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Before chemical pesticides were invented, farmers relied upon local predators to control crop-devastating pests for millennia, but now the practice is getting a modern revival.
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Scattered among the highly biodiverse forests of South East Asia, millions of farmers eke out their livelihoods by growing cassava. This cash crop — grown by both small-scale farmers who own just one or two hectares and industrial farms spread across thousands of hectares — is sold mainly to manufacturers who use its starch in plastics and glues.

When cassava was first imported to South East Asia from South America (as it was to Africa a few decades earlier), it was able to grow without the help of pesticides. Then in 2008, the cassava mealybug followed the root vegetable to the region and began devastating the crops. To compensate for the losses, farmers began encroaching into the forests around their plots to try to get a little bit more produce from their land.

“Some of those areas are under significant pressure from deforestation,” says Kris Wyckhuys, an expert in biological controls at China Academy of Agricultural Sciences’ Institute of Plant Protection in Beijing. “Cambodia has some of the highest rates of tropical deforestation.”

The arrival of the cassava mealybug not only had major impacts on the livelihoods of those who grow cassava, it affected the national economies of the countries in the region and might have had rippling effects elsewhere.

Substitute products in the starch market like corn and potato rose in price. There was a threefold increase in the price of cassava starch in Thailand — the world’s number one exporter of cassava starch.

“When an insect reduces crop yields by 60–80%, you have a major shock,” says Wyckhuys. The solution was to find the mealybug’s natural enemy, a 1mm-long parasitic wasp (Anagyrus lopezi), in its native South America. This wasp is extremely selective about using the cassava mealybug as a host for its larvae. By late 2009 it had been introduced to the cassava cropland in Thailand and had started working its way through the mealybugs.

There’s no detailed information on how quickly the wasp drove mealybug populations down in the country. But by mid-2010, “parasitic wasps were being reared by the millions and mass-released throughout Thailand, including by airplane, and we can assume that their impacts on mealybug populations could be felt fairly quickly,” says Wyckhuys.
The cassava crop is incredibly important to the economies of South East Asia (Credit: Getty Images)

The cassava crop is incredibly important to the economies of South East Asia (Credit: Getty Images)

When the same wasp was used to control mealybugs in West Africa in the early 1980s, it promptly suppressed the pest population levels from more than 100 individuals on each cassava tip to fewer than 10–20. Less than three years later, the wasp had effectively dispersed over 200,000 sq km (77,220 sq miles) in southwestern Nigeria and could be found on the vast majority of cassava fields in the area.

This type of intervention is called classical biological control. You find a natural predator and introduce it to a crop to curb the spread of a pest. Wyckhuys calculated the economic benefit to the farmers across 26 countries in Asia-Pacific at $14.6bn to $19.5bn (£11.4bn to £15.2bn) per year. “The action of a 1mm wasp helped to resolve a major financial shock in the global starch market,” he says.

Biological control was the default for thousands of years, so it’s funny to think of it as new — Rose Buitenhuis

Our understanding of the benefits of the right predator in cropland stretches back millennia, though biocontrol has largely fallen out of fashion in modern farming practices. “Biological control was the default for thousands of years, so it’s funny to think of it as new,” says Rose Buitenhuis, a scientist at the independent horticulture science organisation, Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, in Ontario, Canada.

If biocontrol can be so successful, why is it now an uncommon method of fighting pests? What happens when it goes wrong? And why are researchers pushing to change that?

Controversies are online as AKA got frustrated as Gemini Major’s new single “Iron Duke” got leaked.

The song was to remain veiled in AKA’s soon to drop EP titled Bhovamania by November. Matters arose as the song got leaked by a guy from Gemini Major’s team.

AKA also confirmed he gave the track to the guy to play in his sets and not to be leaked.

“What am I supposed to do?!?! The shit is out now!!!!! Like WHAT MUST I DO NOW? Worse part is that I gave the guy the record to PLAY IN HIS SETS!!!!!!!! Not to fucking leak!!!!!!” – AKA
Iron Duke is currently trending on Twitter as AKA is so disappointed in his team for leaking an unfinished song. He expresses this disappointment to Gemini Major as he believed they have worked more together for this to happen.

Three people have been killed in a knife attack at a church in the French city of Nice, police say.

President Emmanuel Macron denounced the “Islamist terrorist attack” at the Notre-Dame basilica after visiting the scene in the southern city.

One elderly victim who was praying was “virtually beheaded”. Another woman and a man also died. A suspect was shot and detained shortly afterwards.

Two other attacks took place on Thursday — in France and Saudi Arabia.

A man was shot dead in Montfavet near the southern French city of Avignon after threatening police with a handgun.

Separately, a guard was attacked outside the French consulate in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A suspect was arrested and the guard taken to hospital.

In pictures: Scene of knife attack in Nice

Anti-terror prosecutors have opened a murder inquiry and France has raised its national security alert system to its highest level.

Nice Mayor Christian Estrosi spoke of “Islamo-fascism” and said the suspect had “repeated endlessly ‘Allahu Akbar’ (God is greatest)”.

Mr Estrosi compared the attack to the recent murder of teacher Samuel Paty, who was beheaded close to his school outside Paris earlier this month.

Police have not suggested a motive for the attack in Nice. However, it follows days of protests in some Muslim-majority countries triggered by President Macron’s defence of the publication of cartoons that depicted the Prophet Mohammed. There have been calls in some countries for a boycott of French goods.
French President Emmanuel Macron (3rd left) meeting police officers in Nice. Photo: 29 October 2020image copyrightReuters
image captionPresident Macron (third from left) has promised a crackdown on Islamic extremism in France

Meanwhile, two further attacks took place on Thursday morning, one in France and one in Saudi Arabia.

A man was shot dead in Montfavet near Avignon after threatening police with a handgun. And a guard was attacked outside the French consulate in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A suspect was arrested and the guard taken to hospital.
What is known about the attack in Nice?

Two of those who died were attacked inside the church, the elderly woman and a man who was found with his throat cut, reports said.

A woman managed to flee to a nearby cafe after being stabbed several times, but died later.
French police officers stand at the entrance of the Notre Dame Basilica church in Nice, France, 29 October 2020image copyrightEPA
image captionThe suspect was detained minutes after the attack at the basilica

It later emerged that a witness had managed to raise the alarm with a special protection system set up by the city.
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/c6cc89a5f1474c1f8189b250979e4a47

Three people have been killed in a knife attack at a church in the French city of Nice, police say.

President Emmanuel Macron denounced the “Islamist terrorist attack” at the Notre-Dame basilica after visiting the scene in the southern city.

One elderly victim who was praying was “virtually beheaded”. Another woman and a man also died. A suspect was shot and detained shortly afterwards.

Two other attacks took place on Thursday — in France and Saudi Arabia.

A man was shot dead in Montfavet near the southern French city of Avignon after threatening police with a handgun.

Separately, a guard was attacked outside the French consulate in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A suspect was arrested and the guard taken to hospital.

In pictures: Scene of knife attack in Nice

Anti-terror prosecutors have opened a murder inquiry and France has raised its national security alert system to its highest level.

Nice Mayor Christian Estrosi spoke of “Islamo-fascism” and said the suspect had “repeated endlessly ‘Allahu Akbar’ (God is greatest)”.

Mr Estrosi compared the attack to the recent murder of teacher Samuel Paty, who was beheaded close to his school outside Paris earlier this month.

Police have not suggested a motive for the attack in Nice. However, it follows days of protests in some Muslim-majority countries triggered by President Macron’s defence of the publication of cartoons that depicted the Prophet Mohammed. There have been calls in some countries for a boycott of French goods.
French President Emmanuel Macron (3rd left) meeting police officers in Nice. Photo: 29 October 2020image copyrightReuters
image captionPresident Macron (third from left) has promised a crackdown on Islamic extremism in France

Meanwhile, two further attacks took place on Thursday morning, one in France and one in Saudi Arabia.

A man was shot dead in Montfavet near Avignon after threatening police with a handgun. And a guard was attacked outside the French consulate in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. A suspect was arrested and the guard taken to hospital.
What is known about the attack in Nice?

Two of those who died were attacked inside the church, the elderly woman and a man who was found with his throat cut, reports said.

A woman managed to flee to a nearby cafe after being stabbed several times, but died later.
French police officers stand at the entrance of the Notre Dame Basilica church in Nice, France, 29 October 2020image copyrightEPA
image captionThe suspect was detained minutes after the attack at the basilica

It later emerged that a witness had managed to raise the alarm with a special protection system set up by the city.

Chloe, a witness who lives near the church, told the BBC: “We heard many people shouting in the street. We saw from the window that there were many, many policemen coming, and gunshots, many gunshots.”

Tom Vannier, a journalism student who arrived at the scene just after the attack, told the BBC that people were crying on the street.

Four years ago Nice was the scene of another terror attack, when a Tunisian drove a truck into crowds celebrating Bastille Day on 14 July, killing 86 people.
Police in Niceimage copyrightGetty Images
image captionPolice say the attack happened shortly after 09:00
Disorientated and frightened
Analysis box by Hugh Schofield, Paris correspondent

[quote author=fakazagodsn
12. Mr Perfect (feat. Yanga Chief & Grandmaster Ready DAKA)
13. AKA (feat. L-Tido

Download Ep/Album: AKA - Bhovamania Zip & Mp3[/quote]

AKA – Bhovamania Ep/Album Zip File & Mp3 Download

South African Talented Hip Hop Rapper Hype AKA has working on a music recording project, which was declared to be an album dubbed Bhovamania.

However, some weeks ago, he revealed it’s been changed to an EP for no reason.

Full TrackList Below.

1. Intro
2. Casino ft. Sho Madjozi & Flvme
3. Heavy Drank (feat. K.O.)
4. Mufasa
5. Python (feat. Don Design & Moozlie)
6. Cross My Heart
7. Finessin’
8. Holy Water
9. Energy (feat. Gemini Major)
10. Monuments (feat. Yanga Chief & Grandmaster Ready D)
11. African Man
12. Mr Perfect (feat. Yanga Chief & Grandmaster Ready DAKA)
13. AKA (feat. L-Tido

Download Ep/Album: AKA - Bhovamania Zip & Mp3

Much of the world’s chocolate is made thanks to the cocoa grown in Ivory Coast, where an election has opened up bitter wounds, writes James Copnall, a former BBC correspondent in the country.
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A political quarrel between three, now old, men has monopolised political life in Ivory Coast for over a quarter of a century.

It has led to civil wars and coups, and almost derailed a country, which likes to see itself as a shining example for West Africa and beyond.
Supporters of President Alassane Ouattara cheering in Ivory Coast
AFP

Mr Ouattara, known to his supporters by his initials “Ado”, is not just running again — he is the favourite to win”

BBC’s James Copnall

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Ivorians go back to the polls on Saturday with the three giants of politics — Alassane Ouattara, 78, Laurent Gbagbo, 75, and Henri Konan Bédié, 86 — still looming large, even if their fortunes have dramatically shifted over the last few years.

And — as so often when elections roll round in Ivory Coast — tensions are extremely high.

It was meant to be an election too far for President Ouattara, who has been in power since 2011.
Cocoa farmers, one chopping a pod, in Ivory Coast — 2020image copyrightAFP
image captionIvory Coast is the largest producer of cocoa, the main ingredient for chocolate

The opposition insist he has served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution.

Even Mr Ouattara himself said earlier this year that he would not run. He rejected the charge that standing again would be unconstitutional — but announced it was time to make way for a younger generation.

And yet Mr Ouattara, known to his supporters by his initials “Ado”, is not just running again — he is the favourite to win.

So what has changed in the last few months, and why are tensions so high?
Third term U-turn

First, the candidate of Mr Ouattara’s RHDP party, Amadou Gon Coulibaly, a close confident and protégé of the president, died unexpectedly in July, aged 61, after travelling to France to have a stent fitted.
A man painted up at a rally against the candidacy of Alassane Ouattara at a stadium in Abidjan, Ivory coastimage copyrightAFP
image captionOpposition supporters believe President Ouattara’s third term bid is unconstitutional

After that Mr Ouattara went back on his commitment to step away from the front rank of political life.

He was apparently responding to the desires of his party, who believe he is their best chance of conserving power.

Mr Ouattara’s supporters say the two-term limit was reset when a new constitution was brought in in 2016.

Alpha Condé used a similar argument in neighbouring Guinea, and won another term in controversial elections earlier this month.

In Ivory Coast, the electoral commission accepted Mr Ouattara’s candidacy.
Two rivals disqualified

And so Mr Ouattara was free to continue his decades-long political battle with two former presidents, Mr Bédié and Mr Gbagbo, whose refusal to concede defeat to Mr Ouattara in the 2010 election sparked a bitter civil war.
Supporters of Laurent Gbagbo at a stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, October 2020image copyrightAFP
image captionMr Gbagbo, who is living in exile, put his name forward as a way to rally his supporters

But not for the first time in Ivorian politics, there was a twist. Mr Gbagbo was one of nearly 40 potential candidates who was turned down by the electoral commission.

He is still in Europe, waiting for an appeal into the decision by the International Criminal Court (ICC) to acquit him on charges of crimes against humanity in the violence that followed the 2010 election.

Another prominent politician, Guillaume Soro, who led the New Forces rebels backing Mr Ouattara who defeated Mr Gbagbo militarily in the end, has also not been allowed to stand.

Both Mr Gbagbo and Mr Soro were blocked because they have been convicted by Ivorian courts.
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The irony was not lost in Ivory Coast: Mr Ouattara was famously not allowed to run in 2000, with opponents casting doubt on whether he was really Ivorian, and much of the early years of his political life were spent struggling to get on the ballot.
A. Old men, chocolate and Ivory Coast’s bitter election 2020 Nigeria