a serious demand to join this trend of information technology.

It is also assumed that fee clearance information system/software motivate the staffs to work more with easy and enhance their work.



1.7 Definition of Terms

1. Information

2. Department fee

3. Clearance

4. Client: This may process that request specific services from several processes.

5. Computer: This is an electrons machine that can accept; handle and manipulate data by performing arithmetic and logic operations without human intervention usually under the control of programmes.

6. Date: This is fore runner of information. It is unprocessed fact.

7. Database is a collection of information that is related to a particular subject or purpose.

8. Hardware: This is the electromechanical part of computer system.

9. Information: This is data that have been processed, interpreted and understood by the recipient of the message or report.

10. Internet: Is a collection of computer networks that operate to common standards and enable the computers and the prog re-ram they run to communicate directly.

11. Server: This is a process that provides requested services for clients.

12. Software: This is a logically written program that hardware uses to prefer its operation.

13. System: Is the collection of hardware, software, data information, procedures and people.

14. Website: Is a space or location customized by a company, organization or an individual which is locatable within an address on the internet



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/678/design-and-implementation-of-fee

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EXTENT OF COMPUTER LITERACY POSSESSED BY JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS. (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU EDUCATION ZONE OF ENUGU STATE). THE EXTENT OF USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING - LEARNING OF ENGL


ABSTRACT.

There is a need for everybody to be computer literate in the society, and this made us to carry out this project work titled the extent of computer literacy possessed by junior secondary science teachers in Enugu education zone. We have five research designs and the area of the study is Enugu education zone. Simple random sampling was used. The sample of the study is made up of 10 schools selected at random from the 27 existing schools in the zone. 50 teachers were selected from the 150 teachers in the zone, that is, 5 teachers from each of the 10 schools sampled.

The main instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The instrument was structured according to strongly agree, agree, disagreed and strongly disagreed. In our study, we find out that the teachers still have along way to go in the world of computer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………………i.

APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………………………ii.

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………………iii.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………….iv.

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….vi.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………..vii.



CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ………………………………………… 1.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM …………………………………………5.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………… 6.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………….6.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………………..7.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ……………………………………………………7.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………………………….8.



CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………10.

2.1 COMPUTER LITERACY …………………………………………………….10.

2.1:1SOCIAL IMPLICATION OF COMPUTER LITERACY ………………12.

2.2 COMPUTER AGE …………………………………………………………….14.

2.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ……….15.

2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATION …………….16.

2.5 THE MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF COMPUTER ………………17.

2.6 DATA PROCESSING…………………………………………………………22.

2.7 APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE ………………………………………….23.

2.8 SUMMARY OF REVIEWED LITERATURE …………………………….24.



CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS.

3.0 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….25.

3.1 DESIGN OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………….25.

3.2 AREA OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………………..26.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY ………………………………………….26.

3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES …………………………….27.

3.5 INTRODUCTION FOR DATA COLLECTION …………………………27.

3.6 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT …………………………………27.

3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT …………………………………27.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION ……………………………………28.

3.9 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS …………………………………………28.



CHAPTER FOUR.

4.0 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF DATA ……..29.

4.1 RESEARCH QUESTION 1 ……………………………………………….29.

4.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 2 ……………………………………………….32.

4.3 RESEARCH QUESTION 3 ………………………………………………..34.

4.4 RESEARCH QUESTION 4 …………………………………………………36.

4.5 RESEARCH QUESTION 5 …………………………………………………38.



CHAPTER FIVE.

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………41.

5.1 DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………41.

5.2 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………..42.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION ……………………………………………………….43.

5.4 SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………..44.

REFERENCES. ………………………………………………………………………45.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This century has witnessed the transformation of the human society from the industrial age to information age. The volume of information that circulates in an economy is now a measure of the level of advancement of any economy. Industries enjoy relative advantage over their competitors if they have monopoly of some classes of business information. Nation is stronger than others because they have more information. It is therefore, not surprising that government and private business organizations invest significant proportion of their budget in information technology. The computer plays a central role in the acquisition, processing, storage, dissemination, and use of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information. The use of computer has revolutionized the way we do business, study, work, and social activities and so on, as well as continue to touch and change our daily lives in a profound way. So significant is the impact of computer that it is regarded as an enabling technology, the facilitator of change and the creator of hitherto unimaginable possibilities.

According to Okolo (2007), the critical analysis of the definition of computer, performs three devises that qualify it as a computer;

i. Receiving input as data.

ii. Processing the received data.

iii. Providing the processed data as information.

Therefore, a person’s skills in using computer system will largely determine his or her values in workforce in coming decades. Computer literacy is already beginning to create a great impact on career opportunities as ordinary literacy did in the past.

Okolo defined computer literacy as a way of being able to tell a computer to do what one wants it to do through operation. For one to tell a computer what to do for him or her, the person must understand exactly what he or she wants. Then for the computer to perform the operational task given to it effectively, the operator has to go through the information before he or she could confirm it.

Therefore, for one to be able to instruct the computer to do certain work for him or her, he or she must know and understand computer language such as; programming languages. No one can use computer without giving it instruction, which is programming it. We should understand that programming skills work together with computer operation from the backbone of computer literacy.

Okolo (2007), defined computer as an electronic gadget or device that accepts data as an input and processed the data electronically to produce the desired output or information with the aid of a set of instructions. A computer machine requires some means of accepting data called input port. Somewhere to store the data called memory, somewhere to keep the sequence of operations to be manipulating the data or performing the circulation called the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and finally, a method of telling the result of the calculation.

These facilities are common to all computing machine regardless of the task the machine is used for.

Edafiogho (2007) outlined the different ways information and communication technology (ICT) can be applied to education to include learning, on-line learning, digital literacy, assessment, information literacy and digital virtual library. ICT can be used in education for tele-processing, telephone, database, electronic bulletin board and so on. In teaching and learning especially in secondary schools ICT have been very useful in a variety of ways. A breakdown of the application shows that ICT is needed in the following areas;

i. Provision of instructional materials that are used in teaching and learning of cumbersome and uninteresting topics.

ii. It also provides opportunity for teachers to have an access to teaching aids used in other parts of the world to understand a concept.

iii. Provision of ICT in secondary schools helps in improving access to learning opportunities, redress in equalities, improves the quality of learning and delivers long-life learning opportunities.

iv. It helps the teachers and students to access information in their class work and assignment.

v. It enables teachers to choose from variety teaching and learning experience which the teacher can use to permit instruction in the learners.





1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Education is a field in which data processing using computer as an aid of teaching and learning in a classroom, communication that is the use of internet for wide research across the globe and for effective communication to the whole world is necessary.

It is quite essential for both the teachers and students to become computer literate in other to enable them cope with the continuous development in the society.

We then, find out that in our educational institution today, both the teachers and students are still ignorant in information technology. For this ignorance, Enugu Education Zone is not left out. They still have second hand information of what is going on in society. There is every reason to ask therefore, what is the extent of computer literacy among teachers, precisely science teachers in Enugu Zone?

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this project aims at ascertaining the extent of computer literacy possessed by junior secondary school science teachers in Enugu Zone.



Specifically, the purpose of this project is to find out;

a. To what extent are the schools computerized?

b. To what extent has the teachers known how to use computers to communicate?

c. Can the teachers teach computer operation very well to the students?

d. To what extent has the teachers reached, in knowing the general overview of computer?

e. To what extent can the teachers make use of Microsoft office package?

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

When this research has been carried out, the extent of

computer literacy possessed by junior secondary science teacher in

Enugu state, precisely Enugu zone, will be known we will contribute great ideas that will be used to carry everybody along in terms of becoming computer literate.

We have to say the importance of computer in data processing, teaching and learning in the classroom and also for communication. Having talked about this, it will help the government and Parents Teachers Association (P.T.A) tot put things in order and as supposed.

Therefore, in this project work we meant the way forward to all the teachers and also schools to buy the idea if it would be necessary for them. We should move higher to acquire knowledge, more especially on computer to enable us cope with that of global age.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study only covers the extent of computer literacy possessed by junior secondary schools science teachers in Enugu education of Enugu state only.



1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study;

i. To what extent has the teachers known how to use computer to communicate?

ii. To what extent has the schools been computerized?

iii. To what extent has the teachers reached in knowing how to teach computer very well?

iv. To what extent has the teachers known general overview of computer?

v. To what extent can the teachers make use of Microsoft office package?

1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

a. Computer: This is an electronic machine that accepts data as input, processes the data, generates output (result) in form of information and also, stores both the input/data and output information for further usage.

b. Computer Literacy: This can be defined as a means whereby someone knows how to operate or make use of computer effectively.

c. Hardware: This is a collective terms that refer to all physical component of computer that can be seen and touched.

d. Software: This is collective programs that direct the hardware on what to do and how to accomplish such operation.

e. Data Processing: This is the manipulation which a computer does in data in order to transform it into information.

f. Information Technology: This is referred to as the study of electronic equipment, especially computers, for storing, processing, analyzing and sending out of information.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/677/extent-of-computer-literacy-possessed

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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE) COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) ENUGU


Abstract

The recent modernization and automation of Nigerian factories have created a demand for increased use of according information in Management decision making. To make meaningful economic decisions which relate to personnel, purchasing, production and marketing, Managers of various companies and Institutions have to rely on the use of quantitative characteristics of accounting Information which Include:- relevance, timeliness, reliability, representational, faithfulness, completeness, verifiability, neutrality, quantifyability, conciseness, among others. This research work has therefore looked into the effectiveness of the use of Accounting Information in Management decision making and planning with respect to the Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu (ESCET). In the course of this research, it was found that the Enugu State College of Education (Technical) makes use of accounting Information in management decision making.The Institute makes use of Accounting Information in making meaningful economics decision on personnel, purchasing, and fees to be paid by their students but the extent to which they make use of such Information especially on school fees vary. The extent to which they depend on such Information has been found to be Influenced by the following factors:-

(a) The limited nature of formal Information System in providing external Information be tending to Ignore non-quantitative and non-economic information.

(b) The late arrival of the formal Information to be used.

(c) The power structure and political situation within the college or Organization which may cause the manager to Ignore or distort the Information.

(d) Cognitive Limitation of the manager &

(e) Recruitment of Unqualified Accounting Personnel.

There is a positive relationship between the efficient use of accounting Information and the quality of decision taken in the Enugu State College of Education (Technical) and the efficient use of the Information Contributes positively to the Institutes performance; thus, the decisions and planning of the management can not be efficient without accounting Information. This work also suggests different criteria for the improvement of formal (accounting) Information Systems. This research work has been structured into five chapters viz:- Chapter One discussed the Back ground of the study, Problems associated with the study, the Objectives, Hypothesis testing, the significance of the study, its scope as well as limitations and delimitation. Chapter Two reviewed the related literature in the areas of accounting information. Such areas includes: Types of Accounting Information, Characteristics of accounting Information or Report, Decision – making using accounting information, short-term and long-term decisions, levels of Information in decision making, effective decision making, Application of accounting Information in managerial decisions and financial ratio analysis. Chapter three took a look at the Research Methodology used. Chapter four dealts with data analysis and testing of Hypothesis. Chapter five provided the findings and recommendations on how to improve upon the use of accounting Information with a corresponding epilogue.
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Institution is a community of people. It is also individuals efforts working together in pursuit of common purposes called “Organizational goal”.

Organization is any group of two or more persons working together to achieve a goal or goals. (Ricky Gtiffin, 1984. PP4-55). The goals may be that of profit motive for business organization; Spreading of knowledge for Colleges and Universities; National defence by the Army; Social Satisfaction by social chibs; etc. there is need for combination and Utilization of money, men and materials resources for the attainment of Organizational goals that led the Organization into division of labour.

In broad terms, there are two types of organizations

(i) The profit Motive Organization (Business Organization)

(ii) The non-profit Motive Service Venture.

The primary aim of the former is to make profit on Investment while the objective of the latter is determined by the Social and Political Considerations such as meeting the needs of people in the area of basic health-care, providing quality education, etc. Such group Include:- all Governmental Agencies, the United Nations Organization, World Health Organization (WHO) etc.

Basically, Information is to data what a finished Product is to the raw-materials used in producing it.

According to Anthony and Reick (2003; P 270), Information is a fact, datum, observation, perception or any other thing that adds to knowledge. Data in their states are only relevant as historical records which can be filed away because there is no immediate need but once there is a need to use them for management purpose, they are received, organized and packaged in such a format that will help management in their function of planning, forecasting or control.

Information can be external or Internal to a business Organization or an establishment and, how it is finally put to use depend on the nature of the organization.

External Information will Include:- All the Information gathered from sources outside of the immediate environment of the organization, such as International journal, Government gazettes; Statistical journal; world raw-materials reports; etc.

While those Internal Information Include those from different branches or sections of the organization such as: personnel unit, production unit, etc which could reflect the company’s account, stock records department performance analysis etc.

In Management, Information is most often related to the purpose for which its is needed.

This implies that there is a factor of relevance in information need and utilization with in any Business Organization or Institution.

The types of Information required by a one section of the organization may not be the same that another section of the organization requires to carry out its functions

Information can either be quantitative or non-quantitative. Accounting Information is mostly quantitative in nature and it is usually expressed in financial or monetary terms, as well as accompanied with non-monetary Information Management of the Institution etc



1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study has been designed for Nigerian Organizations of either the profit motive Organization or service oriented organization (Non-Profit motive) such as the Enugu State College of Education (Technical).

Meanwhile, the significance of this study Include:-

(a) Whether accounting Information plays an important role in the efficient running of an organization through the keeping of proper records.

(b) The study of accounting Information throws more light on its efficiency in the development of modern organization.

(c) Since modern business may be owned by literally hundreds of share holders, the study of accounting Information X- rays the extent to which the share holders and Administrators may depend on Financial reports of companies or organizations.

(d) Through this work, one should be able to communicate the economic measures of, and the Information about the resources and performances of the reporting entity to those who have reasonable right to such information.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Capital generated by Organizations reflect the ability of the Management of such Organization to successfully control all the factors necessary for the production and provision of goods and services,

As a result of the state of economy and the policies Instituted by government, Managers tend to look for a venue to Increase quality at lower cost?

(a) There is also the problem of stating an answer to this question of, “to what extent dose accounting Information help the managers in allocating scarce resources properly?



1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study, Include:-

(a) To ascertain whether there is any positive relationship between the efficient use of accounting Information and quality of decision taken by the College Management.

(b) To ascertain whether the use of accounting Information efficiently contribute positively to the performance of the College under study.

(c) To find out whether the College Managements planning, decisions and control can be efficient with the effective use of accounting Information.

(d) To determine the factors that impede or promote the effective use of accounting Information.

(e) To ascertain whether the use of accounting Information aids in assessing cash flow prospects in the College.

(f) To give suggestions on how to improve on the role of accounting Information in management decision making and planning for better promotion.



1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions have been designed by the researchers in the course of this study.

(a) What are the factors that can negatively affect the use of accounting Information in an organization?

(b) Is there any clear distinction between the decisions made through the use of accounting Information and those based on Non-accounting information?

(c) How positive in relation to the College” performance is the efficient use of accounting Information?

(d) To what extent does the efficient use of accounting Information determine the quality of decisions taked by the College management?

(e) Do you consider accounting Information more useful than the Non-accounting Information?



1.5 HYPOTHESES

For the purpose of this research work, the following hypothesis have been stated which should be tested in the course of this research.

(a) Null Hypothesis (Ho):- There is no positive relationship between the efficient use of accounting Information and the quality of decisions taken in the College “Enugu State College of Education (Technical)

(ESCET)”

Alternative Hypothesis (Hi):- There is a positive relation between the efficient use of accounting Information and the quality of decisions taken in the College: “Enugu State College of Education (Technical) (ESCET)”

(b) Null Hypothesis (Ho):- The use of efficient accounting Information in the Enugu State College of Education (Technical) (ESCET) does not Contribute positively to the performance of the College.

Alternative Hypothesis (Hi):- The use of efficient accounting Information in Enugu State College of Education (Technical) (ESCET) Contribute positively to the performance of the College.

(c) Null Hypothesis (HO) The College Management decision-making and planning can be efficient with out the use of accounting Information.

Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) The College Management decision and planning can not be efficient without accounting Information.



1.6 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research, in general term, is geared towards the studying of the main components of the role of accounting Information in Management decision making with special reference to the Enugu State College of Education (Technical) (ESCET). Although, the researchers are students of the College in question, they tried to know how accounting Information had been effectively and efficiently used by the Administrators and Staff of the College and then relate it to other Organizations.

However, in the course of the study, the researchers still encounter some limitations.



1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

One of the limitation of this study is the inability of the Management to disclose certain Information which they consider very sensitive to the researchers such that its publication might be detrimental to the College’s operations or tantamount to “street Management”.

Infact secondary data, as well as the varied opinions of experts are many but could not be exhaustively reached owning to limited time frame for this work.

The unavailability of such materials and insufficient financial resources are also limitation factors in the study.



1.8 DEFINITIONS OF RELEVANT TERMS:-

The relevant terms that are to be encountered in the courses of this work include:-

(a) Accounting:- The early definitions of accounting generally focused on the traditional record keeping functions of an Accountant. In 1941, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defined accounting as “the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of measures, processes, and communicates financial Information about an identifiable economic entity.

This Information allows users to make “reasoned choices among alternative uses of scares resources in the conduct of business and economic activities.

Figure 11 below depicts accounting as a service activity. It serves as a link between business activities and decision makers. Here, one might say that data about business activities are the input to the accounting system and useful Information for decision markers becomes in output.
Adopted from B.E Needles et al, P3

b. Accounting and its Relationship with Book-keeping, the computer and management Information system:-

i. Book-Keeping:- Which is a process of accounting, is the means of recording transactions and keeping records mechanical and repetitive, Book-keeping is only a small, simple but Important records of employees and the manufacturing department try to operate in the new environment of automation with the widespread use of the computer, many of these varied Information needs are being Organized into Management Information system. The Management Information system consists of the Inter-connected sub-systems that provide the Information needed to run a business. The Accounting Information System is the most important sub-system because it plays the primary role of managing the flow of economic data to all parts of a business or campus and to interested parties outside the business. Therefore, accounting is the financial hub of the management Information system.

ii. Accounting System:- Copeland Dascher (1979) defined accounting system as “a formal system for Identifying, measuring and communicating accounting Information about a particular entity to a particular group”.

This definition shows that the accounting system is a formal system which is governed by rules, procedures, techniques and methods. It is an Impersonal system and should function regardless of who is Operating it. Accounting system deals with only Accounting Information as opposed to non-Accounting Information.

Champion and Miller (1975, P. 213) see accounting system as the heart of the firms management Information system. Which makes available Information dealing with future prospectus and with environmental factors affecting the firm, together with the data relating to past events and future.

The encyclopedia of professional Management (1978, P.54) states that Information must be distinguished from data.

The demands for Financial Information made by the capital Market (investors-extent and potential) agencies of the State and Organizations with in the accounting profession itself have resulted in more extensive and rigorous approaches to financial reporting and disclosure.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/676/the-role-of-accounting-information

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CHALLENGES IN UTILIZATION OF COMPUTER IN COMMERCIAL BANK IN ENUGU STATE (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK)


ABSTRACT

This study is titled the challenges in Utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State. The use of computer in commercial bank helps to facilitate banking operation in all ramification. However, irrespective of the gains and clarion call for integration of computer in commercial banks, there are still several challenges facing it such as staff development challenges, maintenance challenges electricity challenges and finding as a challenges in utilization of computer in commercial bank in Enugu. This research study adopted survey research design furthermore the population of the study was 72 respondents which were official staff of first bank of Nigeria Plc in Enugu State. Moreover, the mean was used to answer the research questions, while standard deviation was also used to determine the discuses or otherwise of the opinion of the respondents from the group mean. Mean rating of 3.50 and above was regarded as disagreed the respondents agreed that staff development challenges, maintenance challenges, electricity challenges and finding as a challenges were of high level determinant acceptance for challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State. Based on the findings, the study concludes that there is need to tackle challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Computer is an indispensible part of banking operation in the contemporary world. Computer adoption by banks will go a long way towards enhancement of banking processes. In the context of this study, computer is an electronics device that accepts data as an input, processes data, stores data and bring out information as an output. The use of computer in commercial banks is a relevant and functional way of providing services to bank customers in other to assist them deposit/withdraw from any branches of a particular bank irrespective of where the account was opened. Computer holds great promise to improve banking services in addition to shaping the entire work force. Computer offer innumerable benefits in enriching the quality of the services rendered in the commercial bank. The challenges of commercial banks in the 21st century will be incomplete if the challenges in utilization of computer in banking sectors are not meet. Some of these challenges facing utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State include: Staff development challenges.

Staff development challenges form the greatest of all the challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks. Staff development challenges arise as a result of inadequate computer infrastructures, insufficient computer facilities among others. Most banking sectors have insufficient computer expert that will integrate and utilize computer for enhancement of qualitative banking services. This might be as a result of insufficient computer experts in commercial bank, all bankers should undertake mandatory training and retraining of computer problems to provide the staff with practical and financial knowledge of computer. Another challenge in utilization of computer in commercial banks is challenges in maintenance of computer.

Computer maintenance is those activities concerned with keeping computers in condition of completeness and efficiency through repairs or replacement. Maintenance challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks come up as a result of incompetent technologist, inadequate funding incompetent computer skilled bankers or sheer nonchalant attitude towards maintenance of computer facilities. However, there cannot be maintenance of computer without consistent electricity supply.

Electricity is the nerve center of all computer facilities. Though electricity supply all over Nigeria appears erratic. All computers depend heavily on steady supply of electricity if they are to function effectively (Adebayo, 2008). As a result of this commercial banks rely on generating plants to sustain their computer services. But the overhead cost is enormous to sustain computer facilities coupled with the fact that there is inadequate funding.

Funding is a major challenge confronting the acquisition and utilization of computer in banking sectors. Inadequate funding lead to limited availability of computers in commercial bank. Low level funding in commercial banks is as a result of inadequate budgetary allocation from the top banking personnel. Therefore, top banking personal should map out special fund and invest honestly for successful utilization of computer in commercial banks.

Commercial banks are financial institute which accept deposit and other valuables from public for safe keeping, with the sole aim of making profit. In other words, commercial banks are financial institutes that perform the services of holding people’s money and using such money to grant loan and other financial services available to customers. The loans are usually for short and medium terms. They are owed by private individuals, institutions or governments commercial bank are limited liability companies. Central Banks of Nigeria control all commercial banks in Nigeria. Commercial banks accept deposit from individual business sector, and government.

Challenges means barriers, hindrances, setback, obstacles as well as difficulties encountered while using computer for banking operation in the commercial banks. Despite the prevalent nature of computer in virtually every aspect of human endeavourers, it has not been adequately utilized in the commercial banks. However, utilization is an act of using computer facility for a particular service/activity in specified period.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Banks are not abreast with the use of computer as other private and business sectors. The reason for this being that bankers are not exposed on the realities of computer skills that will prepare bankers to face challenges on the global world of communication and knowledge sharing within the possible shortest time. Before now one can only deposit/withdraw from a particular branch of a bank one opened account with. But, with inception of computer, one can deposit/withdraw from any branch of a particular bank irrespective of where one opened account. In spite of the accompanying gains and clarion call for integration of computer in the banking sectors, there are still serious challenges encountered in utilization of computer in commercial banks such challenges are:

Staff development challenges. Commercial banks are under staffed with computer experts that are supposed to integrate and utilized computer facilities for enhancement of qualitative services due to staff development challenges. Another hindrance in utilization of computer in commercial banks is challenges in maintenance of computer.

Computer maintenance is those activities concerned with keeping computers in condition of completeness and efficiency through repairs or replacement. Maintenance challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks come up as a result of incompetent technologist, inadequate funding, incompetent computer skilled bankers or sheer nonchalant attitude towards maintenance of computer facilities. However, there cannot proper maintenance of computer without consistent electricity supply.

Electricity is the nerve center of all computer facilities. Through electricity supply all over Nigeria appears erratic. All computers depend heavily on steady supply of electricity if they are to function effectively (Adebayo, 2008). As a result of this, the commercial banks rely on generating plants to sustain their computer services. But the over head cost is enormous to sustain computer facilities coupled with the fact that there is inadequate funding.

Funding is a major challenge confronting the acquisition and utilization of computer in the banking sectors inadequate funding lead to limited availability of computers in commercial bank. Low level funding in commercial banks is as a result of inadequate budgetary personnel should map out special fund and invest honesty for successful utilization of computer in commercial banks.

Commercial banks are financial institutions which accept deposit and other valuables from public for safe keeping, with the sole aim of making profit. In other words, commercial banks are financial institution that performs the services of holding people’s money and using such money to grant loan and other financial services available to customers.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to determine challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu state.

The specific objectives therefore are:

1. Identify staff development challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State?

2. Determine challenges in maintenance of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State?

3. Determine electricity challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu state.

4. Determine funding challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu state.


1.4 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will be beneficial to bankers, bank administrators, central bank of Nigeria (CBN) and customers.

The findings of this study will provide information to bankers on the need to update and improve on their computer illiteracy skills.

The findings of this study will be beneficial to bank administrator by ensuring that there is adequate maintenance of computer accessories with the intention of improving the quality of banking services.

The findings of this study will highlight areas that CBN will need to improve upon towards formulating policy for enhancing utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu state.

The finding of this study will be of immense benefit to customers by ensuring that they are rendered adequate services in the banking hall.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

Four research questions are formulated in line with the objective of the study to guide the research work.

1. What are the staff development challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State?

2. What are the challenges in maintenance of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State?

3. What are electricity challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu state?

4. What are funding challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu?




1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is restricted to staff development challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State. The study is also restricted to challenges in maintenance of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State.

Furthermore, the study is restricted to electricity challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State. Finally, the study is also restricted funding challenges in utilization of computer in commercial banks in Enugu State.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/655/challenges-in-utilization-of-computer

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COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR PROFIT PLANNING AND CONTROL: (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC, NINTH MILE ENUGU).


ABSTRACT

This research investigation has focused on the use of cost-volume-profit analysis as a tool for profit planning and control using Nigerian Bottling Company Plc as a case study. The Nigerian Bottling Company Plc was facing lots of problem after it establishment in 1953, and these problems includes; low capacity utilization, shortage of foreign exchange to the needed raw materials and competitive market where only the fittest survive. Some of the objectives of the study are to identify the problems encountered in the practical application of CVP analysis, to examine some other techniques that can help in the profit planning and control and to identify the practical cost estimate involved in the application of CVP in Nigerian Bottling Company. The sources of data for the research includes primary and secondary sources and examples of primary sources of data is oral interview and questionnaires, while secondary data were collected from journals, textbooks and News papers. Chi-square was the tool used to test the hypothesis. After the testing of hypothesis, the findings made includes; other techniques were not superior to cost volume profit analysis, the company has managed to remain in the market inspite of the economic recession in Nigeria. In view of the above findings, the following recommendations were made; management must be well structured to make planning techniques feasible for adequate cost control purpose, workers should be made to known the objectives of the company and finally subordinates opinion should be sought in preparation of departmental estimate.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the recent times some industries are facing problems raised by expansion through increased sales and the introduction of varieties of product. Many on the other hand are facing problems of contraction due to the introduction of substitute materials and products or reduces demand for products whichever is the case, but it is important that management should be in a better position to plan for these changing level of activities.

Apart from the problem of contraction and expansion during the period of economic depression/doom respectively a business may be faced with the alternative of expanding/closing down or selling its products at a price below the total lost. Also profit planning and control is made more difficult by the changes of products and the action of competitors.

In order to solve the problems created by the above situations, profit planning, cost control and estimation, and decision making require an understanding of the characteristics of cost and their behaviour at different operating level.

One of the most important tools developed by accountants to assist management in meeting the challenges is the cost-volume-profit analysis.

According to Pandey (1990:138) the analytical technique used to study the behaviour of profit in response to changes in volume, cost and prices is called “the cost-volume-profit analysis”. It is a device used in determining the usefulness of profit planning process of the firm.

According to Harper (1982:130), cost is defined mathematically as “cost equals usage multiple by price, which means that cost is also analyzed while studying the behavour of profit in response to changes in volume and prices.

According to Horngren Foster and Dala (1997) cost estimation is the attempt to measure the past cost relationships between the total costs and the drivers of those cost. Infact, the entire field of profit planning has become associated with the cost-volume-profit relationship.

At the completion of this Study, the contribution made by the cost-volume profit analysis for the efficient profit planning and control in Nigerian Bottling company will be made known.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The challenges facing management are many particularly during this period of economic depression characterized by liquidation of companies, low capacity utilization, shortage of foreign exchange to buy the needed raw materials and the advance of competition where only the fittest enterprise survive. Management is faced with the problems of on how to make use of available scarce resources in order to achieve the objectives of the profit maximization.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To evaluate the extent to which the use of cost-volume-profit technique has helped in achieving the profit maximization of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc.

2. To identify the problems encountered in the practical application of CVP analysis and suggest possible solutions.

3. To examine some other techniques that can help in the profit planning and control.

4. To identify the practical cost estimation involved in application of CVP in Nigeria Bottling company

5. To highlight the importance of using cost-volume-profit over other firms or Enterprises

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How would cost-volume-profit analysis help the management of Nigerian Bottling Company to know which of the products to produce and achieve profit margin?

2. Will it afford the management the opportunity to know the changes in cost behaviour?

3. What are the likely affects of changes in the mix of products procedure and sold?

4. What are the likely effects of plant expansion and contraction?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

The basic assumption of this research work is the application of cost-volume-profit analysis as a technique for profit planning and control in manufacturing company.

Hypothesis I

Ho: The introduction of cost-volume-profit analysis has significant effect on profit of manufacturing company.

Hi: The introduction of cost-volume-profit analysis has no significant effect on profit of manufacturing company.

Hypothesis II

Ho: The application of cost-volume-profit analysis has helped Nigerian Bottling company to be efficient and effective in its operations.

Hi: The application of cost-volume-profit analysis has not helped Nigerian Bottling company to be efficient and effective in its operations.

Hypothesis III

Ho: The introduction of cost-volume-profit analysis has helped Nigeria Bottling company to achieve profit maximization.

Hi: The introduction of cost-volume-profit analysis has not helped Nigeria Bottling company to achieve profit maximization.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In a competitive world, turnover and profit are the factors which no manager can ignore. The significant of this study were as follows:

1. Cost-volume-profit analysis would help the management of Nigerian Bottling company to know which of their products result in large profit margin.

2. It will afford the management the opportunity of knowing the changes in cost which occurs as a result of ship in policy concerning the products produced.

3. The likely effects of changes in the mix of products produced and sold will be determined.

4. The cost estimation of each products produced will be determined.

5. The cost implication of plant expansion and contraction will be known.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/654/cost-volume-profit-analysis-as

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THE IMPACT OF AUDIT COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF AN ORGANIZATION ( A CASE STUDY OF 7UP BOTTLING COMPANY PLC 9TH MILE CONNER ENUGU)


ABSTRACT

The impact of a Good Audit committee on the financial management of an organization can not be over emphasized. This is because internal control is the bedrock of any organization that wants continuity in the existence of the organization. The problem facing 7up bottling company plc is that the do not have an internal control system and also they lack organizational control. I make use of primary and secondary source of data collection, Oral interview, questionnaire, Newspaper etc. and found out that loses occure on daily bases due to there is no relationship between 7up company plc and audit committee. Then I came to a conclusion, therefore it is conclusively to say that the financial management of an organization via internal control system may never be possible if the board and senior managements are not committed in providing well planed internal control system.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Orjih John (2001:2) every business organization profit making has objectives and goals in mined to achieve their goals. It is to satisfy the social need of the citizens, and in the achievement of these purpose supervisor more often than not its activities, play a document role. The size and scope impossible for the executors to exercise personal and first hand supervision of operations. It is in this light that audit committee, financial or otherwise established by management is initiated.

By section 360 of the companies and avoid matter act 2004, the auditor is expected to carry out investigations as would be necessary to enable him from a opinion. It follows from above, that even the law does specify the extent of the examination to be carried out by the auditor. This is left to the director of the auditor. This decretion is not abused by the auditor. In practice he goes beyond the legal requirement in discharging his duties and his primary focus is to plan for the projects to be audited and how each project it’s the organization’s needs. This brings to bear on his job a very high standard of professional practice and considerations.

An auditor will therefore involve for distinct practice and procedures via:

Ascertain the validity of original transactions.

Confirming the completeness and accuracy of the recording of these transactions.

Ensuring that the financial statements have been prepared from and are in agreements have been prepared from and are in agreements with the record and

Confirming that the financial statements conform to the relevant status and accounting standards.

According to Chambers Andrews (1974), a complex organization needs an auditor as an extension of the eyes and ears of management who however effective the organization might be unable to inspect the work of their subordinates whose stewardship is dilegated to them.

Internal control system can be broadly divided into two main categories.

1. Administrative control

2. Accounting or financial

It is the accounting or financial control function that internal audit, audit committee, internal checks and other accounting policies and systems built into the initial control network to promote and encourage the attainment of the objectives of the firm.

Initial audit is an initial function which means that it is conducted by the employers of an organization specially designed for this purpose.

It is an organization management responsibility to establish the department not to do so.

The objective of audit committee as internal auditing is to assist all members of management in the effective discharge of their responsibilities, by furnishing them with analysis, appraisal, recommendation and pertinent commentary in the activities reviewed.

To attain such overall objective, initial audit involves such activities as:

1. Reviewing and apprasing the soundness, adequacy and application of accounting, financial and other operating controls and recommending effective control at a reasonable cost.

2. Ascertain the reliability and relevance of management data development within the organization.

3. Appraising the quality performance in carrying out assigned responsibilities.

Where an internal audit department operates the statutory auditor pays particular attention to its activities as these will have a direct bearing on the scope and depth required by members.

According to Onovo (2011:282), the auditor should consider whether analytical procedures that are perform at or near the end of the audit when forming an overall conclusion as to whether the financial statement as a whole are consistent with the audit’s knowledge of the business indicate a previously unrecognized risk of material misstatement due to fraud. Determining which particular tends and relationships may indicate a risk of material misstatement due to fraud require professional judgment.

Material misstatement of financial statement due to fraud offer involved the manipulation of the financial reporting process by recording inappropriate of unauthorized journal entries throughout the year or at period end, or making adjustments to amounts reported in the financial statements that are not reflected in formal journals entries, such as through consolidating adjustment and reclassifications.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

It has been stated earlier that the duty of detecting frauds and irregularities lies with the management.

This could only be done through effective and efficient audit committee of the internal control system in an organization. But even with the presence of the internal auditor some problem are still inherent in organization that interfere with goal attainment.

These include:

Stock disappears in large numbers on their daily basis.

Assets are either misappropriated or not accounted for.

Those names appear in large numbers on payroll and are undetected for at longtime.

Physical cash are stolen while signatures are forged in cheques also to steal cash frauds perpetuated are only being discovered after longtime.

This project is intended to find out with the above or other problem. If any, is caused by lack of good internal control system by the audit committee in an organization.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study are as follows:

1. To find out the impact of audit committee on financial management in bottling company.

2. To ascertain whether audit committee on financial management of an organization is effective.

3. To evaluate the profitability of audit committee on financial management in achieving organizational objective.

4. To find the strategies adopted by 7up bottling company in achieving financial objectives.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The results of the research hypothesis of the study are as follows:

1. Ho: There is no relationship between audit committee and financial management.

Hi: There is relationship between audit committee and financial management.

2. Ho: There is no relationship between profitability of audit committee in achieving organization objective.

Hi: There is a relationship between profitability of audit committee in achieving organization objective.

3. Ho: There is no relationship between effective internal control system improvements in profitability.

Hi: There is relationship between effective internal control system improvements in profitability.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

From the above objective of the research study, the research questions are as follows:

1. Is there any relationship between audit committee and financial management?

2. How does effective audit committee improve profitability?

3. How dos application of audit committee techniques improve effective profit?

4. Is there any relationship between committee and financial management in 7up bottling company?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

No internal control system never elaborate could be completely water tight, but a good audit committee operated in a company is an indispensable aid to efficient management, in that it assures management of the reliability of decisions taken by them and that these decisions are in line with goals to be attained.

The significance of this study is to bring to the notice of management the impact of a good internal control system in the financial management of organization.

That is to say that it will help the organization to know now to manage it scarce fund. It will help to discover the existence of internal control system in an organization, and to know it here is weaknesses in the system, and suggest measures to correcting them. Again, it will equally help to reveal the problems that are caused by a bad internal control system.

This piece of work will also be useful to on-coming researchers. Non management owners of a business will be adequately protected because all material fraud which either to, are undetected by auditors in case of this project work will be brought to be notice of management, so corrective action may be taken.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is restricted only to most organization; both profit and non-profit making type that have accounting department are carrying out the works that are designed to them.

Usually internal controls in an audit committee are very important features of any organization enterprise that is run efficiently and effectively.

However for every coin there must be two sides. It is necessary to acknowledge that internal controls have internet limitations which includes internal controls tend to be channeled at routine transactions.

The one off or unusual transaction tends no to the subject of internal control likely human error caused by stress of work load alcohol carelessness distraction mistakes of judgment and the misunderstanding of instruction.

A requirement that the cost of an internal control is not disproportionate to the potential loss which may result from its absence alone or through collusion with parties outside or inside the enterprise management override of control abuse of responsibility.

Human cleverness no matter how secure the computer code is designed to prevent access, there is always tackier who gets in. change in environment making controls inadequate and fraud. Most of these organizations are liquid Nigeria plc both in Port-Harcourt and Enugu.

1.8 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF 7UP BOTTLING

COMPANY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The 7up Bottling company plc (NBC) was incorporated in November 1951 as a subsidiary of A.G Leventis Group with the franchise to bottle and sell coa-cola products in Nigeria.

According to A.G Leventis, that for a humble beginning as a family business, that company has grown to become a predominant bottler of non-alcoholic beverages in Nigeria, responsible for the manufacture and sale of over 33 different coca-cola branches, other popular branches of beverages produced by the company are Eva water, five Alive juice and the newly introduced Burn energy drink.

The company presently has 13 bottling facilities and over 80 distribution were houses located across the country. Since production started, N.B.C plc has remained the largest bottle of non-alcoholic beverages in the country in terms of sales volume, with about 1.8 billion bottles sold per year, making it second largest market in Africa.

Board and management

The company is governed by a stable nine member board of directors comprising of very prominent individual who have excelled in different filds of endeavor within and outside Nigeria. The board is headed by Ambassador Olusegun Apata while the management team is led by Mr. Ronald Ebelt, an expatriate professional.

Financing structure

The authorized share capital of the company is N 750 million made up of 1.5 billion ordinary shares of 50k each or N 6.54,367 million is issued and fully paid.

The share capital of the company grew from N 487 million in2003 to the present amount in the FYE 2006 through several script issues. Majority of the shares are held by foreign investors.

Finally, the company recently embarked on a restructuring exercise to expand further its market share and growth profit. It invested in a new state of the cut can filling and packing line at the Apapa plant.

This is addition to a new bottling plant in Abuja, investment in the upgrade of other manufacturing infrastructure, distribution delivery facilities.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Certain words have been used in this write up and they need to be defined as they relate to the research topic. The words are as follows:

Internal control

According to Eze (2001:94), internal control system is defined as the whole system of control, financial and otherwise, established by the management in order to carry on the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adhereace to management police, safeguard the asset and secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of the records. The individual components of an internal control system are known as “control”

i. The whole system

Internal control can be seen as single procedure (e.g. a clerical officer y, checks the calculations done by a clerical officer Y, checks the calculation done by a clerical officer Z) or as whole system.

The whole system should be done than more of the part-(Eze 2008).

ii. Established by the management

Internal control system are establish by the management, either directly or by means of externals consultants, internal audit, or accounting personal external auditor may be asked to advise on the establishment of system.

iii. Ensure adherence to management policies

Not all management has expressed policies but management policy and adherence to the budget can be achieved by procedures such as variance analysis.

iv. Safeguard the assets

Usually, assets may not be allowed to be broken, lost or stolen. Procedures are always devised to safeguard them. Example are locks and key keeping of a plant register of regular review of debtor balances an aspect of this which is often over looked is that payment where to benefits have been relieved, is payment for piece work not done and embezzlement of goods by employees are example of failure to safeguard assets.

v. Secure completeness

It is essential that all transaction are recorded and processed.

The procedure includes checking that no goods have the organization without adelivery note followed by regular comparison of invoices with delivery notes to see that no goods have failed to result in an invoice.

vi. Accuracy of the records

To achieve this include checked of the work off one clerk by another or the uses off control accounts, independent comparison of two sets of records e.g. stocks records and stock, or piece work payments and good work put into store.

vii. Financial management

The management of the scarce fund of organization in a bid to maximize the eventual wealth of the organization.

System approach

The system approach to auditing entail on appraisal of the control features which governs a system in order to determine the extent to which the objective of the system will be met.

Audit

This comes from Latin word-Audire meaning to wear or Auditors meaning hearing generally, it means official examination of accounts and records.

A system

This is an internal component or parts directed ton achieve a particular objectives. This is any irregularity perpetrated by a person to gain or obtain an unjust or illegal advantages it could be referred to as any criminal deception to gain an unjust or illegal advantage.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/653/the-impact-of-audit-committee

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THE DIFFICULTIES AND PROSPECTS OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF THE ABIA STATE BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE)


Abstract
Reports have shown that despite the numerous efforts of government and its relevant agencies in the administration of tax in Nigeria, there are still problems in the system such as under assessment of tax payers, tax evasion corruption among tax officials etc. as a result, this study was conducted, analyzing the areas the system has thrived in improving the standard of living and as the source of government revenue for developmental purpose. But the system so adopted shows lots of loopholes and there are needs to be strengthened for better results. This study among other things recommended that more experienced staff should be employed, more training should be given to officials and adequate welfare and remuneration package should be done to sensitive the payers-on the need for them to respond to their civic obligation. Generally, taxation has been recognized as the most effective instrument of fiscal policy. The administration and operation of taxation in Nigeria as well as other nations of the world are guided and regulated by lows enacted as an Act of parliament or promulgated by decree such that their amendment may be subject to the provision of the constitution on any other legislation of that country. Government all over the world has it as a responsibility to provided basic amenities like good road, electricity, water and above all adequate security for its citizens and forgeable. However, their needs cannot be satisfied without putting in place by the government a machinery to generate enough funds to finance their projects. It is in the light of above that the researcher intends to investigate the problems and prospects of tax administration in Nigeria, using Abia State Board of Internal Revenue (ASBIR) individuals. They went further to analyze how tax has contributed immensely to the government generation of revenue and how government looks forward to increase in revenue from tax as the year progress.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is concerned with the following:

- Background of the study

- Statement of the problem

- Objectives of the study

- Significance of the study

- Research Questions

- Scope of the study

- Limitations of the study

- Definition of terms


1.1 Background of the Study

Traditionally, taxation is a main source of revenue to government all over the world, tax thus becomes a burden that every citizen must bear to support the government.

According to Olaofa (2008), the government has certain functions to perform for the benefits of those its government. The scope of these functions will depend on the political and economical orientation of the members of the society, their needs aspiration, unwillingness and ability to pay amongst others. Among the traditionally functions of the government is the provision of collective or public goods, goods that cannot be divided among the separate members of the society but which must be used for the benefit of all. Such goods include the maintenance of law and order, defence against external aggression, regulation of trade and business to ensure social and economic justice. As the functions of government increase, the revenue to finance those institution must necessarily increase. Thus, tax is a fact of life which is as old as the institutions of government for a fact, it is said, “tax is as certain as death” (Olarfe 2008).

Abubakar (2008) posits that tax policies represent key resource allocation between the public and private sectors in a country. It is usually imposed on individual and confities that make up a country. The fund provided by tax are used by the state to support certain state obligations such as education system, health care system pension for the elderly, unemployment benefits and public transportation. A nations tax system is often a reflection of its commercial values of the values of those in power.

Adekaula (1997), state that in Nigeria the taxation system dates back to 1904 when the personal income tax was introduced in Northern Nigeria before the unificiaries of the implemented, through the Native revenue ordinance to the western and eastern regions in 1917 and 1928 respectively. Among other amendments in the 1930’s it was later incorporated into direct taxation ordinance No. 4 of 1940. The need for personal income tax promoted the income tax management tax Act. (TIMA) 1961. An amendment followed in 1993 of section 27 now called section 85 other amendment, of PITA were that on 1996 and 1998. Apart from the personal income tax (PIT) other taxes charged in Nigeria include companies income petroleum profit tax, education tax, capital grains tax, information and technology tax etc. Those taxes are collected by different levels of governments depending on their areas of jurisdiction. The essences of amending tax laws is to amend for the loopholes existing in the tax system and to improve on the system of taxation in the country.

1.2 Statement of Difficult

Several difficult affect the present day tax administration in Nigeria as will be revealed by this research work. The following difficult appear outstanding.

- Many people who collect taxes in Nigeria are not well trained for the job and this lead to huge leakage in revenue generation.

- Ignorance sometimes due to high level of illiteracy of the part of payers, ask why they should pay tax.

- Shortage of efficient manpower in the revenue department.

- There are loopholes in the laws governing the tax administration, the effect or loss of revenue to the government.

- Many self employed persons if at all, they pay tax but they do not pay the amount commensurate with their income as generated from business, trade, vocation or as the case may be incidence of tax evasion on the part of some individuals and corporate bodies.

- There is loss of government revenue through insuring of take receipts. Many people have been duped and government made power by the sharp practices of the operators.

Therefore, the researchers want to examine the difficulties.



1.3 Objectives of the Study

The purpose of the study includes:

- To find out the proportion of taxable adults from both the salary earners and the self employed that pay their taxes and if they do, whether they pay correct amounts.

- To find out if the amount of taxes collected are correctly and promptly remitted the government coffers.

- To identify the loopholes in the administration of tax in Nigeria the total revenue collected.

- To find one the root causes of non payment or inadequate payment of taxes.

- To evaluate the extent to which tax proceeds have improved the revenue base of the state.

- To offer policy recommendations that shall enhance the efficiency of tax system in the state.



1.4 Significance of the Study

The study could be of significance of the tax authority since it highlights the difficulties of tax administration and the recommendation will help them improve their performance thereby increasing revenue yielding to government.

- Tax payers shall know their rights and obligation as with regards to tax.

- It is common to discover that a majority of taxable individuals do not understand the whole concept of taxation and this ignorance may be a major reason for their reluctance to pay taxes. This work will in no doubt help to clear such ignorance.

- This study shall be great importance to self-employed persons because it will encourage them to keep adequate accounting records of their enterprises and makes tax assessment processes easier.



1.5 Research Questions

This study will be guided by the following questions:

(i) The level of tax evasion by individuals and corporate bodies, can it significantly affect the revenue collected/

(ii) Is there any significant relationship between the level of fraudulent practices by tax officials and the amount of revenue collected?

(iii) What are the benefit of the self employed persons for making tax assessment processes



1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study

The scope of this study will be administration of tax in Nigeria during which the problems and prospects will be looked at. Also the machinery of tax collection will be covered in brief. This study is limited to Abia State board of internal revenue.



1.7 Limitations of the Study

The difficulties encountered include the following:

(i) The state board of internal revenue delayed in their response to the questionnaire. Some of the respondents refused to fill their questionnaire and so returned them blank.

(ii) Another constraint is that of finance with which to travel extensively, make sufficient copies of materials to enable the researcher draw on all embracing conclusion.

(iii) The time is not adequate for the study because of combining lecturers with making necessary research for this work.

(iv) There is unavailability of a previous (reference) material on the topic.

(v) There is lack of adequate information on the research.



1.8 Definition of Terms

Fiscal Policy: This is the use of government expenditure taxes borrowing and financial administration for further national economics objectives.

Hypothesis: These mean an assumption about a certain population parameter which would be tested in order to accept or reject the assumption.

Research: It is an investigation undertaken to discover something or get additional information about something.

Background: This explains the organ of a concept.

Tax Liabilities: These are the taxes payable.

Capital Gains: These are gains arising on the disposal of changeable assets.

Deferred Taxes: These are tax liability attributed to timing differences.

Value Added Tax: These are taxes paid on valuable and services.

Tax Payer: This refers to an individual or a body corporate.

Tax Credit: This is the credit provided based on the qualifying capital expenditure acquired by a tax payer.



Tax Authority: This refers to the apex of agency incharge of tax assessment and collation in a state or at the federal level.

Investment Allowance: This is given as incentives to certain category of companies for incurring some qualifying capital expenditure especially in the area of agriculture.

Withholding Tax: This refers to a kind of tax paid through a deviation at some (i.e during payment to suppliers contractors, consultants or other professionals.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/642/the-difficulties-and-prospects-of

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THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION IN THE GROWTH OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF SOLIVE OIL MANUFACTURING COMPANY NIGERIA LIMITED)

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nigeria, like most developing countries is an “Information poor” country. Most of Nigeria’s wealth and power comes from the control of physical assets-land, oil, iron steel, coal e.t.c But in the 21st century, this cannot continue to happen. The main source of value and competitive advantage in the new economy is human and intellectual capital. With a present population of about 150 million people, Nigeria in theory has the capacity to make a successful transition into a truly knowledge driven economy.

1.1 DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED STUDY

For the purpose of this report or rather, project, the term “Information technology” shall be adopted to include all computer based activities that derive from the convergent disciplines of microelectronics, computing and telecommunications and that have led to the reorganization of the processes of production, distribution and circulation in Nigerian society.

With Solive oil manufacturing company Nigeria limited, one of such production companies specialized in oil production will have to take note that exciting trends are sweeping across the world. In advanced economics “knowledge” is fast becoming a strategic asset for economic development. Technological advances and globalization are gathering pace. Advances in information and communication technology are occurring on a tremendous scale and every organization looking to improve with great innovation must key in.

1.2 ENUMERATION/PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH THE CASE STUDY

The problem associated with Solive oil manufacturing company is such that should not be taken lightly. According to one of the staffs interviewed, most of problems are caused by most of problems are caused by mismanagement of funds. This has become a general problem ruling in the Nigeria society today, beginning from the federal government down to the private sector. If Nigerian economy is to improve, the management must act with strict polices such that would put a check to every activity and misuse of company funds.

Other problems associated with the case study are listed below:

Inadequate policies that would put a check to activities on site and on management as well,

Lack of technical know-how: in the 21st century where computers are used to make jobs easier and faster, many of the staffs has not the knowledge to operate and techniques to work in such fields.

Inadequate training of employee

Inadequate safety kits and training

All of which sum up a great deal of let down in production and improvement in strategies of work. Without taken a good look into these problems, the Nigerian economy will grow.





1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study hovers around identifying all or some of the problems associated with information technology and communication in Solive oil manufacturing industry as to the growth of Nigeria’s economy, and seeking ways to change this problems so as to improve the country’s economy, since ITC adoption is one of the key factors fueling economic and community development both in the urban and rural areas of the country.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ON THE STUDY

To improve on the poor situation of the Nigerian economy using Solive oil as a case study, one needs to ask oneself several questions some of which are:

ØWhat is meant by economy of a country?

ØWhat is the significance of a good economy?

ØHow can one affect an economy positively?

ØWhat is information communication and technology?

ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS



What is meant be economy of a country?

The economy of a country is meant by the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money on a particular country.

What is the significance of a good economy?

The significance of a good economy is that there would be a better life in the aspect of low cost of living.

How can one affect an economy positively?

An economy can be affected positively if one can detect the cause of its economic problems. Most economic problems or a better economy is mostly affected by its small scale business sector.

What is information communication and Technology?

Information communication and Technology is defined in the document “Interactive Education: An Information and Communication Technologies Strategy for Schools” Ministry of Education, 1998) as: “Information Technology (IT) is the term used to describe the items of equipment (hard ware) and computer programs (software) that allows us to access, retrieve, store, organize, manipulate and present information by electronic means.

Communication Technology (IT) is the term used to describe telecommunications equipment through which information can be sought and accessed.


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THE NOTION NURSED BY RURAL PEOPLE TOWARDS BANKING



CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The origin of what is today known as Bank has been associated with different countries. However, some prominent histories have attributed its origin to VENICE; a city in Italy. The proponents of this history argue that the word “Bank” was derived from the Italian Word “Banko” which means a bench. A bench in the other hand, is a market place where it was customary to exchange money. This exchange was done by Lombard Jews. Some authorities as Lombard Merchants commenced the business of money dealings, employing bills of remittances at about the inception of the thirteen century. Virtually at that same period, this type of practice was equally prevalent in the south of France.

However, authorities in the south of France origin: positing that they were placed before the church doors for the purpose of exchanging money from foreigners, instead of the market sequel to the efficiency of the latter merchants, they took further steps to extend their business to the other countries of the world. As the days rolled by, the tenths imposed by the merchants on the people was brought under supervision. Some wealthy and notable members of the society were appointed to oversee this practice. These supervisors in beginning their works ordered that the merchants deposit a certain amount of money as a guarantee for their good fate.

At the long run, both groups of merchants found their way to England and carried on their trade on the streets which they selected for their operations. Though, banking activities did not start first in England; the country however embraced it with a difference. Thus bank of England became prominent after some rigors have been overcome. The saying that; “Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown, applied to England in the course of improving on their banking innovation.0

Then in England, many people left their valuables with the King of the country, as many reasons accounted for this. The king was the only person whom many people had confidence in and could trust, and nobody is likely to leave his money or valuables with a person he does not trust. He had also private armies and could be relied upon to defend his palace successfully in situations of crisis and external attacks. Money and valuables left with the king were therefore, considered to be much safer than when it was kept or deposited any where else. On the other hand, the king was constantly in need of money, particularly for the purpose of executing wars which was the order of the day.

Consequent upon the above development, the king often used up the money deposited with him and defaulted as a result of that. People at this point in time, became very reluctant to leave their money with the king for safe keeping because financial infidelity betrayed the trust. Moreover, they refused to lend him since no guarantee of safety covered their money or valuables any more. Resultantly an end to this ugly development was sought and banking was the best answer to it.

Banking has developed many years before the development of the Bank of England; this is proven by the table below.

PLACE DATA (INAD)

Bank of Venice 1171

Bank of Geneva 1345

Bank of Barcelona 1401

Bank of Genoa 1407

Bank of Amsterdam 1607

Bank of Hamburg 1619

Bank of Rotterdam 1635

Bank of Stockholm 1688

Bank of England 1694

As has been shown above, the impetus for the development of banking arose from people search for a safe custody for their money and other valuables. In this search, many wealthy members of the society were considered for this purpose. This class of people included accountants, solicitors, who were then known as scriveners and goldsmith. The goldsmiths were found most suitable, not necessarily because of their deal in gold, but because they had safes and had won the confidence of the community as highly responsible members of the society and hence, could be trusted without reservation.

These goldsmiths received valuables from the public in exchange for receipts, which they issued. They undertook to repay the valuables on presentation of the receipts to the goldsmiths for payment; the depositor would simply send somebody to the goldsmith with the receipts for payment. Since they had earned the confidence of the commercial community, the goldsmiths realized that they could safely land enough to enable them to pay those who wanted the real money. The goldsmiths made a charge for the safe keeping of money. They also make a change for lending money. The profitability of this business led to the fourth stage in the evolution of banking, rather than waiting the goldsmiths set out to attract deposits, by offering to pay interest. They did this because the more deposits they acquired the more lending they could undertake and the more profit they made. These therefore were the various stages in the evolution of banking with this in mind , we can now define banking or a bank.

The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines a Bank as “an establishment for the custody of money, which pays out on a customers order”. One can easily see that this definition is unsatisfactory as it gives the impression that a bank is not more than cloakroom where one deposite a valuable, like a briefcase and then makes a return for that same briefcase. This may however, be the earliest banks operated but no bank operates that same way today.

From the foregoing, one can understand clearly that banking activities transcend mere keeping of money. Thus, banking can be defined as an act of dealing in money and management of debts, which equally involves the preservation of non-perishable valuables like gold, silver and other materials easily convertible to money. In Nigeria, the cities received the banking services earlier than those in the rural areas, as the former paraded learned and businessmen; hence there are the banking services into the rural areas of the country. This process was called Rural Banking.

Rural Banking in Nigeria dated back to 1921 but became more effective in1970s as a result of the Central Bank of Nigeria effort to consolidated banking services to all parts of the country. At the implementation of the programme, the Apex Bank ordered then existing commercial banks to establish their branches in rural communities while the Central Banking gives them other logistic support. At the first phase of the programme, 200 branches of commercial banks were established in different parts of the country. The second and third phase of the programme saw more commercial banks into game and more branches were established in the rural areas.

Nevertheless, banking in the rural areas of Nigeria did not go without some initial troubles. Since it involved transacting a literate kind of business among illiterate and peasant farmer, its acceptance in the mind of the rural populace suffered some hitches. Not only that, the rural communities were full of illiterates, they were also conservatives about the new innovation. In the other hand, those that were ready to accept it, might not have enough to keep in the bank. Furthermore, absence of social amenities like access road, pipe borne water, electricity etc. further compounded problems of rural banking are highly limited to its productivity.

However, the aforementioned problems of rural banking could be said to be on the decrease due to the universal globalization and recent competitiveness in the banking sector. Today above (70%) of the rural areas have acquired basic education capable of equipping them with the minimal knowledge required to operate a bank account. Sequel to this, the conservativeness initially nursed by rural dwellers towards banking gradually fizzled out. The government at different levels has also increased their allocation of social amenities in the rural areas.

Finally, the existence of different commercial bank branches in the rural areas has set a great competition among the banks, thus, resulting to a better operation in today’s rural banking. All the above factor sum up together to give the modern rural banking a better shape. Yet, one cannot conclude that rural banking in Nigeria is without any problem, since each stage of development is a problem of its own.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The notion nursed by rural people towards banking could be divergent and very wide when viewed from different perspectives. These views could include such things as:

a) The rural people do not accept their banked money in the way as the money kept in their houses.

b) The rural people do not really understand the place of banking in their society.

c) It is not easy to participate in rural banking as excessive time wastage and sometimes denial of services are the orders of the day.

d) On the side of the banks, the poor banking attitudes of the rural dwellers married with their little financial contributions, may not be enough to sustain effective banking services in the rural areas.

The problem here, does not only end with the rural people knowing of the existence of bank and banking activities, but also deals with, the accessibility of banking facilities in the rural areas. There are proofs that fewer banks than required, exist in the rural communities hence, the hectic process involved in rural banking. At times, many rural dwellers are discouraged from further dealing with the bank after an initial disappointment in collecting money or other valuables lodged with the bank. The reason for this behavioural withdrawal is not far fetch; the rural dwellers have built their lives on the foundation of tight schedules, any hindrance to that (e.g. bank) is highly rejected. Thus, the lengthy time spent in the bank married with some inconsistencies in the banking services, all fuse together to pose a great threat towards rural banking.

(1.3) PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

(i) To determine the attitude of rural dwellers towards banking.

(ii) To determine the factor that influences the attitude of rural people towards banking.

(iii) To determine the level of awareness of rural people towards banking in the rural communities.

(iv) To determine the opinion of bankers on the attitude of rural people towards banking.

(v) To determine the measure taken by the central bank of Nigeria to encourage rural banking in the country.



(1.4) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is of great importance to different classes of people not only within the school setting, but also the wider society. These classes of people include:

(i) The Researchers: The research among other things has adequately exposed the researchers to research finding ability which is indisputably works. The findings and recommendations of the researchers can equally act as a reference material of the order researchers outside the group.

(ii) The government: It is obvious from all ramifications that the researcher went far and wide sourcing for vital information about the topic, thus, recommendations made by this group could be a vital instrument in the hands of the government for both planning and budgeting in the future.

(iii) The Bank: Banking from the people’s bank to the apex bank (CBN) the project has outlined different steps and roles owned by the different body (ies) towards ensuring a functional rural banking.

(1.5) RESEARCH QUESTIONS

(i) What are the attitudes of rural people towards banking?

(ii) What are the factors that influence the attitude of rural people to banking?

(iii) What are the levels of awareness of rural people to banking services?

(iv) What are the opinions of bankers on the attitude of rural people to banking?

(v) What are the measures taken by the Central Bank of Nigeria to encourage banking in the rural areas?

(1.6) THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is intended to be limited to Enugu East local Government Area where these are such banks as:

i. First Bank of Nigeria PLC

ii. United Bank of Africa (UBA)

(1.7) DELIMITATION

Achieving success and accomplishment in this project work was made possible by collective effort from a lot of people; the researching group, the supervisor, the entire school, the bank community and the rural dwellers, not forgetting our sponsors, parents and guardian. The academic vibrancy and research inclination of the leader is worth mentioning at this point, peaceful co-existence and potency marked his leadership.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/640/the-notion-nursed-by-rural

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COMMON ERRORS IN COMPOSITION WRITING AND SOLUTION A CASE STUDY OF ISI-UZO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ENUGU STATE


ABSTRACT

The topic of this study is common errors in composition writing of J.S.S.II students with special reference to Isi-Uzo Local Government Area of Enugu state.

The purpose of this study is to find out the common errors in composition writing of J.S.S II students with special reference to Isi- Uzo local Government Area of Enugu state.

This research is a descriptor research. The researcher made use of simple random sampling technique in the study .The subject for the study includes the teachers, students and schools administrators. The population for the study is about 200 subjects was randomly selected for study.

Questionnaires were the instrument used. The instrument has face validity with reliability value of mean deviation was used for data analysis.

The researchers made the following findings .

1 That significant and appropriate qualifications of English teachers have helped in common errors in composition writing of J.S.S II students.

2 The punctuation mistake is common errors in the composition writing.

3 That students encounters problems mostly in the area of sentence constructions.

On this note, the researchers recommend that there should be adequate training and retraining of English teachers to enhance their efficiency in the area of composition.


CHAPTER ONE

THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

Firstly, many pupils fail some examination in English language due to their attitude toward English language and English lessons. Effective use of English language greatly depends on the attitude one posses toward English. They cannot say or put down their intentions.

The standard of English language in secondary school in Isi –Uzo local government Enugu state seems to be deteriorating; because of the way it is being taught which is not encourage able and uninteresting. Therefore, no way to draw the learner’s interest and attention towards the lesson.

Some problems affecting the qualities of composition writing in J. S. S III students are as follows.

Inadequate manpower, increasing population in schools, overloading of teachers, expression and mechanical accuracy and finally the method used in teaching composition writing.

Inadequate manpower which embraces not having enough professionally qualified teachers and teaching aids. There are not enough buildings to accommodate the increasing population in schools. More so, many of teachers are not well effective in skill of oracy through which they should impact into the pupil the knowledge of the lessons, to be the pupils understanding.

To be sincere that they are not qualified to, for instance, some teachers who have their certificate in government teach commence, thinking that the subject (commerce) is easy to understand where they lack the method used in teaching a particular lesson, importantly composition writing has a method of teaching it, and when the teacher lacks it the teaching became a different thing all together. The case of insufficient qualified teacher has resulted too what we know as overloading of teachers.



1.1 BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS.

Composition writing is a very important aspect of English language. It is an essential medium of written communication in Nigeria secondary schools. According to the oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary (1995), composition is defined as a short piece of writing done as school or collage exercises, an essay”.

In composition the writer or speaker does not stop to think of each part/unit. The writer or speaker just says or writes what is on the mind or in the head. The utterance may represent a story or anything.

In whatever situation we employ composition writing (English language) it is a vehicle for thinking, for effective language (expression)

Therefore, good composition writing shows free flow and mastery of English language.

Since English is an important tool of expression in all fields of study, it has become necessary to look into the problems posed in teaching composition writing in our students to overcome these problems.

The teachers of composition writing need a sort of guideline that will help them improve their methods of teaching the topics to J.SS.III students. On this issue of writing problems,



This attitude is not only prevalent among secondary school students but also among the masses. It is appalling that many people who have gone to school, even to the university level who can speak English reasonably well and read it fluently are incapable of putting on paper a respectable English sentence. We find shed writing in our newspapers, our government reports, our school bulletins and even our journals. What of our school teachers? It is said that. “One cannot give what he/she do not have”, which is a true word. Some of our secondary school teachers do not know the correct use of English Language, even to high level of Education.

The standard of education has drastically deteriorated if compared with the time of our colonial master. When there are great pioneers of English language

Writing is an art and like other are forms such as printing, sculpturing or music requires necessary skills to attain some excellence. Writing also need correct and effective expression, well constructed expressions to add beauty to ones own work and total effort. Many students believe that they are so poor in their use of English language, that they will never be able to write well. This view is wrong because even the native speakers of English language are not all excellent essayists be able to write well, therefore, one needs to apply oneself to some of the techniques of writing well, and also constantly review of various writing. It will help them to identify different ways of writing.

Every one thinks because he can talk, that he can therefore talk about language, and it is certainly true that most people hold divided opinions about language in general and about their native language in particular.

This is understandable enough, so far as we have all learnt to speak our own native language fluently and this alone has provided us with words and expressions.

Furthermore, most of us have learnt to read and write, linguistic skills which carry with them terminologies like letter, spelling, prefix, and sentence. Some form of traditional grammar at school has got quite used to looking at language apart, using a variety of technical labels.

Examples: verb, clause, infinitive and we may have learnt to apply these labels to foreign language as well as our own, so altogether we apparently have some ground for regarding ourselves as entitled to talk about language.



1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The Objective of this study is to find out the common errors in composition writing of students of J.SS.II with special reference to lsi-Uzo local government area of Enugu state.

The objective is also to find out the followings.

1. If relevant and adequate qualifications of English teachers help in promoting composition writing in lsi-Uzo local government area of Enugu state

2. If student of English language in lsi-Uzo local government area have been encountering problems about composition writing.

3. If indiscriminate and over bearing of work load on the teachers affects composition writing.

4. Whether the school has been any recommended method of teaching composition writing in lsi-Uzo local government area.

5. Whether the school library is of any relevant in reducing common errors in composition writing.

6. If there have been any recommended method of teaching composition in lsi-Uzo local government area, have there been in used?

1.3. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.

The scope of this study is to find out the common errors in teaching of composition writing in lsi-Uzo local government area of Enugu state.

This study emphasized that bad method of teaching and lack/ inadequate teaching aids results to the low academic achievement in English language in secondary schools.



1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The researchers formulated the following questions to guide their study.

(i) Do relevant and adequate qualifications of English teachers help in promoting composition writing in lsi-Uzo local government area of Enugu state?

(ii) Is indiscriminate and over bearing of work load on teacher’s affects composition writing?

(iii) Have the students of English language in lsi-Uzo local government area have been encountering problems about composition writing?

(iv) Is the school library of any relevance in reducing common errors in composition writing?

(v) Has there been any recommended method of teaching composition writing in lsi-Uzo local government area?



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/566/common-errors-in-composition-writing

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CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA AS A CATALYST TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Abstract
[b]
This research work “The Central Bank of Nigeria as a Catalyst to National Economic Policy and Development” was an empirical study carried out to know the impact of the natural economic policy of the CBN on the economic development in Nigeria. The study was a descriptive research and the population covered the entire member of staff of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Enugu zonal headquarters out of which sample sizes of 65 persons were selected randomly. The sources of data came both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through the instrumentality of a well-structured questionnaire to tactfully elicit sincere and reliable responses from the respondents. Data were presented using tables and analysis of data. Findings revealed that the economic policies of the CBN are not effective on the development in Nigeria, the policy lag of the CBN has impacted negatively on the economy of Nigeria, the interference of the government in the policy formulation and implementation of the CBN has had negative effect etc. however, conclusion was made that the economic policy of the CBN has not made the desired impact that can lead to economic development as the findings revealed. Finally productive approach instead of reactive approach mostly adopted by the CBN should be stopped, to make the CBN more alive to the economic realities of the country. More latitude should be allowed the CBN to always come up with policies that are economically relevant, instead of those that address the needs of the political class; she has always been accusing of[/b].

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Economic policies are deliberate actions by the authority geared towards influencing total spending, output, income, cost of money, employment and other economic activities in an economy. Economic development on the other hand is defined as a process whereby the real precipitate income of a country increases over a period of time (I day 2005:52). Therefore, national economic policy and development is all about plans of action the central bank as regards structural changes that will reflect in the composition and evaluation of aggregate output or national income, the size of the national output on per-capital basis and the equitable distribution of the national output among the populace.

However, before the establishment of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the formation of the national economic policies was left entirely in the hand of the colonial government that promoted the interest mainly to the detriment of the Nigeria populace.

According to Nnanna in Oleka, (2006:186), he stated that conduct of monetary policy in Nigeria under the colonial government was largely dictated by the prevailing economic conditions in Britain. The instrument of monetary policy at that was the exchange rate, which was fixed between the Nigeria pound and the British pound. Moreover, since the inception of the Central Bank of Nigeria in 1958, the function of policy formulation has been the sole responsibility of CBN.

According to Oleka (2000:95) section 4 of the 1958 ordinance now section 3 of Central Bank of Nigeria Decree 24 of 1991 stipulate one of the main objective of the CBN to include: promotion of monetary stability and sound financial system in Nigeria.

However, to achieve this means coming up with a number of policies whose implantation will translate into economic development.

Ile, (1999:169) opined that to achieve these objectives of monetary stability and a sound financial system, CBN undertakes certain function, which include: variable discount rate, stabilization securities, special deposits etc.

In this contribution, Anyanwokoro (1999:168) stated that the Central Bank of Nigeria since its inception had various instrument of monetary control at its disposal.

Obasikene, (2006:22) noted that the type of monetary policy control used in Nigeria in 1986 was fired monetary policy control, but in 1986, the Nigeria government came up with an economic reform government (SAP), which was aimed at registering the economy in such a way that a lot of things should be attained by the interplay of the market forces. Hence, in line with the attainment of national economic objective, the CBN in 1986 introduced indirect monetary policy instruments in Nigeria.

From these periods, a good number of economic policies have been formulated in reaction to the economic exigencies of the period.

In 2002, the CBN adopted a medium term perspective monetary policy, frame work from January 2002 to December 2003. The two year monetary policy was aimed at saving the economy from the problem of time inconsistency and over-reaction owing to temporary shocks (Obasikene, 2006:127).

Finally, it is in this regard that analysis has been based on the impact of the economic policies of the CBN.



1.2 Statement of the Problem

Over the years, the Central Bank of Nigeria has been out different policies aimed at influencing economic activities in the country. It has been with the formulation of policies aimed at streamlining economic with the economic objectives of the government so that the desired economic development would be attained.

However, in its (CBN) frantic effort in pursuing these objectives through various economic policies, much has been left to be desired. The question has been effective with these policies on the economy of Nigeria, because it seems that much changes that usher in hall marks of economic development have not been seen. They are policies about some observed inconsistencies in the economy but the effect has remained negligible. The policy lags of the CBN, need to be reconsidered to see if there is need for readjustment so that the period of policy formulation and implementation with the urgency of the observed discrepancies it seeks to correct.

Furthermore, it has been observed that CBN is reactive rather than practice since it has 600 unit problems degenerated into unbearable proportions before applying measures to correct them, it appears that both the guidelines and the instrument of control now in operation are required to be reviewed to adopt them to the changing of financial environment and ensure that they are not kept in operation long after the situation calling for their use disappeared. Hence, the CBN was supposed to operate free of government interference but since its inception, the bank has often been accused of politician interference and imposing policies, which the political authorities may find expedient from a strictly non-economic perspective.

Therefore, the researchers want to investigate the role of CBN as a catalyst to national economic policy and development in Nigeria. (A case study of CBN Enugu)



1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to carryout an empirical study of the impact of the national economic policy of the CBN on the economic development of Nigeria.

Other specific objectives include:

1. To examine the effectiveness of the economic policies of the CBN on the economic development in Nigeria.

2. To evaluate the suitability of the economic policies of the CBN to Nigerian economy.

3. To determine the policy lags of the CBN and its effects of the economic development in Nigeria.

4. To asses the responsiveness of the CBN policy changes in Nigerian economy.

5. To ascertain the extent of autonomy granted CBN in evolving economic policies and its effects on economic development in Nigeria



1.4 Significance of the Study

This study will be of immense benefit to the monitory authority (CBN) since it reveals various issues militating against successful translation of major economic policies into development and how those issues can be tackled to achieve meaningful economic development.

Through its analytical precision, various fact about nations economic policy formulations and implementation were brought to bare for possible readjustment.

Furthermore, the work is considered to be essential for the Federal Government, it reveals the negative impact of its interference in the economic policy formulation, which has been the most to the national economic objectives.

Finally, future researchers will find this work equally consequential as a source to their secondary data as it discusses extensively the issue of economic consequence, which affect virtually every aspect of national interests.

1.5 Research Questions

1) What institution is behind the economic policy development in Nigeria?

2) What roles does CBN play in the development of Economic policies in Nigeria?

3) Is there any impact made on the national economic policy by the CBN?

4) How does CBN act as a catalyst in Economic policy development in Nigeria?

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study such as a research work is the limit to which the researcher has to reach so as to get all his or her findings.

In other words, the scope of a study serves as a guide to the researcher showing what and what not to look into throughout the research process. Therefore, in this research we made use Newspapers, journals, interviews, relevant documents from CBN and the internet.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/565/central-bank-of-nigeria-as

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MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE BY CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS


ABSTRACT

This with foreign exchange management in Nigeria by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) from 2006 to 2012. The need to manage foreign exchange became imperative as a result of this equilibrium in the foreign exchange market caused by inadequate supply of foreign exchange management is a conscious attempt to harnesses foreign exchange resources deploy them to service the economy so as to prevent the economy from experiencing shocks due to foreign exchange volatility. The central focus of this is to examine how CBN through its policy measures manages foreign exchange in the country. To carryout this work, the respondent makes use of both primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were in line with the objective of the study. Based on the objective of the study the findings reveal that the role of CBN in managing foreign exchange is not impressive. The impact of exchange rate policy in managing foreign exchange is not encouraging; the activities of panel market operators negatively affect the effective operation of the foreign exchange management. Conclusion and recommendations were made in line with the findings.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE IN NIGERIA BY CBN

There is scarcely any country that lives in absolute autarky in this globalised world. The economics of all the countries of the world are linked directly or indirectly through asset or/and goods in the markets. This linkage is made possible through trade and foreign exchange. The price of foreign currencies in terms of a local currency (i.e. foreign exchange) is therefore important to the understanding of the growth trajectory of all countries of the world. The consequences of substantial misalignments of exchange rates can lead to output contraction and extensive economic hardship. Moreover, there is reasonably strong evidence that the alignment of exchange rates has a critical influence on the rate of growth of per capital output in low income countries (Isard, 2007). Nigeria, like many other low income open economics of the world, has adopted the two main exchange rate regimes for the purpose of gaining internal and external balance.

Amidst complex economic development problems (broadly, summarized under huge external and internal debts, chronic fiscal deficit and serious economic decline, reflecting in stagflation pressure despite abundant primary resources), there is the general consensus in Nigeria that the primary goal of current macroeconomic policy is to put the economy back on a path of sustainable, non -inflationary and self reliant growth of output, employment and income. In this regard, this primary goal is subsequently reinforced by the general assumption that price and exchange rate stability are necessary for the growth of output, employment and income.

This assumption is couched under the awareness that price and exchange rate instability are injurious to existing producers, new investors and consumers alike as they introduce uncertainty which discourages long-term commitments without which sustained self-reliant growth of output, employment and income will be difficult to achieve. In recognition of the foregoing, both the monetary and fiscal authorities have usually aimed at the attainment of price and exchange rate stability. In this regard, while the monetary authorities in Nigeria constantly search for the optimal quantity of money and interest rate, that would support stable prices and exchange rate, the fiscal authorities on their part constantly look for the constellation of government

revenues and expenditure that will attain the same objective all in a bid to foster economic growth and development. Given the foregoing, it is conventional to assign the goal of price and exchange rate stability primarily to monetary authorities. Thus, over the years, the primary goal of monetary policy in Nigeria always relates to that of the achievement of price and exchange rate stability, enunciated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in its various issues of Monetary, Credit, Foreign Trade and Exchange Policy Guidelines.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The primary objective of foreign exchange management is to reduce foreign exchange instability and its adverse effect on the economy. Despite government effects to achieve this objective though the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), foreign exchange (Monitoring and miscellaneous provisions) decree No.17 promulgated in 1995 and the introduction of the use of forms A and M, a handled problems are still identified with foreign exchange operation in Nigeria.

There problem include

i. Inadequate inflow of foreign exchange

ii. Balance of payments problems

iii. Debt services burden

iv. Continuous depreciation in the value of the naira.

v. Problem of funding sectorial allocation of foreign exchange in the foreign exchange market.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are

1. To examine the roles of the Central Bank of Nigeria in managing the countries foreign exchange.

2. To examine the impact of foreign exchange rate policy in the foreign exchange management.

3. To examine the effect of the activities of parallel market on the foreign exchange management.

4. Examine the problems facing foreign exchange management in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

i. How can we determine the role of the central bank of Nigeria in managing the country’s foreign exchange?

ii. Is the impact of foreign exchange rate policy been encouraging?

iii. Is the activities of the parallel market operators negatively affect the effective operation of the foreign exchange management in Nigeria?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

i. This work is in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of higher National Diploma (HND) in Banking and finance.

ii. The work will be of immense help to future researchers who will make their own investigation into this subject area.

iii. The work will CBN regulate the activities of the bank with their in getting them to find foreign exchange market adequately, increase foreign exchange inflow and balance of payment, determine a realistic exchange rate, and adequate foreign exchange control system.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The area of this thesis is Enugu. The research is to determine how foreign exchange could be effectively managed in Nigeria by CBN. The period under the study is 1959- to July 2004.

1.7 LIMITATION of the study

In the process of carrying out this study, the researcher encountered some problems which include finance – the cost of transportation to areas where data are to be collected was high.

The negatives attitude of CBN officials towards disclosure of information was a limiting factor.

Finally, there for data collection and attending lectures was a limiting factor.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/561/management-of-foreign-exchange-by

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CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL COMBINATIONAL LOCK SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
The increasing rate of crime, attacks by thieves, intruders and vandals, despite all forms of security gadgets and locks still need the attention of researchers to find a permanent solution to the well being of lives and properties of individual. To this end, we constructed a cheap and effective security system for buildings, cars, safes, doors and gates, so as to prevent unauthorized person from having access to ones properties through the use of codes, we therefore experiment the application of electronic devices as locks. However, a modular approach was employed in the construction in which the combination lock was divided into units and each unit constructed separately before being coupled to form a whole functional system. During the construction, we conducted five tests carried out with the first three combinations being four digits number, the next two tests being five digits. From the result obtained, combinations (2), (4), (7), ( gave the correct output combination. The general operation of the system and performance is dependent on the key combinations. The overall system was constructed and tested and it works perfectly.


1.0 INTRODUCTION
Due to the advancement of science and technology throughout the world, there is a consequent increase in the rate and sophistication of crime. As a result, it is necessary to ensure security of oneself and one’s valuable belongings. Even with the use of mechanical locks, the crime rate still has increased due to the fact that these locks are easily broken. Consequently, there is a need for other types of locks -especially electronic ones.

This work is on construction of a digital electronic combination lock system with a keyboard to be mounted on the door for keying in the secret code. The code unit, which operates with a 9-switch (non- matrix) keyboard was designed to control an electromagnetic door lock with a four-digit code. Unlike other keyboard combination locks this lock is constructed in such a way that once any of the wrong keys is pressed, it resets automatically making it harder for an intruder to break into.

The increasing rate of crime, attacks by thieves, intruders, vandals etc., despite all forms of security gadgets and lock constitute the main factor that prompts the selection of this work. Materials used for the construction of the circuit were sourced and put together locally. Due to financial and time constrains a 4013 IC was used instead of programmable IC. As the limitation for the design, the 4013 IC is a data latch for data storage, the data stored cannot be changed in the case of code being compromised but the data can be changed in the programmable IC if there is any compromise.


1.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM

The circuit is built around two 4013 dual D flip-flop (FF.)Each 4013 contains two D flip-flops. The four FF are connected to A, B, C and D pads. ABCD gives the 4 digits which must be keyed in in sequence for the relay to trigger.The five remaining digits may be connected to the RESET PAD. If one of these digits is keyed in during the ABCD sequence then the circuit will reset.

The circuit diagram and the block diagram of the 4013show how the lock works. The ABCD touch pads are connected to the Clock input pins 3 and 11 of each 4013.ABCD pads are normally tied low by the 4M7 resistors.Touching the pads of each keypad briefly pulls the input high and the state of the FF is altered. The output Q pins (1and 13) are wired so that when the correct sequence iskeyed in then pin 13 of IC2 turns on the transistor. The reset keys are all wired to the Set pins (6 and ofeach IC.

Here the correct code is2,4,7,8. That is, we will to touch 1 then 3 then 5 then 7 on the Remote Keypad for the relay to trigger. Touching any other number will make the system to reset the unit.On the main PCB connect Pad A to one of the pads on line1 using some of the hookup wire provided. Connect Pad Bto a pad on line 3, pad C to a pad on 5, Pad D to a pad on line 7. Now connect the five remaining numbers to the fivepads on the RESET pad. Connect a 9V power supply.

The Combination Lock is now ready. It can switch a main powered device such as a light.The 4013 IC's will work from 3V to 18V so the unit is quite flexible and can be adapted to many situations.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/559/construction-of-a-digital-combinational

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DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC QUIZ BUZZER SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Quiz buzzers are used often at places like educational institutions where it is required for game shows and also in live quiz competitions broadcasted via television. A quiz buzzer allows any user to press the switch quickly in response to a question posed during competitions that are conducted in schools and colleges. The pressed switch gives a buzzing sound or alarm for some duration of time and the reaction time is very small. Buzzer can also be used in different applications such as annunciator panels; electronic metronome microwave oven and other house hold application.

Conventional systems require human intervention to decide which team has pressed the button and this system can be erroneous and even biased. Another problem arises when two members pressed the button at a negligible interval and it is difficult to guess who has pressed the buzzer first. Here we designed an automatic quiz buzzer system such that when more than one team presses the buzzer, the delay is accurately taken into account and number is displayed. We build the circuit using a microcontroller which scans the input from push buttons and displays the corresponding number on a display device. It is a simple circuit with minimum number of components and

sans any complexities. The microcontroller takes into account the time delay between two buttons and the accurate number is displayed. Even though this system is only for 8 teams, more teams can be added by using another set of 8 push buttons.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is to designed and construction of automatic quiz buzzer system such that when more than one team presses the buzzer, the delay is accurately taken into account and number is displayed.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The circuit is a simple embedded system with a set of 8 push buttons being the input devices, a microcontroller as the controller and the output devices being a buzzer and a display. The whole operation is carried out by a microcontroller through a program written in C language and dumped inside the microcontroller. When one of the buttons is pressed, the buzzer starts ringing and the corresponding number is displayed on the liquId crystal display.

A quiz buzzer circuit can be implemented in several ways with the use of various controllers. These controllers include 555 timer and microcontrollers. The 555 timer based buzzer circuit is a simple and low-cost device wherein the time duration is determined by the resistor
and capacitor value (RC constant). A microcontroller based buzzer circuit is a programmable timer wherein the time duration can be varied by changing the program code of the microcontroller.



1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The whole design process involves six steps. First step requires designing the circuit; the second step is drawing the circuit on any software like Proteus. The third step involves writing the code using high level language or assembly language and then compiling it on a software platform like Kielu Vision. The fourth step is dumping the code in microcontroller and fifth step is simulating the circuit.

The circuit involves using five major components – a Microcontroller, 8 SPST push buttons, a buzzer and liquid crystal display. The microcontroller used in this case is AT89C51, an 8 bit microcontroller manufactured by Atmel.

Reset Circuit Design

The reset resistor is selected such that the voltage at the reset pin, across this resistor is at minimum of 1.2V and the width of the pulse applied to this pin is greater than 100ms. Here we select a resistor of 100K ohms and a capacitor of 10uF.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/560/designed-and-construction-of-automatic

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THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCING IN NIGERIA (A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENUGU – NORTH AND ENUGU – SOUTH)


Abstract

This research study is based on the problems and prospects of local government finance in Nigeria, it is a comparative study of Enugu – North and Enugu –South local government of Enugu State. Local government is faced with varieties of difficulties to source adequate revenue from federal government, state government and the internally generated revenue, such problem are cogwheel to the smooth running of local government administration. The objectives of the study are: to review the revenue collection in local government, to analyze the machinery of internally generated revenue, to determine the impact of revenue generated in Nigeria local government, to review the various sources of internally generated revenue.The information for the study was collected using primary and secondary methods of data collection. For the primary data collection, questionnaires, personal observations and oral interviews were used while existing literature relevant to the topic was consulted for the secondary data. The researcher used chi-square statistical model to analyze the data. At the end of the research work the researcher made the following recommendations:The local governments should intensify the collection of revenue of local taxation especially as the federal and state governments, cannot provide sufficient finance for the needs of the local governments.The local governments should return to the capital expenditure projects. There is also the need for them to utilize all the rates, fees, licences, constitutionally collectable by them and introduce such other taxes like:- development levies, land tenure tax, registration of business premises among others which are already being exploited by some other local governments in Nigeria. There is also the need for the local governments to emphasis the recruitment of qualified, experienced, properly selected and well trained personnel for the assessment, collection and general administration of local taxes and rates.


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A local government is the third tier of government in Nigeria. Like any level of government, it has administrative structure, statutory assigned functions, social commitment and financial arrangement necessary for it to maintain itself and perform its statutory in Nigeria was legally recognized for the first time, as the third tier of level of government by the 1979. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; section 7 (1) and decree N0. 12, the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1989 that spells its functions. Since 1979, there has been a tremendous growth in local government expenditure in line with greater emphasis on grassroots participation. For instance, in 1992 while complete political, administrative and financial autonomy was granted to the local government from state control, its responsibility was enlarged. In addition to the functions assigned to it by the constitution the local government is now (with effect from 1992) directly responsible for primary and adult education, primary health care and rural water supply. Faced with these increased responsibilities and the enormous expenditure associated with them, it is pertinent that the local government expands its sources of revenue beyond the present level.

An action in this direction is necessary, as it would enable the local government to discharge its current functions and bring socio-economic development to the local populace.

Before now, the local government relied heavily on grants from the state and federal government relied heavily on grants from the federation account 20% in addition to a percentage of the internally generated funds of the state.

This being the case, government grants and statutory allocations are only supplementary sources of revenue to the local governments. For the local government to be self-sustaining financially, without reducing the level and quality of its services to the people, it is important that it reaches out for potential internal revenue sources which would supplement existing ones. This also implies that existing sources be fully exploited and more carefully managed.

SOURCES: Federal Republic of Nigeria; Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979) fourth schedule part p section 7 (1); decree No 12 of 1989 official gazette, No. 29. Babangida, I.B. Watershed on our National evolution; 1992 Budget Address to the National on January 1, 1992.



1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

One of the major problems confronting the Local Government in Nigeria has been identified as that of its inability to raise funds to finance its expenditure commitments and achieve enhanced grass root development. This problem facing the local government could be attributed to the following factors.

a. Over dependence of the local government on funds from state and federal government which comes in the form of statutory allocation or giant or aid. This problem of finance has remained with local government. By their nature, such external funds are provided to supplement the internal generated fund of the local government. More so regardless of the amounts transferred or generated by the local government through this means, they often arrive late (that is they are paid in areas) towards the end of the fiscal year to which they are related. This financial arrangement makes it difficult for the local government to be able to plan, coordinate and better control its financial engagements.

b. Inability of the local government to utilize all the internally revenue generating opportunities. This problem results from the financial relationship, which exists between the local government and the higher levels of governments. The local government tends to under utilize its numerous internal sources of funds because of its heavy dependence on statutory allocation and grants from the state and federal governments. The inability of the local government to exploit all the available internal revenue sources augment its overall financial base has made it increasingly difficult for it to generate enough finds to match its expenditure estimates.

c. Improper planning, management and control of available funds. The problems of inadequate finding sometimes emanates from the inability of the local government to properly utilize the funds at its disposal due to poor financial planning.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Finance is the bedrock of every organization in any economy. It is a crucial pre-requisite which enables an organization, either private or public to maintain itself and effectively meet its commitments to individuals and groups who consume its output of goods and services. It is therefore, the intended objective of this study to do the following: -

a. To examine the present statutory functions of the local governments in Nigeria and determine the extent to which it is performing these functions with the resources available at its disposal.

b. To examine the existing financial arrangement relevant to the local government with reference to their various sources of revenue.

c. To evaluate the expenditure patter of the local government

d. To examine the various instrument of finance

e. To examine the various constraints of local governments finances and ascertains their bearing on the financial autonomy of the local government.

f. To examine the prospects of improving existing sources of local government finance and,

g. To uncover potential internal revenue sources for the local government.



1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Given the present financial crisis facing the local government in Nigeria, and the recent financial autonomy granted to it, the need for a study of the problems becomes imperative. The study critically examines the problems facing existing revenue sources of the local government and appraises potential revenue sources, which could be used to expand the overall revenue base of the local government. It is thus significant because it emphasizes the need for the local government to be self-dependent financially by fully availing itself of available but unexplored internal revenue sources which could supplement existing ones.

Finally, this study is intellectually stimulating as its introduces a new dimension and direction of financial policy of local government administration, researchers, local government administrators. Particularly those who are involved in financial planning and management and staff of the revenue unit of the Treasury Depart of the Treasury Department of Local Government Council will also find this research work valuable.



1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis upon which the study is based are:

HYPOTHESIS 1

That the local government funds are sufficient to finance the expenditure, projects for which they are made.

HYPOTHESIS 2

That the local government funds are not sufficient to finance the expenditure, projects for which they are made.

HYPOTHESIS 3

Local government has not been employing loan financing in the funding of its expenditure projects.

HYPOTHESIS 4

Local government has been employing loan financing in the funding of its expenditure projects.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

Local government finance is a very wide area of study. Therefore, it is not the intention of the researcher to make an all embracing study of the topic in this research work. This study confines itself to the evaluation of the various revenue sources and expenditure patter of the local government examination of the problems associated with them and the prospects for improving them and the prospects for improving them. Since it is not possible for a research project of this nature to delve into a study of the entire local government in Nigeria individually. This researcher limits her work to information gathered from the two local government under study. During the researcher work, a number of constraints were encountered. These placed a limitation on the adequacy or otherwise of the information at the researcher’s disposal for the purpose of this study.

The following limitations are worthy of note:-

a. Finance:- This research was conducted within the limits of the financial resources of the researcher for instance in collecting relevant data and other necessary material in conducting interviews and in the distribution of questionnaires, the research sample was limited to a number which through representative of the population was within the financial resources available to the researcher.

b. Time factor: Time was a major constraining factor. This was obvious since the research work had to be completed within a specified period of time in addition to other academic matters which the researcher could not dispense with during the period. Time and financial problem made it practically difficult for the researcher to repeatedly follow non-respondents and the not at homes in the course of questionnaire distribution and collection and interviews purposes of the present study.



Bureaucracy: Another major problem encountered was that of bureaucracy. To obtain the relevant information needs a lot of forms to be filled on a number of top local government officials and to be met. The greatest difficulty was encountered in the process of obtaining the revenue and expenditure extracts and other quantities information’s used for this research work.



1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS



1.6.1 LOCAL GOVERNMENT: It is the third tier of government. “It is that level of government which is organized as close as possible to the people at the grass root and vested with statutory powers to perform certain function both inherent and ascribed, confirming its activities and authority within a particular distinct or neigbourhood and subject to the control of the central government.

1.6.2 FINANCE: Finance refers to the generation, control and utilization of available funds in running an organization, whether private or public co-operation.

1.6.3 FUNDS: Fund is defined as “a separate fiscal and accounting unit in which resources are held, governed, by special regulation, segregated from other funds and established for specified purpose on which the resources so held any be used”

1.6.4 REVENUE: Revenue refers to all those monies, cash and otherwise received by way of statutory allocation, grants, subvention from higher levels of government, taxes, rates licenses, fees, royalties, loans and charges which enables the government to meet its day to day expense and its capital expenditure programmes.

1.6.5 EXPENDITURE: It involves the outflow of money expenditure refers to all the activities/services performed and rendered by the government with available resources.

1.6.6 RECURRENT EXPENDITURE: Recurrent expenditure is defined as those expenditures, which are usually re-occurring within a fiscal year. They are used to maintain existing labour and capital resources.

1.6.7 CAPITAL EXPENDITURE: Capital expenditure describes that expenditure on some objects of lasting value ever though the value may diminish in the course of time and use.

1.6.8 BUDGET: A budget is a formal plan expressing a chosen course of action in quantitative terms and usually in monetary terms. It shows planned revenue form all sources and estimates of expenditure for the coming fiscal year.

1.6.9 ESTIMATE: An estimate is a proposed budget, which is yet to be approved. It is a statement of planned revenue and expenditure of the government for the coming year. The estimate, like the budget is usually expressed in monetary units.

1.6.10 REVENUE ESTIMATE: A revenue estimate is that aspect revenue from all sources of the government for the coming fiscal year.

1.6.11 RECURRENT EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE: This aspect of the estimate outlines in details form, the expected recurrent expenditure of the government for the next fiscal year.

1.6.12 CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE: The capital expenditure estimate deals with all the expected capital expenditure project of the government for the coming fiscal year.

1.6.13 REVENUE ABSTRACT: This is a record, which shows at a glance, in a summary from, all the revenue receipts head by head, and subhead-by-subhead that accrues to the local government in a particular financial year.

CURRENT ISSUE ON TAXATION

VALUE-ADDED-TAX (VAT)

Vat is one form of sales tax, like every other type of sales tax, it is a single tax on affected goods or services. Vat is a multi stage tax collection strategy.



Under Vat, tax is levied and collected at every stage in the production and sale of affected commodities. However, the tax levied and collected at each stage is not based on the gross value but on the additional value gained by the commodity at that stage.

Vat is collected by the state government on behalf of the federal government. Internal revenue collected Vat on behalf of inland revenue. The federal government shares the amount collected to federal, state and local government. The local government share of Vat is monitored by the federal government on a specific project of the local government.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/552/the-problems-and-prospects-of

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ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF COST OF PRODUCTION IN A MANUFACTURING FIRM (A CASE STUDY OF INNOSON COMPANY NIGERIA LIMITED)

ABSTRACT

The topic of this research project entitled “Analysis and control of cost of production in manufacturing firms” cannot be over emphasized in this modern scientific and technological era. Companies and individual firms are engaged in the production. The goals and objectives of these organizations are to maximize profit and to pay wages and salaries to their employees for their service rendered. These goals and objectives can be achieved only by means of controlling unit cost of production. Ineffective control of cost of production has a negative effect on the profitability of the firm. For instance, the purchase of wrong quality and / or quantity of materials or the use of wrong labour services can affect production adversely in this research project, efforts were made to assess that relevant of control of cost of production to management, partners and owners of sole proprietorship firms who are involved in the production process. Cost of production as used here consist of those cost (expenses) incurred in the process of producing a particular product/products. However, the researcher has taken pains to draw data from the works of many authors. Such works include test-books in all forms, magazines and encyclopedias. Besides the extensive use of literature, other methods of data collection were also incorporated. Such methods include observations, interviews and questionnaires – observation was done in different manufacturing firms within Enugu metropolis. Interviews were also carried out with businessmen and management of Innoson Nigeria limited. Also the questionnaire were designed for officers in management Cardre in both public and private manufacturing firms.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of every business organization is to maintain efficient and effective management in order to achieve growth. But the task of achieving this objective is not attainable in a manufacturing firm where there is poor control of production cost.

Manufacturing firms in West Africa, particularly in Nigeria have experienced various set books due to poor control of cost of production. It is against this back drop that this subject entitled “Analysis and control of cost of production in manufacturing firms” is of interest to the researcher. The study is limited to manufacturing firms, for the relevance of production management otherwise known as control of cost of production in these establishments.

During the military rule, the federal military government imposed a ban on the importation of some essential raw materials and other items. This ban made most Nigerian manufacturing firms to search for new forms of production patterns that will provide a hedge against our turbulent and dynamic economic environment. Prior to this era, majority of our manufacturing firms have wasted valuable resources as a result of lack of interest in the area of control of production cost. It is hence, not surprising that waste and other vices that characterized the oil boom era are still prevailing in most of our manufacturing establishments.

Wasting, fine and Gary (1979:4), emphasized that the efficiency of nay business in predicated upon having adequate material supplies equipment available in the right quantity or quality at the proper time, place and price.

Ineffective control of production cost has a direct negative effect on the profitability of the firms. For instance, the purchase or supply of wrong quantity or quality of materials or even wrong delivery of materials can affect profitability adversely.

Hence for any manufacturing establishment to be functioning accurately, it must take adequate measures towards analyzing and controlling cost of production in order to ensure that the interest of their customers and organization goals are met. Profit maximization is recognized as one of the objectives of these manufacturing firms. Profit is recognized as excess of total revenue over total cost during a specific period of time. To achieve this profit making objective, control must be exercised over cost of production. Today, most manufacturing firms are in serious profit squeeze. They struggle to maintain satisfactory earning in a situation where costs are increasing. Government stabilization measures which are aimed at re-structuring and improving the economy are not helping matters, rather causing increase in price of commodities as a result of increase in cost of inputs. To maintain a stable production system in the face of these conditions many manufacturing establishments are taking bold steps to control if not reduce cost, eliminate waste and increase profitability (Productivity) automation and improved technological techniques are helping to control and on reduce cost, but not sufficient to mention.

Therefore, the motive of this researcher is to critically examine and analyze various production components with great emphasis on control measures being used by manufacturing establishments, using Innoson company (Nig) limited, Enugu as a case study.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Analysis and control of cost of production is a very important aspect that lead not only in the sustenance of manufacturing firms but also help in the improvement and achievement of growth and higher profitability. Marketing environmental forces such as price, customers, competitors, suppliers political, legal, social, natural and economic forces have been some of the nagging problems facing manufacturing firms. According to Okafor (1995:19) these are uncontrollable elements that make difficult the attainment of a firms objective. Lack of material control system is also a problem factor production management in manufacturing firms. Most Nigerian manufacturing firms do not have good materials control system. The negative effect of this is that wrong quantity and quality of materials can be purchased at a higher price, thereby increasing the cost of production. More so, most manufacturing establishments operating in Nigeria have a poor labour control system. The personnel and production unit of most manufacturing establishment are not functional.

Equally, the inability of management of most of these manufacturing firms to effectively control operational cost had resulted in variance between actual production cost and budgeted production cost which could lead to inefficient manufacturing or business failure.

In line with the foregoing situations, the researcher believes, affect the profitability of the business, which is the child of effective and efficient manufacturing. Attention will be paid in this study to materials and storage space, which must be adequate according to the nature of materials purchased and shored. Assigning the onus of material procurement to a specific department within the organization and proper materials inspection by responsible department.

Also, the research aimed at finding out good cost control measures in manufacturing firms determining the organizational structure of the business according to its operation in terms of production of goods and services.



1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

As mentioned earlier, the goal of every business is (or should be) profit maximization, the management of most Nigeria manufacturing establishments, exist primarily for this motive hence, the concern otherwise known as objectives of this study is as follows:

i. To evaluate the internal control system of manufacturing establishments in order to come out with realistic and feasible proposal on how idle capacities, both in labour and materials could be eliminated.

ii. To find out inherent deficiency involved in production management and recommend approaches to proper design, installation and operation of an adequate and good cost/production management system.

iii. To ascertain whether the present level of performance of manufacturing firms are adequate for their existence.

iv. It is also hoped that the study would be a guide for future decision-makers and serve as a benchmark for future research students in the field of production cost control.



1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

As regards the research, the writer has put forward these hypotheses.

H0: Careful purchase, handling and storage of materials do not lead to efficiency in the workflow in manufacturing firms.

H1: Careful purchase, handling and storage of materials lead to efficiency the work flow in manufacturing firms

H0: Effective and efficient analysis and control of cost of production does not lead to higher profitability in manufacturing establishments.

H1: Effective and efficient analysis and control of cost of production lead to higher profitability in manufacturing establishments.

H0: The problem of failure in the management and control of cost of production is as a result of bad management.

H1: The problem of failure in the management and control of production is not as a result of bad management.



1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Since production cost constitutes a major proportion of manufacturing firms operating cost, the study interded to be of benefit to manufacturing establishments and to Innoson company (Nig) limited in particular. It is hoped that, it will go a long way to enhance the effective and efficient control production cost so as to enable management to stay in business. Following the completion of this work and the result made available to management of the manufacturing firms will be in a position to reduce production cost to the minimum level in order to achieve their desire profit motive. In addition, the study will be of benefit to other decision makers and future research scholars carrying on research work on related or the same problem.



1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Analysis and control of cost of production is a very vast area of study that time and space would not allow one to carryout a detailed study of the whole. Hence, attention is paid only to manufacturing firms with special reference to Innoson Company (Nig) Ltd Enugu.

These firms deals with the procurement of raw materials for further production. These materials have to be effectively and efficiently planned for, procured and controlled if the company wants to succeed as a going concern. Since, the study is intended to underlining the basic need and benefit derived from maintaining good cost and control system by manufacturing firms, it is better we look at the issue from the point of view of production management.

Generally, all such areas that pertain to production cost, all techniques for their control and the use of established standards and budgets, their soudness and weakness would be examined.

Actually, research of this nature cannot be carried out without encountering some limitations in the process. Certain limitations posed a great deal of problems to the research, and restructure nature of the company’s policy to visitors on sensitive areas of production hundred an in-depth study of the production cost control.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/551/analysis-and-control-of-cost

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THE ROLE OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS IN ENSURING PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN ENUGU STATE (A STUDY OF SELECTED AUDIT FIRMS AND MINISTRIES IN ENUGU STATE)


ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at evaluating the role of independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu State with particular reference to some selected audit firms and state ministries in Enugu metropolis, this work examined the following: The role of independent auditor on public account ability in Enugu State. The problems and challenges faced by the independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu State. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data collection. Primary data: Questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data: Journals, magazine and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature review was carried out on direct literature and indirect literature on books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables, pie-charts and percentages were used in treatment of data while chi-square was used in the research work. The researcher found out that independent auditor has significant role to play in the development of Enugu State Ministries. Based on the findings I recommend that Client should allow the auditors to exercise his independent, free from bias and compromise in the discharge of his duties. All government establishments should as a matter of urgency embark on yearly auditing of their books and records and fraud early.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In an economy where resources abound, funds are being disbursed for the government to effectively carry out its assignments. Since a lot of public funds are being disbursed for government assignment it calls for accounting that is of the receipts and disbursements of these funds. The accountants in these units perform these assignments by preparing the profit and loss accounts and also balance sheet showing the state of affairs of the years in reviews.

It is important to note that inspite of the accountant and the internal auditors (who serves as the custodian of financial resources and watch-dog respectively). There are still reports of large scale fraud in most of there government unit. The organization had to be addressed and it also needs various attentions Again, it is the requirement of law that the financial activities of the state should be subjected to audit section 83 (2) of the 1989 constitution states that the public accounts of the federal and state government shall be audited by the auditor-General of any person authorized on his behave shall have access to all book records, return and other documents relating to his accounts. Also some of government institutions has public influence like government companies allowing interesting members of the public to own a share.

Section 148 (2) of companies and Allied Matters Act of 190 states that a companies must be audited these people who has interests need to know about the operations of these companies through, the instance of audited reports. So, in the view of the above and also for the state government to maintain an effective financial base in the system. The role independent auditors in Enugu State cannot be over-emphasized the need for indigent bias free examination of the financial records books and accounts of Enugu State by an auditors is not only a matter of compliance with the law but also a means of protecting detecting and correcting of errors and frauds.

An audit has been defined by many authors such as: According to Clive an Attwood 1999 auditing is an examination by the auditor of a balance sheet and profit and loss account prepared by other so as to be able to express his opinion that such a balance sheet and profit and loss account have been properly drawn up to show a true and fair view of the state of affair and of the particular concern and comply with the relevant states.

According to Bigg (2001), an audit is an examination of the books, account and voucher of any business, as will enable the auditor to satisfy himself that the balance sheet is properly drawn up so as to the a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the business according to the best of his information and explanations given to him and as shown by the books and if not in what respects he is not satisfied.

Sontochi (2001) defined audit as an examination and evaluation of the authenticity and therefore the reliability of an organization business documents and records it also involves making inquires to ascertain that financial statements on which the auditor is reporting and which have been prepared form the records display a true and fair view of state of affairs at the years end.

The auditing standard and guideline define audit as the independent examination of the financial statement of any enterprise by an appointment auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with any relevant statement obligation from all these definition given above, an auditor is one whose job is to examine the records of a business in order to be able to give an opinion on the state of affairs of the business at a particular time. He may also examine the records of non-trading organization. Club sets for the same purpose. He may also perform specialized investigation work when asked to do so by proprietor of business or by court.

It can be seen from the above definitions that the auditor is presented with the account and balance sheet himself, his role is to complete and audit work.

In the course of his work, if the auditor notice any form of inefficiency and weakness in the working system he has to bring such matters to the notice of the client or his staff. Here, he is doing the sense that since as the auditor, it is his duty to advocate certain methods of working. But never the less, with his still and experience, the auditor can be most helpful to these by whom he is engaged but any accounting work he does must always be considered a part from the audit. Auditing of public funds entrusted to him. Auditing in that sense serves as deterrent to public officers and those in fiduciary.



1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

In stating the problems, it is divided into two main problems:

Major problem

Sub problem

MAJOR PROBLEM:

Since this study loitered towards ascertaining the role of independent auditors in Enugu state, attempted to find out whether independent auditors roles affect the economy of the state in resent time.

SUB PROBLEM:

1. The problem of liabilities, remuneration and removal of independent auditors.

2. The problem encounter by the auditors, in the course of their audit work.

3. The duties, rights and powers of the auditors.

4. The ascertainment of history and development of audit.

5. The problem of quality consideration in the appointment of auditors.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research work is to evaluate the role of independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu State with particular reference to some selected audit firms and state ministries in Enugu metropolis, the specific of objective of this project work includes:

1. To determine the role of independent auditors in the development of Enugu State ministries.

2. To determine the role of independent auditor on public account ability in Enugu State.

3. To examine the problems and challenges faced by the independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu State.

4. To proffer solution to the problems identified.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher:

1. Do independent auditors have any role to play in the development of Enugu state ministries?

2. What are the roles of independent auditor on public accountability in Enugu state?

3. What are the problems encountered by independents? auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu state?

4. Does independents auditors contributes to public sector accountability in Enugu state?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

For the research to carry out extensive study on the role of independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu state the following research hypothesis where formulated:

H0: Independent auditors do not have any role to play in the development of Enugu state ministries.

H1: Independent auditors does significant role to play in the development of Enugu state ministries.

H0: Independent auditors do not contribute to public accountability in Enugu State.

H1: Independent auditors contribute to public accountability in Enugu State.

H0: There are so many challenges faced by independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu State.

H1: There is no many challenges faced by independent auditors in ensuring public accountability in Enugu State.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is expected to be useful to the Enugu State Government if they will utilize and apply the recommendation in the study so as to check adverse influence on the economy.

Again, since the project work would be kept in the library, there is that accessibility to the members of the public it is so in the sense that they can now read and also know the basis difference between accountant and the independent auditors.

It will also help the research students both from this school and others. It is also pertinent to note that the recommendation in this work will help to solve some of problem encountered by the auditors.

1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Since independent auditors are found all over the state and the researcher was not able to cover the whole state due to its fertility, she limited her work on some selected audit firms in Enugu state. Due to the face that all independent auditors practice as stipulated by law, the chosen audit firms represent other firms. Also some selected states ministries were chosen in other to appraise the effect and impact on the role of independent auditor in Enugu state.

LIMITATIONS

Lack of adequate fund: Due to recent transport fare increase and with about eight audit firms and four state ministries as case study, the researcher was unable to finance the travel to other organizations as and when due so she had to trek a times to these place for information gathering.

Lack of information: Due to the attitude of some ministries officials and independent auditors the researcher was unable to elaborate more on the research. They do not give all that is required because of the secrecy provision they have.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Auditing: It is the act of examine the book, accounts and vouchers of a business so as to enable the auditors to satisfy himself that the balance sheet is properly drawn up in other to given a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the business and also whether the profit and loss account thus a true profit and loss for the financial fear according to the best of his information and the explanation given to him as shown by the books and if not in what respects she is not satisfied.

Auditor: An auditor is one who carries out the independent examination and expresses her opinion on the financial statement of an enterprise in compliance with the relevant statutory obligation and auditing standard and guideline.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/550/the-role-of-independent-auditors

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THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HOSPITALITY OUTFIT (A CASE STUDY OF WHITELEAF HOTELS ENUGU AND ZODIAC HOTELS ENUGU)


ABSTRACT

Modern technology (it) come to spread everywhere it can be likened to a huge web, connecting all area by change. We may make significant changes in our process of doing business by using machines, but it is the change in every nature of what we do, brought about by the social change induced through the machines, that is the real meaning of technology to business.

As a result of the far – reaching changes in the technology. We can no longer think or talk usefully of just a computer. we must talk in the brother terminology of modern technology.

In speaking of so wide area it is necessary to concentrate once rain areas as with view in examining in detail the effect of modern technology (IT) in today’s business performance with a study of White Leaf Hotels and Zodiac Hotels Enugu.

With this in mind coupled with requirements of a project, this work has been divided into five chapters

In chapter one, an introduction not just into the topic at hand was made but also into the organization being used for a study – zenith international hospitality outfit.

In chapter two, due to its wideness, I decided to concentrate on certain areas, I am going to discuss, primarily, the application of hospitality modern technology (IT), I will also talk and discuss how management come to know and increase its capabilities in modern technology (IT) (through training, development etc) and how and why our government should enact policies bordering round this new revolution this is to mention but a few.

In chapter three, the method of research used will be brought to light, the presentation and analysis of collected data will be computed in chapter four.

In chapter five, I‘ll then state my finding and recommendation. This is where this research work will be concluded.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The evolution of computers is particularly attractive to depict since the current technology trend is effective and efficient through it. The hospitality outfits have widely adopted modern technology to reduce costs, enhance operational efficiency, and most importantly to improve service quality and customer experience. The link of computer to modern equipment that is used in hospitality outfits cannot be overemphasized. This is because the integration of computer to these equipment will help facilitate efficiency. Some of this equipment includes phones, emergency lighting, website, internet, automatic washing machine, microwave, drink dispensers, smart card doors, air conditions satellite etc. Singh and Kasavana (2005) predicted that future modern technology applications will probably rely on computer such as wireless infrastructure, and that online purchasing with cashless payments will become more commonplace. Providing services at the destination, now that mobile phones have become a necessity in this era of wireless communication (Langelund, 2007), cultural tourism has reacted by introducing multimedia museum guides that use mobile device screens to enhance the tourist experience (Stock, & Zancanaro, 2005). Mobile computers will allow the personalization of services according to preferences, language skills, and depth of information required. Hence, Buhalis and O’Connor (2005) further suggested that e-tourism in the future will be focused on consumer-centric technologies, and that organizations need to adopt modern technology to be able to offer this level of service and remain competitive and innovative.

A good recommender system should merge trust, exploratory browsing, and personal factors to suggest suitable solutions that will meet personal criteria and preferences. Semantic web technology could be used to create a tourism information system that allows tourists to extract the necessary data through query management facilities (Bergamaschi etal, 2005). Knowledge management of this type would enable the lodging industry to centralize their application system and would allow tourists to locate their required destination information in a convenient and easy way (Pyo, 2005).

Websites are incredibly important, mission critical, and cost effective marketing tools for businesses in hospitality outfits. Having a good website not only generates more business opportunities, but also enhances a company’s image and supports the interactivity with both institutional and individual customers. Tourists expect to find functional information, education information, and emotional information on heritage websites (Poria & Gvili, 2006), and such websites should therefore be customized in accordance with tourist perceptions of the site in relation to their own heritage.

The face of innovation in modern technology is continually changing. The hospitality outfit needs to take a proactive stance in implementing technological advances, while continually striving to build levels of service quality and guest loyalty (Magnini etal, 2011). Accompanying the technological revolution trends there are many new opportunities and challenges for the hospitality outfit. In the hospitality outfit, global industry information is its life-blood and technology has become fundamental to the ability of the industry to operate effectively and competitively. Poon (2013) suggests that the whole system of modern technology is being rapidly diffused throughout the Hospitality industry and no player will escape the impact of modern technology. Tapping into customers needs through the use of modern technology can be instrumental in building loyalty and gaining competitive advantage (Piccoli, 2012).

Hospitality outfits are continually competing for employees, locations, and more recently information about customers. As more people are using the Internet there is a high amount of information that is being captured on web server logs (Garver, 2012). Proper extraction of this information coupled with high levels of service is what will help the Hospitality industry to build competitive advantage in a troubled economy. An organizations ability to take advantage of external environmental factors will help the firm sustain and grow in economically challenging times. Piccoli etal, (2011) stated that the hospitality organizations need to structure the way they think around how customers think and act. By accomplishing a customer-centered focus, companies will be able to highlight their strengths and highlight opportunities for improvement.

The computer industry has grown to the point that computers affect the lives of almost everyone especially in the advanced nations. It is slowly but definitely becoming an important part of our lives. Business, industry and government would not be able to operate today without modern technology. Clearly, technology is the key driver of change, for this change to be beneficial, the use of modern technology should be business driven to meet a well defined business needs, hence boosting its effect on general business performance in the Hospitality outfit. There is no doubt that modern technology would have a major role to play in hospitality outfits.

Therefore, it is against this background that the study is focused on the role of modern technology in the management of hospitality outfit using White leaf Hotels and Zodiac Hotels Enugu as a case study.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Modern technology has transformed distribution of the Hospitality outfit products to form an electronic market-place where access to information is instantly achievable. Principals and consumers continue to experience unprecedented interactivity. The dramatic ongoing development of modern technology has resulted in the re-engineering of the entire production and distribution process for Hospitality outfit products. As a consequence of this technological explosion, the packaging of Hospitality outfit is becoming much more individualistic, leading inevitably to a certain degree of channel disintermediation, a process that will offer new opportunities and threats to all Hospitality organizations.

The roles of modern technology cannot be overemphasized. For instance in White leaf Hotels Enugu and Zodiac Hotels Enugu the ability of computers to store, process, manipulate and distribute information has greatly improved the efficiency of products services. By releasing staff time from the ordinary paper-pushing functions within the hotels, modern technology can greatly enhance the opportunities for staff utilization in the quality of service. However, the use of modern technology in these hotels can be improved in order to enhance competitive advantage in the hospitality industry. Hence, this work intends to bridge the gap between inefficient use and efficient use of modern technology in these hotels by highlighting roles of modern technology which might not be explore in these hotels.



1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the work is to study the role of modern technology in the management of Hospitality outfit. Therefore, the specific objectives are as follows;

1. To examine the effects of modern technology in the management of hospitality outfit

2. To investigate the roles of modern technology in the management of hospitality outfit

3. To determine whether modern technology created new strategic choices and opportunities for hospitality outfits.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What effects do modern technology has in management of hospitality outfit?

2. What are the roles of modern technology in the management of hospitality outfit?

3. Does modern technology create new strategic choices and opportunities for hospitality outfits?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study cannot be overemphasized. Hence, the roles of modern technology in the hospitality outfits cannot be overlooked. Market wisdom today suggests that hospitality companies must embrace technology to compete against traditional competitors, as well as entrants that build their businesses with the latest technology. In this changing environment, new models of distribution must be designed to lead the charge. A strategic information management function should facilitate the business mission of its enterprise through managed information, managed processes, and managed Information Technology (IT) which are possible with the use of modern technology.

Again, current applications of computer technology in the hospitality outfits can be grouped into three main areas, operational, guest services and management information. The overall functionality of these applications is similar across a range of different hospitality organizations though the technology used to support them may vary. Large, city-centre hotels, for instance, tend to use minicomputers for their property management system (PMS) work. Microcomputers are employed elsewhere.

The diffusion of the system of information technologies in hospitality outfit will increase the efficiency, quality and flexibility with which travel services are supplied. It has already led to the generation of new services, such as online brochures and interactive videotext. Technology has the greatest impact on the marketing and distribution of travel but leaves relatively untouched the human-intensive areas of guest-host relations and supplier-consumer relationships. Modern technology applied to the hospitality outfit will increase the efficiency and quality of services provided and leads to new combinations of hospitality services.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research is centered on the roles of modern technology in the management of hospitality outfit. The scope is limited to White Leaf hotels and Zodiac Hotels Enugu

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The under listed were the problems encountered in carrying out this research work.

Time

The research was carried out when the available time had to be divided as equally as possible in order to carryout other academic matter, these other matter did place much demand on the researcher.

Fund

This very popular limitation in research was not exempted. Such an empirical and technical study demanded a lot of und. For its immediate success much of the finance in question was expended on transportation, other needed materials and most especially, on internet browsing which involved subsequent printings coupled with endless hours spent on the internet seeking, asking, searching (for its relevance to the study) and financing.

Uncooperative attitude

It was quite difficult for the researcher to get enough data for a needed and exhaustive study. The organizations itself had quiet a few numbers of unfriendly and uncooperative employees “ who had better and more important things to do”.

This not only emanated from employees but also the modern technology equipment, for sometimes the server was done. Besides, some of the available information that should have been useful to this study was labeled as very confidential and not for public usage.

Furthermore, extensive studies have not been carried out in this respect in White leaf hotels and Zodiac Hotels Enugu. Consequently, the researcher had to depend on rather fall back on the limited data collected through primary and secondary sources for the study.



1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Hospitality Outfit:

This is an organizes that renders food and beverages, accommodations, tourism entertainment products and services to guests.

Information:

This is the processed data in a form in which it is meaningful for purposes of planning, operating. Operating and control of a business.

Modern technology:

It is the study or use of electronic equipment especially computers for storing, analyzing and distributing information of all kinds including words, numbers and pictures.

Organization:

This is a group of people working together to achieve a common goal.

Automation:

There are the modern office equipments that are used in today’s office environments such as computers, far machine, etc.

Computers:

This is electronic processes the input and brings out result as an output.

Data processing

This consists of those activities concerned with the systematic recording, arranging, computing, displaying and printing of detail relating to business transactions.

Electronic business (E – business)

It is the use of internet technologies to improve and transform key business process.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/537/the-role-of-modern-technology

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THE IMPACT OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN MICROFINANCE BANK (A CASE STUDY OF OHHA MICROFINANCE BANK NIGERIA LIMITED)


ABSTRACT

Within the frame work of this project topic “The Impact of Accounting system in Microfinance Bank” the researcher has attempted to explain the importance of accounting system as a ways of helping management to improve operations in the microfinance Bank sector. However, recent researchers have shown that one of the main causes of indigenous business failure in this country is due to failure in this country is due to the failure to maintain proper Accounting records. Therefore, at the end of this project research work, an attempt was made to give solutions to this problem so as to increase the status of microfinance banks. In achieving the objectives of this study, various investigation instruments such as questionnaires, personal interview and chi-square statistical test were implemented in the collection of data for the study and the result from them were used for the summary of findings. Furthermore, in the research objectives, recommendation were made which when implemented, the researcher hopes that it will be of great help to the regulatory authorities. The recommendations were based on research findings and should not be noted to be exhaustive.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Accountancy embraces the installation of book-keeping and accounting systems. The writing up of account and the preparations of every kind of financial statement from the simplest receipts and payments of small club to the published accounts of large public companies. It is one of the main works of the accountant in practice to provide client both large and small with necessary advice as to the most appropriate accounting system to entail what will provide management with up to date information. Accounting is always said to be the language of business. Every organization including bank registered under the Nigerian Company Law, having statutory responsibility of profit of the assets and liabilities at the end of its accounting period, to its members’ shareholders, the public and other users including the government. Accounting system means the system of recording financial transactions in an organization. It could also be referred to as an internal control system in an organization depending on the nature of business undertaken by the organization. This is because financial transactions are qualified in monetary terms and thus requires proper recording of receipts and payment of funds. It is worthy to note that any default in the accounting system of an organization could lead to business failure. In addition, banks by virtue of nature of its services dealing with money are expected to maintain up-to-date records of its transactions with or on behalf of its customers.

However, in microfinance banks, this responsibility can be effectively discharged if put in place for recording day to day transactions of the bank. Beside, accounting is not only concerned with recording of transactions but also with the use to which the records are put, their analysis and interpretations for use in making decisions not only for the management usefulness but also to the members and would be investors, government agencies e.t.c.

Recent researchers have shown that one of the main causes of indigenous business failure in the country is due to the failure to maintain proper accounting records. Therefore, these purposes can only be achieved in the light of good design and application of sound accounting system. Thus, the scope of this research work is to make appraisal of relevance and adequacy of accounting system in microfinance Bank using “Ohha Microfinance bank Nigeria Ltd as a case study.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Accounting being a profession referred to as service activity and accounting as often termed to be language of business, therefore the importance of accounting system in any organization cannot be overemphasized. The organization cannot be achieved if there is no adequate accounting system in place. In the course of this research work, the following problems will be considered.

i. The effects of inadequate accounting system in banking operation.

ii. Unavailability of timely accounting data.

iii. The falsification of account in the banking sectors.

iv. Nonchalant attitude of the management towards the information provided by the accounting system.

v. Poor decision making.

vi. Poor accounting record.

vii. Poor audit problem.



1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study will aim to accomplish the following objectives:

i. To determine the impact of accounting system in microfinance bank

ii. To evaluate the factors that will limit the efficacy of community banks in their efficient application of accounting system in their banking operations or activities.

iii. To determine whether the strategies used by community bank in their accounting system in their banking operations or activities.

iv. To assess the release of accounting system in proving the activities of Ohha Microfinance bank.

v. To assess whether accounting system will provide timely accounting data for management decision making.

vi. To find out whether it will facilitate banking activities.

vii. To make recommendations on how to enhance the efficacy and effectiveness of accounting system in comment banking.

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis forms the basis or the framework for carrying out this research study

HO: Accounting systems have no impact in microfinance bank.

H1: Accounting systems have impact in microfinance bank.

HO: The strategies used by microfinance banks in her accounting system have not been very efficient and effective.

H2: The strategies used by microfinance bank in her accounting system have been very efficient and effective.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i. DEFERRED TAX: This include tax due on income which is not taxable within 12months of the current year as a result of differences of the current year as a result of differences between the tax profits and the reported profit.

ii. DEPOSITS: This mean all deposit liabilities of banks including other accounts and placements by other banks, current and time deposited.

iii. DIVIDEND: This is refereed to the total dividend paid to either the ordinary shareholders or the preference shareholders.

iv. EARNIGS PER SHARE: this computed as profit after taxation less preference dividend by the number or ordinary and founder’s shares outstanding. To enhance comparability, all shares are assumed to have a per value of one naira.

v. GENERAL RESERVES: This includes all over reserves and other reserves.

vi. INTEREST MARGINS: This is the next of interest income received and paid.

vii. INVESTMENT: This includes investments in all calls, money, fixed deposits, negotiable certificates of deposits with other banks, bankers acceptances, quoted and unquoted investment

viii. LOAN AND ADVANCES: All loan and advances given to customers, the advances net of provision is used.

ix. LATERAL ACQUISTION: This is the investigation in other type of business apart from banking.

x. BILLS OF EXCHANGE: This simply means an unconditional order writing address by one person to another signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to or tot the order of a specified person or to the bearer.

xi. CHEQUE: A cheque may be defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demands.

xii. DRAWEE: This is the bank or whom the cheque is drawn.

xiii. PAYEE: This is the beneficiary of an order cheque or the bearer of a cheque.

xiv. OPEN CHEQUE: An open cheque is one that can be cashed over the counter.

xv. CROSS CHEQUE: A crossed cheque is one that cannot be cashed over the counter; it has to be paid into an account.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/341/the-impact-of-accounting-system

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USEFULNESS OF COST – VOLUME – PROFIT ANALYSIS IN MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION, (A CASE STUDY OF INNOSON TECHNICAL ENUGU)


ABSTRACT

In all business enterprises, the implementation of cost volume profit analysis is very important and can never be over emphasized and to achieve this goal, target and objective, it is beckoned on the decision of management. So the aim of this study is to find out the responsiveness and relationship of cost volume profit analysis that could be positive or negative in business discussions. In the study, a questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from the staff of Innoson Technical Enugu, the findings revealed that Innoson Technical of cost volume profit analysis has helped in the research work. The study broadened the researcher depth of knowledge and the research embarked on review of related literature. Data drawn from secondary source all contributed. Data generate or as also presented on frequency table and analyzes clearly. It was discovered at the end of the research work that most organizations are unable to achieve the organizations goal because of inability to apply the theory of cost volume profit analysis perfectly. Finally, the application of cost volume profit analysis is more sensitive to management decision.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In all business, the implementations of cost volume profit analysis is very important and can ever be over emphasized and to achieve this goal, target and objectives, are beckoned on the decision of the mangers. However, cost volume profit analysis is a tool used by managers of business organization or manufacturing firms in making sure that proper decision are made in other to achieve the targeted goals or objectives of such business.

This research work intends to cover the responsibilities and the relationship of cost volume profit analysis that could be positive or negative in business decision making. And the use of cost volume profit analysis to determine the firm operating income and the act income as discussed by “thurmas V.” 2008. It also aimed at establishing a minimized cost and creating room for a maximized profit through the use of cost volume profit analysis.

More so, in an organization where we have multiple product lines, the use of cost volume profit analysis is of relevant in the product line having higher contribution to profit than the other in business organization. it is a tool used to show the relationship between various ingredients of profit planning and if properly applied, will enable the company to satisfy the industry and stakeholders of such business.

Furthermore, some underlying assumptions are draw from the reference materials which are covered in this research work. Some areas of are covered in this research work. Some areas of concerned include the limit to the implementation of cost volume profit for manufacturing organization to enable the preparation of simple income statement.

Finally, despite the enormous important of cost volume profit analysis (C.V.P), some demerit association with it are in the aspect of some assumption used in the implementation of cost volume profit analysis which do not exist for more-than one accounting period.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Among all the problems listed by previous researchers that are associated with this research work. This work intends to address the following problems:

a. The result of the analysis can only be relied upon within the relevant range i.e with the activity level that the associated cost can be accurately determined.

b. The likely set back that may have take place if cost volume profit analysis is not adequately applied in manufacturing organization.

c. The likely change of fixed cost at difficult activity level make the assumption that fixed cost is a faculty assumption.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

a. To determined the extent to which cost volume profit analysis can be relied upon for proper decision making.

b. To identify the intended solution provided by applying the usefulness of cost volume profit analysis in decision making in manufacturing organization.

c. To determined or ascertain the changes in fixed cost at different level of activity, it is important as its concern taking decision for multiple product line in manufacturing firms cannot be our emphasized.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This study set out text among other things that include the following hypothesis.

Ho: That the present cost volume profit analysis applied for decision making is not useful.

Hi: That the present cost volume profit analysis applied for decision making is useful.

Ho: That the present cost volume profit analysis applied in manufacturing organization is not useful

Hi: That the present cost volume profit analysis applied in manufacturing organization is useful

Ho: The assumption that fixed costs remain constraint is not relevant for decision making in manufacturing organization.

Hi: The assumption that fixed costs remain constraint is not relevant for decision making in manufacturing organization.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This is research intends to cover the cost volume profit analysis adopted by various manufacturing companies especially for their production activities. As a matter of fact, only the branch of Innoson technical Enugu will be limited to the study; however generalized view will be taking on other Nigerian branches which gave room for their studies.

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The study has both practical and academic significance as document below:

Practical Significance

This research work will be of paramount importance to manufacturing company, their manager and production staff of the company. This work will also serve as a guide in the performance of their respective duties. It will help them in appreciating the importance of cost volume profit analysis in decision making of their companies.

Academic Significance

It will be of a great help in our educational process in the aspect of management decision making and for individual in the aspect of man power development. It is also important in the upgrade of student educational qualification as it concern cost volume profit analysis for decision making.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some major restrictions faced in the cause of the study are time and fiancé to undertake the research work. The time constraint is so much finance on the other hand prevented the research from getting the necessary materials and gathering of enough information for this study.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/339/usefulness-of-cost-ndash-volume-ndash-profit

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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF WORKERS IN INDUSTRIAL COOPERATIVE (A CASE STUDY OF INYABA COOPERATIVE FARMS LTD ANAMBRA STATE


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Workers cooperative is an enterprise in which workers share in the profits and it is a business in which the workers retain a majority control of the enterprise control is exercised democratically on the basis of one person, one role, Membership is open as far as possible to all workers and there are limit on the return to capital invested in the enterprises.

Over the years, capital; has hired lab our and treated it like an expendable factors of production same as any other factor, capital has explored labour and subjected it to the imperialism of profit maximization capital has claimed all the authority and all met profit while disclaiming full liability for the debts of he enterprise incase of liquidation. But now, Worker want all that to change these days there was change, labour will live capital. A famous co-operative maxim says” Labour hires capital, in the new workers ownership capital will not be divided into equity share because if will be owned collectively.

Examples are producing durable goods and nourishing goods, additive free goods not highly processed snack adopting methods, of production devoid of polluting effects, refusal to produce war related material or to deal with government practicing, racial segregation.

These workers industrial cooperatives have social objective as well as economic objectives.

They won’t out man at the centre of business, they place democratic control and the nature of the product before profitability. They employ technology that is friendly to the environment. As long as the enterprise can cover its costs and break even they fell free, to pursuer their social objectives. The capital assets of an industrial cooperative should be jealously guarded. It should maintain intact and progressively expanded and developed facilities. The aim should be to catch up with completing capitalist out lifts in terms of capital base. With drawing members should be required to leave their share capital behind. If members decided to dissolve their society, it should not be in order to share them asset.

Both the lam should absolutely forbid the saving of the net assets among member upon dissolution. Net assets should rather be transferred to another workers in industrial co-operative.

Workers in industrial co-operative to ameliorate the hardship especially the poverty of the working people with a view to increase their social order that ensure the poorest members of the working class sufficient wellbeing for feature would be to expensive for the people to bearing for instance it could generate permanent cynical apathy to government and society programme and alienation of the very low income group in economic activity. The idea of workers co-operative is a step, in the right direction especially in the face of harsh economic realistic resulting from the structural Adjustment programme (SAP)> this study, will therefore identify the objective role, possible problems prospects associated with the workers co-operatives, suggest remedies to the problems and make recommendation with a view to reforming the worker co-operative into achieving their stated objectives,

1.1 BACKGROUND SO THE STUDY

The history of cooperative development in Anambra state may be traced from its origin in Nigeria. It was in the early 1930’s that the agricultural development agents began to organize cocoa farmers in westerns Nigeria into small co-operative organizations.

Efforts were made between those periods to establish a co-operative division. This before it could long. An enviable and viable co-operative division was established. The division was formally under the ministry of local government, but through several resettlements and changes of government. It finally came through the ministry of commerce and industries.

The estate inherited a total number of 685 co-operative societies from the former Eastern state with membership of 15,155. As a result of individual desires and government encouragement coupled with the interest benefits desirable from the formation of co-operatives in the state has increased atomically to 2,757 which also increased membership of 86,812.

Through, the number of co-operative societies in the state has drastically reduced since the creation of Abia state. It will be necessary to know that the benefit of workers co-operative since the topic is social and economics benefits of workers in industrial co-operative. Workers in industrial co-operative it involved workers share in the profits and it is a business in which the workers retain a majority control of the enterprise control is exercised democratically on the basis of one person one rote-Membership is open as far as possible to all workers there are limit in the return to capital invest in the enterprises.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Problem why industrial workers do not enjoy their desire economic and social benefits.

1) Lack of solidarity among themselves: Theysometimes cling to their independence in fear of the consequences of risk or change.

2) Lack of self- confidence of risk change: The workers do not believe that they can provide and maintain jobs fro themselves. In companies with the rich factory or industries owners in that area.

3) Ignorance of management and the complexity of business administration: in some cases the workers of the industries lack management skill. In order to acquire this, they must either undergo management training or live qualified managers either temporarily or permanently.

4) Inequalities among the worker in financial capacity: In power, rank of remuneration etc. may lead to friction because the workers are assumed to be equally. In this process, cliques may develop to destroy the consensus.

5) The general low level of education, technical training among industrial workers.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

They work is designed to achieve the order listed objectives:

1) To find out the social and economic objectives of workers in industrial cooperatives of Inyaba co-operative farms ltd in Anambra state.

2) To find out the specific roles and activities performed by Inyaba co-operative farms since their inception

3) To identify the general problems militating against the smooth and orderly operation in Inyaba co-operative farms ltd

4) To know their prospects in the future having in mind the poor co-operative habit in Nigerian.

5) Finally to proffer recommendations that could be useful to the co-operative.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions are:

a. Hoe many of the objective have been realized?

b. What are the efforts made by the various workers cooperative in Anambra state in educating the people about the immense benefit derived from workers in industrial cooperative?

c. What is the hindrance towards their effective performance in Nigeria?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research tends to reveal the need and usefulness of co-operative societies in the social and economic benefits of workers in industrial cooperative. Its job cannot be over looked. Since they play a prominent role in price stabilization of agricultural product In the state.

Moreover, they determine the quality and price of products that entire the market so that products will market their products effectively. By so doing, they minimize the excessiveness of middlemen. In most states today particularly Anambra state where self sufficiency in the production of agricultural products is embarked upon by almost every household including the government, hence comes the need for the research work to enable both the header and the government at large to recognize the enormous role of cooperative go a long way to alleviate the current problem of food storage in Anambra state.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Undoubted the topic social and makes an interesting research work.

However, its through analysis could be inhibited by some unavoidable various prominent among which is time contracts. The research was carried out in line with normal academic works which made a more vivid grass roots researches findings highly difficulty. Apart from the fact that lecture schedules made it difficult to conduct desk interview were granted, one still had to go through the frustration or frustrating bureaucratic arrangement of the workers in question. Another problem that inhabited the conduct of the research project was the willingness and reluctance of the official of the Inyaba farm to disclose vital information even those them who were kind to grand interview answered to some question with reservation, therefore preventing one from knowing facts and finding concerning the farm.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

As already explain the prevision sub leading, farm was numerous. Though great efforts was made to lift. All these impediments. The problem encountered can be divided into natured and man- made. The formal include the problem of time, age harrier the distance and problem involve in availability of adequate funds and the partial lack of current records on the parts of the society.

However, time available was limited when compared with the amount of work to be embarked on. This then required that, more effort will be made squeeze a lot of study into the available time. The problem of distance of the society to our school cannot be eliminated or bribe. So our only option was to make sure that if we transport ourselves to the society we must then strive to achieve a lot before training lack to school.

Moreover. Interesting to know all these problems made this study more challenging were taking came of happily. These entire problems mere squarely met. A lot of people involved in the project appreciated these entire problem and did their almost to help.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATIVE: this is a type of co-operative that result from the facts that over the years capita; has turned labour and has treated it till an expendable factor of production.

CAPITAL: This is any amount set aside for investment.

WORKERS CO-OPERATIVE: This can be defined as a business owned and controlled by the people who work in it.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT: These are returns or profit a progressive entity offers to the society as well as its members.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/237/social-and-economic-benefits-of

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EVALUATION OF COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN ENUGU STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL)


ABSTRACT

The study evaluated computer science education programme in Enugu State College of Education, Technical, Enugu. Four research questions were asked and ensured.
The research method used is survey type.
The population of the study is 1262 (one thousand two hundred and sixty two). Data were corrected from two hundred students (200) and five (5) lecturers of the department of computer science Education in ESECT. The instrument used was questioner. The instrument was validated by the academic staff of the computer science education in ESECT. The questioners were administered and collected fro data analysis.
The data collected were analyzed using means. After analysis it was fund out that the following responses were indicated by having high mean value. The major findings of the study were inadequate of conducive offices for working, unsteady power supply for practical, inability of the students to write programming language. Based on this recommendations the school authority should help in providing steady power supply, computer laboratory for practical

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Enugug State College of Education (Technical) is about the youngest higher institution in the state. The institution started with several schools and department. Computer science Education is one of the departments in the school of Science Education. Most of the basic sciences both physical and natural sciences are combined with computer science education. This is an indication that computer science is about the biggest department in terms of population. One cannot evaluate computer science education effectively without having full knowledge of computer. According to Odo (2005), computer can be defined as an electronic device that can:

1. Accept data

2. store data

3. manipulate data as information and

4. produce an intelligible result (information) as an output.

According to BBC English dictionary courtesy of education tax fund (2003), Computer is an electronic machine that makes quick calculations and data deals with large amount of information. Onah (2003), further described computer as an electronic machine that accepts data through the input unit, process data through the central processing unit and produce information through output unit.

On the other hand, education is defined as the inculcation of skill, knowledge, values, attitude and norms that are both formal and informal to the leaner (Eze, 2001).

According to Odo, Ede and Ezike (2000) education is what happens to human beings from the day they are born to the day they die. Also Nzeneri (2005), defined education as any planned series of incidents, having humanistic basic and directed towards the participants learning and understanding. Today, computer system has helped in making human activities easy. Computer has also helped in information, communication and technology which make communication easy and common. Accountants also use computers in their day-to-day business transaction. Managers in different companies use computer to calculate job estimate of some certain projects. Computer provides assistance in school word processing, school administration, data storage and retrieval. Computer as an instructional tool that presents and interprets the response known as computer assisted instruction (CAI). CAL provides individualized instruction in the form known as computers management instruction (CMI). It can also be used in educational research to control laboratory experiment. Similarly computers are used in experimental data processing. Most analyses which make our life relatively easy are done by computers. Olinya (2003) stated that all the efforts of human being in education are geared towards the easiest, quickest and most reliable way for students to learn and make good use of computers.

Similarly Odo (2005) emphasized that Nigeria government is not neglecting their responsibilities for making schools to succeed in achieving her national goal for technological development.

Computer science education study are available in Enugu state college of education (Technical) and is not left-out as well as other colleges of education at both federal and state level. Computers are used as teaching aid or instructional tools in colleges of education.

Computer education is therefore a recent development in our educational institutions.

Statement of the Problem

Poor performance is one of the problems facing computer education students in our school. This problem was as a result of lack of teaching materials source. Computer science laboratory is another problem facing computer students in our school. We don’t have enough laboratory accommodate the population of students in our school as management lacked found to build spacious computer laboratories.



Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to evaluate computer science education programme in Enugu state college of education (Technical) Enugu, specifically the study sought to:

i. Ascertain the teaching methods used in teaching computer education in ESCET.

ii. Ascertain the problems encountered by teachers in teaching computer science education.

iii. Ascertain performance of students in computer science education.

iv. Determine the effectiveness of curriculum in computer education.

v. Determine the qualification level of computer teachers in college of education.

Significance of the Study

The study would be of immense benefit to the students when the study is published and the evaluation is valid. It would also be of benefit to the teachers when published in other to find out if there are some missing links in the evaluation. The study would help teachers to find out how effective the curriculum is. Also it would save teachers time in teaching a large group of students practical based on the provision of facilities available.

Students would also benefit from the study if some of their problem would be identified by the study. Students would also perform better after getting feedback on evaluation of the study.

Finally, the study would also be of benefit to the ministry of education and curriculum builders of colleges of Education such as National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE).

Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study.

1. What are the problems of lecturers in teaching computers science education in ESCET?

2. What are the methods of teaching computer science education in Enugu state college of education (Technical) Enugu (ESCET)?

3. What are the qualifications of computer science lecturers in ENugu state college of education (Technical) Enugu?

4. What is the performance of the students of computer science education in Enugu state college of education (Technical) Enugu?

Scope of Study

This research work is limited to the entire population of computer students and lecturers in Enugu state college of education (Technical) Enugu.

The study evaluated the teaching and learning processes in the department of computer science Education in ESCET. The study also evaluated the problems of teaching and learning process in computer science Education.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/236/evaluation-of-computer-science-education

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CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS IN A CAPITALIST ECONOMY (A CASE STYDY OF ANAMBARA STATE)



CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Different economic system exist in the world economy, among these are prominent namely: socialist, capitalist and mix-economic system.

In their drive towards achieving their set objectives, they face a lot of challenge especially that posed by the capitalist business men. This piece of work look s into the very nature of capitalism and its general principle as it effects the growth of cooperative societies.

Cooperative societies started as the proverbial child of necessity, being the mother of invention, it arose in the 19th century out of atrocities of the shrewed capitalist businessmen. The use of false weight and measure among others were some at the bad business practices which characterized the capitalist system of economy. This is because the capital business men aimed at maximizing profit at the determent of the consumer. As a result, the spirit of cooperation was born in the minds of the founding fathers of the movement who formed business enterprise which by its principle and practices has a negative attitude towards capitalist and still remains today what is known and referred to as cooperative societies.

1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

THE SOCIALIST SYSTEM: This is the type of economic system where type is government control of all sectors within the economy. This implies that there is government ownership of every investment in the systems today. Socialism is giving in to other types of economic systems, in that most countries of the world that practice socialism are loosing their hold in the economic countries, the unions of soviet is socialist republic (USSR) is a good example of dividing socialist countries.

CAPITALISM: On the other hand, is a reverse of what is obtainable in a socialist economy. This is because capitalism is seen as an economic system where individuals control the main of the economy. It s characterized by the interplay of market forces, the forces of demand and supply, cut throat completion and indiscriminate like in prices of goods and services.

MIXED ECONOMY: the mix economy is an economic system which comprises the feature of both capitalist and socialist systems of economy in the mixed economic system.

In the mixed economic system there is joint ownership of factors there is joint ownership of factors of production by the government and private. Entrepreneur although there is state control on vital or key industries and services very essential to the masses. These services are known as statutory service which if left in the hands of individuals will either be exorbitant to procure or be reserved for the higher social class.

The government therefore, takes charge of administering such statutory services in a mixed economic system. The individuals on the other hand exercise the legal right of embarking on any type of business enterprise as the law demands.

The write up takes a look at capitalist system of economy as it effects cooperative societies. Cooperation is a unique form of business organization which aim of uplifting the living standard of their members.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Most often business activities are faced with numerous problems which hinder achievement of their objectives. Some of these problems are posed by the vagaries in the economy. Such as inflation, while some arises as a result of the type of economic system which the business enterprises operates.

This project piece takes a direct look into the problems passed by capitalism to a unique form of business enterprise known as cooperative societies.

Given a case a study of Anambra state the activities of capitalist businessmen and the problem it passes against the growth and development of cooperative societies is discoursed.

Cooperative societies are faced with many problem in a capitalist economy which hinders the growth and development of cooperative such problems which the cooperative societies have to contend with in a capitalist economy include:

a. Stiff and cat throat competition

b. Lack of enough financial resources

c. Lack of adequate government support

d. Lack of people interest in cooperatives

e. Lack of proper legislation.

These problems mentioned above are among the numerous problems which faces cooperative societies in capital economy.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The write up is aimed at looking specially into cooperative societies. As agents of social and economic development, thereby bring into play their problem as they effects or hinders their development plans. The study also considers capitalism as a contrast to the very principle on which cooperation was founded. It focuses on the numerous problem created by capitalist economy and the threat which those problems poses to the cooperative enterprise.

The study also looked at opportunities and tries to relate them as factors necessary for social and economic development. In addition to this it also throws more light on the activities of cooperative societies as unique forms of business organization.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This work boarded on the influence of the capitalist system on the co-operative belief and principle taking into consideration of given area where there is a greatly felt incidence of activities of capitalist businessmen. The case study of Anambra State where there is high level of capitalism oriented business activities. The interplay of the forces of demand and supply and the spirit of profit maximization as can be seen in most commercial town of Anambra state namely, Onitsha Akwa etc presented wider scope for the study.

1.5 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the risks taken by cooperative societies in capitalist economy?

2. Are there factors that hinder socialism in cooperative societies opportunity and threats?

3. Are there some benefits that attach to those three mentioned economic systems that exist in the world economy?

4. What are the factors that can hinder those existing economic system?

How does government benefit from all those systems?

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

Importance of the piece of work cannot over emphasized. The reason that the write up will above all bring out the hidden problems which the cooperatives societies face within. At the same time put up some suggestions as that would help in solving those problems. This will ensure proper and will articulated programme aimed at withstanding the problems posed by the capitalist concept.

The present day is a point in time when bad business practice have become the order of the day, this become the order of the day, this can be attributed to peoples drive to maximum profit. This cooperative brought about serious competition in the economy. In take of this, this work will related the efforts of the cooperative societies in trying to clurb these bad business practices with the aim of bringing a relief to the poor masses by breaking the chains of capitalism. Thus, it is believed will make a new socio-economic world where the suffering populace will enjoy some form of economic freedom.

1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY

In carrying out the study within the given scope, some limiting factors existed which reduced the pace at which the study was carried out. Such limiting factors, ranges from scarcity of cooperative establishment within the area of study to the are of inaccessibility of cooperative inspectorate in government ministries.

Also among the numerous problems faced during the conduct of this research work is financial constraints.


1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cooperative societies is defined as a group of people who come together with their resources and efforts aiming at making surplus to uplift the standard of living of its members that is Ogujiofor (2003:12).

Capitalist economy: This is seen as an economic system where individuals control the main features of the economy and where there is free allocation of market resources and private participation in market economic activities.

Threats: The threats were the way capitalism dominated and controlled the economy of all the developed and under developed countries which made the poor masses suffer before the intervention of cooperative societies.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/234/co-operative-societies-opportunities-and

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THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL AUDITING ON THE PROFITABILITY OF MONEY DEPOSIT BANK (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK NIG PLC)

ABSTRACT

In this research work titled the impact of internal auditing on the profitability of money deposit bank with particular reference to First Bank Nig Plc. The researcher evaluated the impact of internal auditor on the profitability of First Bank Nig Plc. Determined the types and causes of fraudulent practices in First Bank Nig Plc. Determined the impact of internal auditor in the development of Nigerian banking industry. And also examined the problems hindering the service provided by internal auditors in Nigeria Banking industry. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data Collection. Primary data: questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data: journals, and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature review was carried out on the direct literature and indirect literature on books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables and percentages were used in treatment of data. Chi-square was used in testing the hypotheses. At the end the researcher found out that Internal auditing has significant impact on the profitability of money deposit bank in Nigeria. It was also observed that internal auditor has significant impact on the profitability of First Bank Nig Plc. The researcher also discovered that there are different types of fraudulent practices in First Bank Nig Plc. Based on the findings the researcher recommends that Daily call over, reconciliation and auditing at every level Surprise internal cash count. Regular review and cleaning of all surprises accounts preparation of monthly account and board of central bank return.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

In our society where the business culture has been overridden in recent times with fraudulent practices penetrated by management and employees, the lack of clear understanding of the duties of an auditor in relation to fraud detection has often led to unjustifiable criticisms of his role. Auditors are known to be competent, honest and independent professionals who express unbiased opinion on the truth and fairness of the financial statement as presented by management to members of the company. The accounting profession has over the years built a reputation, which encourages others to rely upon the opinions auditors express. If these opinions are unclear or even unreliable, serious consequences may and indeed have resulted.

The auditor’s duty is to examine the financial records of the company and to take reasonable care to ascertain that the financial records show the company’s true position. The auditor is expected to prepare a detailed report to the company members and the report shall state the matters set out in schedule six to this act. The auditor is also to consider whether the information given in the director’s report for the year for which the accounts are prepared is consistent with those accounts; and if they are of opinion that it is not, they shall state that fact in their report. If the subsiding company and its auditors fail to provide this information, every other officer who is in default shall be guilty of an offence and liable to fine. That an auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditing, and has been one of the most frequently debated areas amongst auditors, politicians, media, regulators and the public (Gay et al 1997). This debate has been especially highlighted by the collapse of both small and big corporations across the globe. The auditing profession in Nigeria has caught the media’s attention following financial scandals in some of the Nigerian banks such as Intercontinental Bank, Oceanic Bank, Afribank, and Bank PHB among others.

There seems presently to be a misconception that auditors’ duties are largely the preventing, detecting and reporting of fraud, for example, Idris (2009). Financial report users’ perceptions of the extent of fraud in Nigeria, and to determine their perceptions of the auditor’s responsibilities in detecting fraud and the performance of related audit procedures. The paper also aims to ascertain whether the report users’ perceptions of auditors’ responsibilities on fraud are consistent with those of the auditing profession as expressed in auditing standards in Nigeria.

Fraud, according to Adeniji (2004:354) and ICAN (2006:206), is an intentional act by one or more individuals among management, employees or third parties, which results in a misrepresentation of financial statements. Fraud can also be seen as the intentional misrepresentation, concealment, or omission of the truth for the purpose of deception/manipulation to the financial detriment of an individual or an organization which also includes embezzlement, theft or any attempt to steal or unlawfully obtain, misuse or harm the asset of the organization, (Adeduro, 1998 and, Bostley and Drover 1972). Fraud has increased considerably over the recent years and professionals believe this trend is likely to continue. According to Brink and Witt (1982), fraud is an ever present threat to the effective utilization of resources and it will always be an important concern of management. ISA 240 ‘The Auditor’s Responsibilities to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statement (Revised)’ refers to fraud as “an intentional act by one or more individuals among management, those charged with governance, employees or third parties, involving the use of deception to obtain an unjust or illegal advantage”. Aderibigbe and Dada (2007) define fraud as a deliberate deceit planned and executed with the intent to deprive another person of his property or rights directly or indirectly, regardless of whether the perpetrator benefits from his/her actions.

Weirich and Reinstein (2000 cited in Allyne & Howard 2005), define fraud as “intentional deception, cheating and stealing”. Some common types of fraud include creating fictitious creditors, “ghosts” on the payroll, falsifying cash sales, undeclared stock, making unauthorized “write-offs”, and claiming excessive or never-incurred expenses. Pollick (2006) regards fraud as a “deliberate misrepresentation, which causes one to suffer damages, usually monetary losses”. Albrecht et al (1995 cited in Allyne & Howard, 2005:287) classified fraud into employee embezzlement, management fraud, investment scams, vendor fraud, customer fraud, and miscellaneous fraud. Fraud also involves complicated financial transactions conducted by white collar criminals, business professionals with specialized knowledge and criminal intent (Pollick 2006).

The terms fraud, waste and abuse are often used interchangeably, even though they are conceptually and legally distinct. They nevertheless often coexist, frequently arise from the

same underlying factors, and, in terms of prevention, they are often amenable to the same countermeasures. Fraud against the government is more easily accomplished in an environment of administrative and fiscal laxity. Indeed, it may well be that a significant proportion of revenue loss flows less from deceit than from careless or inefficient management of public resources. In any event, the appearance of carelessness and inefficiency can be an invitation to perpetrators of fraud.



1.2 Statement Of The Problem

Internal audit is an integral part of the finance structure of public organizations. A constant complaint in the sector is that internal audit department is too understaffed and under resourced generally to be fully effective. There exist a lot of arrears of work due to inadequate staffing of Internal Audit Departments. There is inadequate knowledge of Electronic Data Processing (EDP) and Computer for efficient auditing of computerized systems. Most of the public sector management working papers do not provide adequate documentation because of this problem. Staff of the internal audit department is not well remunerated and it makes them to lack interest in their work. Many adduce the argument that internal auditors, being employees in public sector do not have the liberty to exercise the unbiased and independent attitude so necessary to an auditor. In the heat of the controversies for inept public sector performances, Nigeria as a developing economics and Kano State in particular has to garner her resources for effective developmental utilization and the need for the services of Internal Auditors in the Public Sector becomes more imperative, hence this research into the effectiveness of using Internal audits as instrument of improving Public Sector Management.

1.3 Objective of the study

The aim of this research work is to examine the impact of internal auditing on the profitability of money deposit bank with particular reference to First Bank Nig Plc. The specific objectives of this research work includes the following;

1. To evaluate the impact of internal auditor on the profitability of First Bank Nig Plc.

2. To determine the types and causes of fraudulent practices in First Bank Nig Plc.

3. To determine the impact of internal auditor in the development of Nigerian banking industry.

4. To examine the problems hindering the service provided by internal auditors in Nigeria Banking industry.

1.4 Research Question

The researcher formulated the following research questions;

1. What are the impacts of internal auditor on the profitability of First Bank Nig Plc?

2. What are the types and causes of fraudulent practices in First Bank Nig Plc?

3. What are the impacts of internal auditor in the development of Nigerian banking industry?

4. What are the possible problems hindering the service provided by internal auditors in Nigeria Banking industry?


1.5 Research Hypothesis

For the researcher to carryout extensive study on the impact of internal auditing on the profitability of money deposit bank with particular reference to First Bank Nig Plc, she developed the following research hypothesis;

Hypothesis I

Ho: Internal auditors do not have any impact on the profitability of First Bank Nig Plc.

H1: Internal auditors have significant impact on the profitability of First Bank Nig Plc.

Hypothesis II

Ho: Poor management is not the cause of fraudulent practices in First Bank Nig Plc.

H1: Poor management is one of the causes of fraudulent practices in First Bank Nig Plc.

Hypothesis III

Ho: Internal auditor does not have any impact on the development of Nigerian banking industry.

H1: Internal auditors has significant impact on the development of Nigerian banking industry.

Hypothesis IV

Ho: There are no problems hindering the service provided by internal auditors in Nigeria Banking industry.

H1: There are so many problems hindering the service provided by internal auditors in Nigeria Banking industry.


1.5 Significance Of The Study

It is hope that this study will enable the management of the First bank and other similar companies that requires an effective internal audit such as Research institute, business organizations and the General Investigating public be guided adequately in the pursuit of the realization of their own objectives. It will enable them manage the increasing fraud and wastages, cases of sophistication of crimes, Irregularities and their implications

Finally, it will be of immense benefit to the practicing accountants in their audit works, there would be accountants, legal practitioners who need them as a Good reference guide for their legal duties.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study focuses on the impact of internal auditing on the profitability of money deposit bank with particular reference to First Bank Nig Plc. The reason is to enable the Researcher have a enough time o carry out an Indept study of the subject matter with regards to its operations in the institution. It is important to state that in spite of the sensitive Nature of the issue, the quality of work was neither delineated nor lacked substance and as such should be reliable in Establishing comparative standards of performance.

1.7 LIMITATION TO THE STUDY

The major limitation to this study is Essentially Time. The fact that one does his job or she is Expected to perform her full-time official duty as a worker from Monday through Friday’s and still carries on with this project work is energy –whelming.

In addition, the time presently allotted to the study of research documentation/project writing is quite insufficient. On a suggestion that student should be groomed and grounded in the areas of research of work right from their 2nd year of the four years programmes. This will enable them to operate matters rather than the new famous crash.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

AN AUDIT: Nwabueze C.C (1997) Defined an audit as an independent Examination by a statutory appointed person called the auditor to investigate, an organization, it’s records and the financial statements prepared from them, and thus. Form an opinion on the accuracy and correctness of the financial statement.

AUDITING: J.C Eze Defines auditing as an activity carried on by the auditor when he verifies or Examines accounting information, Determine the accuracy and reliability of accounting statement and reports, and then Express his opinion.

INTERNAL AUDIT: An independent appraisal function Established by the management for the review of the internal control system as a service to the organization. (J.C EZE)

The institute of chartered accountants of England and Wales (ICAE&W) also defines internal auditing as:- “ A Review of operation and records, sometimes continuous undertaking within a business by specially assigned staff ”

INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM: Auditing standard and guide line (ASG) define the system as ’’ the whole system of controls, financial & otherwise established by the management in order to:

1. Carry on the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner ;

2. Ensure adherence to management polices ;

3. Secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of the records.

MANAGEMENT AUDIT: According to mayo associates limited (1988) management audit is an independent Examination of the quality and polices of the management of an organization as well as the level of their execution against the background of relevant environmental factors and condition. It could cover any aspect of an organization activities such as : corporate planning, marketing, finance and accounting, production research and development, or other aspect of its corporate affairs . the objective is to produce a report which will form a basis for the review and amendment of the organization policies and procedures.

AUDITING STANDARD: Auditing practice committee (APC) defined Auditing standard as those principles which the members of the profession should use as guide line whenever they are discharging an auditing responsibility.


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THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN CONTROLLING FRAUD AND WASTAGES IN CORPORATE ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF INNOSON TECHNICAL COMPANY EMENE, ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

The internal audit function is one of the fundamental “checks and balance” for sound corporate governance. It helps organizations to achieve their stated objectives by using a systematic methodology for analyzing business process, procedures and activities with the goal a highlighting organizational problems and recommending solutions. It reviews the functioning of an organization by examining the effectiveness and efficiency of the internal control system. The large organizations like Innoson Technical Company, Emene Enugu, the internal audit department is not only desirable but necessary to complement the role of the external auditors and that of the management decision the seal to crack this puzzle, the researcher chose this topic “the responsibilities of the Internal Auditor in controlling fraud and wastages in corporate governance, (A case study of Innoson Technical Company, Emene Enugu)”. The information for the study was collected using primary methods of data collection. For the primary data collection, questionnaires, personnel observations and oral interview were used. The researcher used chi-square statistical model to analyses the data. Some major findings were made: that some of the fraudulent practice is as a result of poor management and lack of professionals in the accounting and auditing department of the organization which has given room to low profit turnover and misappropriation of fund and so many wastages in the company. It was also discovered that information is a vital ingredient for audit investigation and report to the management. However, some recommendation were proffered, viz the quality of staff should be in place; the organization will have good recruitment training and promotional policy in order to have a good internal audit. Also, the interference with the duties of the internal audit by the management should be discouraged etc


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In our society where the business culture has been overridden in recent times with fraudulent practice penetrate by management and employee, the detection was often led to unjustifiable criticisms of his role. Auditors are known to be competent, honest and independent professionals who express unbiased opinion on the truth and fairness of the financial statement as presented by management to members of the company. The accounting profession has over the year built a reputation, which encourages others to rely upon the opinions auditors express. If these opinions are unclear or even unreliable serious consequences may and indeed have resulted.

The auditors duty is to examine the financial records of the company and to take reasonable care to ascertain that the financial records shows the company’s true position. The auditor is expected to prepare a detailed report to the company members and report shall state the matters set out in schedule six to this act. The auditor is also to consider whether the information given in the director’s report for the year for which the accounts are prepared is consistent with those accounts; and if they are of opinion that it is not, they shall state that fact in their report. If the subsiding company and its auditors fail to provides this information, every other officer who is in default shall be guilty of an offence and liable to fine. That an auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditing and has been one of the most frequently debated areas amongst auditors, politicians, media, regulators and public (Gay et al, 2007). This debate has been especially highlighted by the collapse of both small and big corporations across the globe. The auditing profession in Nigeria has caught the media’s attention following financial scandals in some of the Nigerian banks such as Intercontinental Bank, Oceanic Bank, Afribank, as bank PHB among others.

There seem presently to be a misconception that auditors duties are largely the preventing detecting and reporting of fraud, for example, (Idris, 2009). Financial report user’s perceptions of the extent of fraud in Nigeria, and to determine their perceptions of the auditor’s responsibilities in detecting fraud and the performance of related audit procedures. The paper also aims to ascertain whether the report user’s perceptions of auditors’ responsibilities on fraud are consistent with those of the auditing profession as expressed in auditing standard in Nigeria.

Fraud, according to Adeniji (2004) and ICAN (2006), is intentional act by one or more individuals among management employees or third parties, which result in a misrepresentation of financial statements. Omission of the truth for the purpose of deception/manipulation to the financial detriment of an individual or an organization which also includes embezzlement which also includes embezzlement, theft or any attempt to steal or unlawfully obtain, misuse or harm the asset of the organization, (Adeduro, 1998 and Bostley and Drover, 1972). Fraud has increased considerably over the recent years and professionals believe this tend is likely to continue. According to Brink and Witt (1982), fraud is an ever-present threat to important concern of management. ISA 240 “the auditor’s responsibilities to consider fraud in an audit of financial statement (Revised)” refers to fraud as an “an intentional act by one or more individuals among management, those charged with governance, employees or third parties, involving the use of deception to obtain an unjust or illegal advantage”. Aderibigbe and Dada (2007), defined fraud as a deliberate deceit planned and executive with the intent to deprive another person of his property or rights directly or indirectly, regardless of whether the perpetuator benefits from his/her actions.

Weirich and Reinstein (2000 Cited in Allyne and Howard, 2005), defined frauds as intentional deception cheating and stealing some common types of fraud include creating fictitious creditors, “ghosts” on the payroll, falsifying cash sales, underclared stock, making unauthorized “write-offs”, and claiming excessive or never incurred expenses. Pollick (2006) regards fraud as a “deliberate misrepresentation, which causes one to suffer damages, usually monetary losses”. Albrecht et al (1995 cited in Allyno and Howard 2005) classified fraud into employee embezzlement, management fraud. Fraud also involves complicated financial transactions conducted by white-collar criminals, business professional with specialized knowledge and criminal intent (Pollick, 2006).

The term fraud, waste and abuse are often used interchangeably, even though they are conceptually and legal distinct. They nevertheless often co-exist, frequently arise from the same underlying factors, and in terms of prevention, they are often amenable to the same counter measure. Fraud against government is more easily accomplished in an environment of administrative and fiscal laxity. Indeed, it may well be that a significant proportion or revenue loss flows less from deficit than from careless or inefficient management of public resources. In my event, the appearance of carelessness and inefficiency can be an invitation to perpetrators of fraud.





1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Internal audit is an integral part of the finance structure of public organizations. A constant complaint in the sector is that internal audit department is too understaffed and under resourced generally to be fully effective. There exist a lot of arrears of work due to inadequate staffing of internal audit departments. There is inadequate knowledge of Electronic Data Processing (EDP) and computer for efficient auditing of computerized systems. Most of the public sector management working papers do not provide cementation because of this problem. Staff of the internal audit department is not well remunerated and it makes them to lack interest in their work. Many adduce the argument that internal auditors, being employees in public sector do not have the liberty to exercise the unbiased and independent attitude so necessary to auditor. In the heal of the controversies for inept public sector performance, Nigeria as a developing economics and Kano State in particular has to garner her resources for effective developmental utilization and the need for the services of internal auditor in the public sectors becomes more imperative hence this research into the effectiveness of using internal audits as instrument of improving public sector management.


1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research work is to examine the responsibilities of the internal auditor in controlling fraud and wastages in corporate organization, with specific reference to Innoson Technical Company, Emene Enugu. The specific objective of this research work includes the following:-

1. To evaluate the role of internal auditor in controlling fraud and wastages in Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

2. To determine the effect of fraud wastages on the performance of the company (Innoson Technical Company, Enugu).

3. To examine the impact of the internal auditor in the department of Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

4. To determine the types and causes of fraudulent practices in Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The researcher formulated the following research questions:

1. Does internal auditor play significant role in controlling fraud and wastages in the company?

2. Does fraud and wastages have any effect on the performance of the company?

3. Does the internal auditor have significant impact on the development of the company?

4. Does false accounting and asset misappropriation constitute types and causes of fraudulent practices in your company?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

For the researcher to carryout extensive study on the responsibility of the internal auditor in controlling fraud and wastages in corporate organization, with specific reference to Innoson Technical Company Enugu, he developed the following research hypothesis;

HO: Internal auditor does not play any role in controlling fraud and wastages in Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

HI: Internal auditor play significant role in controlling fraud and wastages in Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

Ho: Fraud and wastages do not have any effect on the performance of the company.

HI: Fraud and wastages have so many effects on the performance of the company.

HO: The internal auditors do not have any impact on the development of Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

HI: The internal auditors have significant impact on the development of Innoson Technical Company, Enugu.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is hoped that this study will enable the management of Innoson Technical Company, Enugu and other similar companies that requires an effective internal audit such as research institution, business organizations and the general investigating public to be guided adequately in the pursuit of the realization of their own objectives. It will enable them manage the increasing fraud and wastages, cases of sophistication of crime, irregularities and their implications.

Finally, it will be of immense benefits to the practicing accountants in their audit works, there would be accountants, legal practitioners who need them as a good reference guide for their legal duties.



1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study focuses on the responsibilities of the internal auditor in controlling fraud and wastages in corporate organization, with specific reference to Innoson Technical Company, Emene Enugu. The reason is to enable the researcher have enough time to carry out an in-depth study of the subject matter with regards to its operations in the institution. It is important to state that in spite of the sensitive nature of the issue, the quality of work was neither delineated nor lacked substance and as such should be reliable in establishing comparative standards of performance.

The major limitation of this study is essentially “time”. The fact that one does his job or she is expected to perform her full-time official duty as a student from Monday to Friday and still carries on with his/her project work is energy whelming.

In addition, the time presently allotted to the study research documentation/project writing is insufficient. On a suggestion that student should be grounded in the areas of research work right from 2nd year of the four years program. This will enable them to operate matters rather than the new famous crash.

Finally, inadequate finance; financing the project is another handicap on the researchers. An extensive research work requires reasonable level of funding which made the researcher not to be able to collect all necessary information pertaining to this research work.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

An Audit: Nwabueze C.C. (2000), defined an audit as an independent examination by a statutory appointed person called the auditor to investigate an organization, its records and the financial statements prepared from them and thus, from an opinion on the accuracy and correctness of the financial statement.

Auditing: J.C. Eze (2005), defined auditing as an activity carried on by the auditor when he verifies or examines accounting information, determine the accuracy and reliability of accounting statement and reports and then express his opinion.

Internal Audit: Is an independent appraisal function established by the management for the review of the internal control system as a service to the organization (Eze J.C). The institute of chartered accountants of England and Wales (ICAE & W) also defined internal auditing as “A review of operation and records, sometimes continuous, undertaking within a business by specially assigned staff”.

Internal Control System: Auditing standard and guideline (ASA) defined the system as “the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise established by the management in order to:

1. Carry out the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner.

2. Ensure adherence to management policies.

3. Secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of the records.

Management Audit: According to Mayo association limited (1988), management audit is an independent examination of the quality and policies of the management of an organization as well as the level of their execution against the background of relevant environmental factors and condition. It could cover any aspect of organization activities such as: Corporate planning, marketing, financial and accounting, production research and development, or other aspect of its corporate affairs. The objective is to produce a report that will form a basis for the review and amendment of the organization policies and procedures.

Auditing Standard: Auditing Practice Committee(APA) defined auditing standard as those principle which the members of the profession should use as guideline whenever they are discharging and audit responsibility.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/411/the-responsibilities-of-internal-auditors

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THE ROLE OF NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY (A STUDY OF FIRST BANK PLC OKPARA AVENUE ENUGU)


ABSTRACT

In this research work titled “the role of Nigerian Stock exchange in the development of Nigerian economy” with specific reference to First Bank Plc Okpara Avenue Branch Enugu the researcher To evaluate the role of Nigerian stock exchange in the development of Nigerian economy. determined the various activities of Nigerian stock exchange. Examined the instruments of the Nigerian stock exchange. created awareness of mechanics of stock exchange transaction and to increase communication facilities. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data Collection. Primary data: questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data: journals, and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature review was carried out on the direct literature and indirect literature on books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables and percentages were used in treatment of data. The researcher found out that The Nigerian stock exchange functions as an institution for sourcing capital development through the issues of public debt instruments. It also acts as the capital meeting place for members to buy and sell existing stock and shares and for granting quotations to the new issues through the provision of opportunities for raising new or fresh capital. Based on the findings the researcher recommends that government should enlightened the masses on the need and the importance of the stock exchange in the country. Government should encourage the establishment of branches office of the stock exchange in all local areas of the federation. Employment of Qualified Staff: Qualified staff should be employed. This is necessary so that the investors will be given efficient services.



CHAPTER ONE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian stock exchange which started as the Lagos stock exchange Act of 1961, following the report of the Bare back committee, set up May 1958, by the Federal Government, to advice on ways and means of a share market in Nigeria.

The Lagos stock exchange was incorporated on the 15th September, 1960. But began operations on the 2nd December, 1977 transformed into the Nigerian stock exchange with branches now in Kaduna, Port-Harcourt, Ibadan and Onitsha.

The Nigeria stock exchange presently, there are six branches of Nigeria stock exchange with each branch having a trading floor. The branch in Lagos was opened in 1961, Kano was opened in 1989, Kaduna 1978, Onitsha 1990, Ibadan August 1990 and Port-Harcourt 1980.

Lagos is the head office of the Nigeria stock exchange. Besides Abuja is now included 2001. again, the Nigerian stock exchange started only with nineteen securities and traded on it’s floors in 1961, now has 257 securities made up of 36 Federal government stock, 62 cooperatives or industrial loans and debentures) preference stocks and 159 equity/ stock of companies, all was a total market capitalization of approximately three half billion. During the early years, trading was however, low due to the slow ratio of capital formation, lack of awareness of mechanics of stock exchange transaction and poor communication facilities.

However, with the implementation of the Nigeria enterprises promotion Decree, listing was booted and by 1980, the exchange registered a total of 91 firms. The market capital of equities only has grown to over N59, 924 billion (fifty nine billion nine hundred and twenty four million naira. There are 48 listed firms whose stock are traced on the floor of the exchange, all grouped by sub-sectors.

The idea of a stock exchange for Nigeria came into being from the report of Professor R.H. Darback committee published in 1950 which recommended as follows.

1. The creation of facilities for dealing in shares.

2. The establishment of rules regulating transfers.

3. Measures to encourage savings and issues of securities of government and other organization.

This report was accepted by the federal government and in September 1960, the Lagos stock exchange was incorporated as a non-profit making organization through the combination of effort from the following.

1. Central bank of Nigeria (CBN)

2. Nigerian Industrial Development (NID)

3. The Federal Government

4. Nigeria business community. (NBC)

The subscribers to the memorandum and Article of association of the Lagos stock exchange at the time of incorporation include:

1. Alhaji Shehu Bakar

2. Chief Theophilus Adebayo Doherty

3. Sir Odumegun Ogukwu

4. Mr Akintola Williams

5. C.Y. Boneings and Co. Nigeria Limited

6. John Holt Nigeria Limited

7. The Investment Company of Nigeria Limited.

The above listed names are men that contributed to the memorandum and article of association of the Lagos stock exchange.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The Nigerian exchange market was supposed to have contributed greatly to the development of Nigerian economy in many arrears but the unawareness of the public on the instrument that the traded by the stock exchange posses a huge problem to the Nigerian economy. The number of people that make use of the service of the stock exchange market in Nigerian is too low.

Additionally, most people are not abreast of the duties and responsibilities of the stockers and brokers. These two bodies play a role in the transaction of the stock exchange market in Nigeria. Since there duties and responsibilities are not properly known, these tend to present problem to the exchange.

Lastly, the Nigerian stock exchange is not fully financed by the Federal government and as a result, the exchange does not have adequate capital or fund to meet its obligations. The encouragement and incentives which they received from the Federal government is nothing to write home about, this study will analyze in details the contribution of the Nigerian stock exchange to the Nigerian economy. The Nigeria stock exchange market can equipt itself to thereby taking its rightful position as the solution of the problem as the case may be, the contribution to the solution of the problem is that the Nigeria stock exchange (NSE) should make sure that their stokers and brokers abreast of the duties and responsibilities for that will contribute greatly to the development of Nigeria economy and that will also increase the number of people that make use of the services, because Nigeria capital market lack the liquidity needed for a sustainable bond market.

Therefore, this study will analyze in details the contribution of the Nigerian stock exchange to the Nigerian economy.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In order to ensure meaningful and adequate performance of the Nigerian stock exchange, the objective of the study could be stated as follows.

1. To evaluate the role of Nigerian stock exchange in the development of Nigerian economy.

2. To determine the various activities of Nigerian stock exchange.

3. To examine the instruments of the Nigerian stock exchange.

4. To create awareness of mechanics of stock exchange transaction and to increase communication facilities.

5. To Proffer possible solutions to the problems identified.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Ho: Nigerian stock exchange does not play any role in the development of Nigerian economy.

H1: Nigerian stock exchange play significant role in the development of Nigerian economy.

Ho: Nigerian stock exchange is not faced with any problem in carrying its objective.

H1: Nigerian stock exchange is faced with so many problems in carrying its objective.



1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher:

1. What are the roles of Nigerian stock exchange in the development of Nigerian economy?

2. What are the instruments of the Nigerian stock exchange?

3. What are the various activities of Nigerian stock exchange?

4. Does Nigerian stock exchange face any problems in carrying its objective?

5. What are the duties and responsibilities of those two bodies. The stokers and brokers?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The following benefits derived from this study are stated as follows.

1. Creation of facilities for dealing in shares.

2. Measures to encourage savings and issues of securities of government.

3. Establishment of rules regulating transfers.

4. The development of economic growth in the capital market.

5. Issues and investors in the Nigerian capital market have access to world class brokerage advisory port-folio etc.

6. The Nigerian stock exchange makes the movement of money into business finance.

7. Creation of ability to raise capital in the primary market and understanding the nature of the Nigerian capital market.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project work focuses on the role of Nigerian stock exchange (NSE) in the development of the Nigerian economy with particular reference to first Bank Nigerian Plc Okpara Avenue Enugu.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher in carrying out this study encountered numerous problems, which includes:

i. Time constraints

ii. Financial problem.

i. TIME:– Time is one of the constraints to the researcher. This is because the researcher is combining school activities and at the same time other activities and this made her unable to cover a lot of interesting areas and therefore limited her research work only at Enugu metropolis.

But this constraints have limited the researcher to carry out her research work effectively.

ii. Financial problem:– This included lack of enough fund to move around and visit the various areas in the state, also lack of money to buy enough research material and journals which constitutes on impediment of to researchers high cost of transportation in the city and outside the city due to long distance also imposed its own limitation on the researcher.

From the above mentioned points the researcher tried her best to bring out in details, the point in which the study may not go beyond.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/410/the-role-of-nigerian-stock

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EFFECT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE ON THE GROWTH OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC


ABSTRACT

This research work titled “the effect of research and development expenditure on the growth of Nigerian Breweries Plc” the researcher identified the effect of research and development expenditure on growth of an organization. The relationship existing between research and development expenditure and return on investment. The researcher equally determined how research and development expenditure affects the turnover of organizations. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data Collection. Primary data: questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data: journals, and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature review was carried out on the direct literature and indirect literature on books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables and percentages was used in treatment of data. The researcher found out that Research and development expenditure affects the growth of an organization. It was also discovered that there is significant relationship between research and development expenditure and return on investment. The research equally discovered that research and development expenditure affects turnover of an organization positively. Based on the findings the researcher recommends that The management of Nigerian Breweries Plc should invest more research and development for effective growth and development of the organization. The management of Nigerian Breweries Plc should train their staff on research and development to enable them have on maximum return on investment. Government and private institutions should embark on research and development programs for maximum turnover on its expenditure.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria Breweries Plc, a pioneer and public company quoted on the Nigeria stock exchange was incorporated on the 6th of November 1946 under the Nigerian breweries Limited. The name was changed on the 7th of January 1957 to Nigerian Breweries Limited and thereafter to Nigeria breweries Plc in 1990 when the companies and Ailied matters act of the year came into effect. The company is a subsidiary of Heineken N.V of the Netherland which holds a 54.09% interest in the equity if Nigerian Breweries Plc.

Its research and development expenditure on research activities, undertaken with the prospect of gaining. new scientific and technical knowledge and understanding is recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

Research activities in Nigeria Breweries involves a plan or design used by the industry to improve its manufacturing process. The research and development is a process by which new innovations are' designed to - enhance the industry's agricultural and-raw materials.

Nigeria Breweries plc, being a brewery industry its major source of raw material, water and sorghum. Sorghum is a genus of grasses, with about 30 species, one of which are raised for gain and many of which are used as fodder plants, either cultivated or as past of pasture. The plants are cultivated in warm climates worldwide. These sorghum include corn, wheat, cassava.

The effect of research, on the productivity 'of the company's product involved in activities aimed at development of new sorghum hybrids with the potential of increasing the quality of malt produced and yield/output for the sorghum growers. The activities include evaluation of available raw sorghum varieties with the aim of identifying peculiarities of the seeds and impact on malt production. These will help stimulate the sorghum industry and define a sustainable malting process which will guaranty the production of high quality sorghum malt that will consistently meet all specifications for beverage making in our breweries. The company also has a subsisting consultancy agreement with a Nigerian professor on the development of sorghum seeds.

Development activities design for the production of new or substantially improved products and processes. Development expenditure is capitalized only if development costs can be measures reliably the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the company intends to have sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. The expenditure capitalized includes the cost of material, direct labour, overhead costs that are directly attributable to preparing the assets for its intended use and borrowing cost on qualifying assets for which the commencement date for capitalization is on or after 1st January.

Other development expenditure is recognize in profit and loss as incurred. Capitalized development expenditure is measured at cost less accumulated a moralization and accumulated impairment

losses.

The effect of research and development expenditure has improved the agricultural and rain materials of breweries the available raw sorghum with the aim of indentifying a peculiar seed to enhance the malt production.

The research aim to increasing the quality of malt productivity and stimulate the industry by defining a sustainable malting process to improve the company profitability and enhance the economic growth. Through this research and development expenditure, the company strategies use its productivity by using wheat as its source of raw material in its malting process.

The use of wheat in the production process have reduced the cost of production for the firm and added a- great advantage to its profitability ad turnover. The means of production helps the industry to maintain its stand as the world class brewery industry.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nigerian Breweries Plc, a pioneer company and a world class brewery industry undergoes several challenges to kill maintain its stand as world class brewery industry. These challenge stand as a problem facing the industry and 'most manufacturing industries in the country.

1. Problem of research techniques and production- process.

2. Its agricultural and raw material development process.

3. The site the industry should be builds since water is the firms major source of production.

4. Cost of production and profitability measure.

5. Marketing strategies, to meet up with its market demand and productivity.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To identify the effect of research and development expenditure on the growth of organization.

2. To examine the relationship existing between research and development expenditure and return on investment.

3. To determine how research and development expenditure affect the turnover of Organizations.

To examine the extent to which research and development expenditure affect the market price per share of organizations

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

In this research worth, in relation to the topic research and development expenditure on the growth of Nigerian Breweries Plc. The importance of these questions is to enable the researcher achieve its objective on these work.

The questions are:

1. Does research and development expenditure affect the growth or organization?

2. Does significant relationship exist between research and development expenditure -and return on investment?

3. How does research and development expenditure affect the turnover of organizations?

4. To what extent does research and development expenditure affect the market price per share or organization?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The following research questions are formulated and tested in the study.

The following hypothesis will be, used in the study.

1. Ho: Research and development expenditure does not affect the growth of organization

HI: Research and development expenditure does affect the growth of organization.

2. Ho: A significant relationship does not exist between research and development expenditure and return on investment.

HI: A significant relationship does exist between research and development expenditure and return on investment.

3. Ho: Research and development expenditure does not positivity affect turnover of organization.

HI: Research and development expenditure does positivity affect turnover of organization.

4. Ho: Research and development expenditure does not affect the market price per share of organization to a very great extent.

HI: Research and development expenditure does affect the market price per share of organization to a very great extent.


1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This project is expected to be beneficial to the following:

1. Researchers

It will serve as a reference point for any other researcher especially on the related topic.

2. Business Organization

This research work will serve as an eye opener to investors as basis on assessing the survival and growth of corporate organizations.

3. Me, the Writer/Researcher

This research work enables me to understand and know the importance of research in production process.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In the process of this study, only research and development expenditure are concentrated on organizational sector growth. The researcher also choose the following classes of personnel. The management level staff, the junior staff to whose questions are ask and examined carried out.

These organizations have grown from strength to- strength in recent years in terms of research and development expenditure.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In this process of study, the researcher came across a list of problems, one of which is poor and non-challant attitude of some respondents. Some are reluctant in responding to questions. Another problem encountered in the course of writing this research work was time. The researcher did not find it easy combining class work with the time and attention needed for a successful completion of this study.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The terms associated with this study will be clearly defined.

1. Research: this is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon.

Research involves inductive and deductive method.

Inductive method analyse the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structure or processes underlying the phenomenon observed. Deductive method verify the hypothesis principle through observation.

2. Development:

Development is the systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objective or requirements.

3. Growth

An increase in size, number value or strength enlargement, act of growing development and maturation.

Growth is an organization's future ability to generate large profit, expand its workforce and ramp up its production.

4. Expenditure:

Oxford dictionary defines expenditure as amounts of money spend. Expenditure are those expenses organization spend to produce its revenue through running its main operations for the time period



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/408/effect-of-research-and-development

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