ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to critically examine the effect of advertising on the sales of the business organization.
Questionnaires will administered to employees in various cadres in the organization structure. Short interviews will be granted along with the use of questionnaire to obtain information on the effect of advertising on the sales of the business organization.
From the data collection and analysis, the researchers were able to detect the effect of advertising on the sales of a business organization sector.
In view of the above, recommendation offered in this research work and conclusion was drawn from the analysis of the data. It is my strongest hope that these recommendations if fully implemented will go a long way in improving business organization participation and in motivation them, which will consequently lead to, increased productivity in the business sector.

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Out of the twenty three (23) local government councils in Kaduna State none has met the expectations and aspirations of the electorate who voted them into office. Some people blamed the disappointment on the council leaders. Studies in leadership is as controversial as the concept itself. At the local government level there are numerous leaders. The Local government chairman is a leader, just as the Director of Human Resources. The Treasurer is a leader just as the Director of works. Nobody will declare the Head Driver, the Head of security, the Head Messenger etc as non-leaders. They are all leaders in their own rights.

Even if this research is concerned mainly with political leaders it may seek to find out if leaders are born or made. In other worlds, is good leadership a product of appropriate training or talent from God? For instance, is Muritala Mohammed good leadership a product of his training? Is Obafemi Awolowo’s credible leadership as premier of the defunct Western Region a reflection of his training? President Nelson Mandela spend 22 years in prison. After was this the outcome of his training while in detention?
This research will try to establish the role of fund, personnel, cooperation, fellowship and of course, leadership in the delivery of dividends of democracy at the gross roots level.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study on the relationship between LEADERSHIP AND ITS EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE, ACHIEVEMENT AND GOAL REALIZATION is carried on at the Kaduna South Local government as a case study. There are many theories and principles on leadership styles and their application in organized private set like banking, manufacturing, industry etc. Can these also apply and work out the same way in a politically influenced and controlled like the local government particularly in a federation such as Nigeria?
In carrying out any collective task leadership is a major element which bring about either success or failure leadership plays central role in offering direction and purpose towards achieving set goals of an organization including Kaduna South Local ;government. It is also an important element in the social relationship of groups of work. Leadership is the main factor that determines and sharpens group behaviour especially when it is correctly applied. In his approach, each employee enjoys a feeling of strong commitment and dedication towards achieving organizational goals. Regardless of inequality of members of staff appropriate leadership style can serve as a maginet drawing every body to the centre there by providing a formidable workforce. As the saying goods unity is strength.

However, Kaduna South Local government goals can never be achieved without proper leadership style in place. It is important not that the effective performance of an individual employee is a function of both his personal characteristics and the individual environment. A careful consideration of knowledge, skills, experience, attitude and motivation of an employee enhance maximum productivity and efficiency in the job. Since leadership deals with the human resource element, it provides the basis for effective utilization of material resources in an organization through individual skills, know ledge and ability.

According to Merenu (1988) Leadership is the most influential person in an organization who provides direction, guides, group activities and ensure that group objectives are obtained. Leadership is the life wire of an organization. Douglas Mc Gregor theory X and theory Y is of the view that leaders, attitude towards subordinates has a large influence on how such workers behave both on the job and towards their leader. It is how ever important to note that no single leadership style is likely to be effective in all circumstances. Leadership styles vary based on social political environment and other circumstances.
Finally, an effective leader is measured by his ability to manage and withstand forces around him and how to effectively utilize human and material resources to ATTAIN ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVE. DOUGAS MCGREGOR, put it clear that there is a close relationship between leaders’ expectation and the resulting performances of the subordinates.
A pertinent question which this research seeks to answer is “can leadership style enhance or hinder the delivery of dividends of democracy at the local government level.”

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem identified by the researcher is the perceived poor service delivery by the various Local Government councils in Nigeria.

Many Nigerians are dissatisfied with performances of Local Governments in the country. It could be assessed that more than 80% of the 774 Local government councils in Nigeria have nothing to show for their existence in terms of executing public policies within their areas of jurisdiction, especially from 1999 to 2011. This research is therefore set out to investigate factors which are responsible for poor or low productivity in Kaduna south local government area.
Several factors are suspected to be responsible for this political factor such as shortage of fund and qualified staff, state government interference etc. however this study picked one of the factors, leadership. One thinks that of all the factors promoting high productivity or satisfactory delivery of dividends of democracy, leadership is the most important.

This is so, because, he has to combine, control and direct all other factors to achieve the set objectives. In other worlds, this work wishes to isolate concentrate on local government political leader and his administrative style with the view to identifying the degree or level of his contribution to the delivery or non-delivery of dividend of democracy from year 2000 to 2010 in Kaduna south local government area of Kaduna state.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study is to find out how leadership styles are being used in Kaduna South local government. In this aspect specific objectives include.
i. To identify the different leadership styles and their relationship with employee productivity
ii. To determine the relationship between leadership style and employee motivation.
iii. To ascertain the effects of leadership styles on community cooperation and good will.
iv. To examine the contribution of leadership styles to dividend of democracy delivery.
v. To investigate the contribution of leadership style to industry harmony and esprit decors in Kaduna South Local Government area.

HYPOTHESES
Ho: There is no significant relationship between leadership and level of delivery of dividend of democracy at the local government level.
Hi: There is significant relationship between leadership and level of delivery of budget implementation (estimate) at the local government.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In the words of Asika (1991).A project of this nature is to give opportunity to the local government to assess itself on their leadership style and their impact on employee productivity in its area. The research work is aimed at improving employee productivity thorough the adoption of various leadership styles.
In addition this study will also provide basis for workers to enjoy a feeling of strong commitment and dedication towards achieving dividend of democracy through close relationship between leadership expectation and the resulting performances of the workers in Kaduna South Local Government.
There study will also be of immense benefit to various stockholders in the field of leadership which includes students, government agencies, organizations and individuals by serving as point of references in the course of their study and work.

The finding will also old to the knowledge of the problems militating against local government performances including inter-government relationship that is to say the state leader (Governor) and the local government leader (Chairman).

Finally it will prove to the local government chairman that as a political leader at the grassroots level he was elected to carryout public policies at the local government at the local government level within available human and material resources.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
According to Yusuf (1996) one aspect in research study that gives beginners problems is how to decide the scope of the study.

The scope is the extent of work the research intends to carryout: that is the margin of the coverage of the research work in terms of phenomena to be examined and the number of subject required to provide useful information about object of the study.
The scope of this research is one local government out of 23 local governments in Kaduna state. The time frame covers the period 2000 to 2010. The study centers in the concept of leadership style and their impact on public service delivery. The study covers ten (10) years of democratic local government rule.

If excludes the period of military administration, but it covers political leader who were elected as well as those who were appointed as caretaker chairman by the state governor.
Since leadership also affects the happiness and morale of workers the researcher will examine the condition of service of the local government staff.

The research concentrates on political leaders with little reference to other traditional, religious, social leaders in the area of study.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
(i). Kaduna South Local Government: The limitation of this research in the 22 local governments which are not covered in this study. The study does not cover all the years since the creation of Kaduna South Local Government.
(ii). Time: There is inadequacy of time due to assignments and tests giving to the researcher.
(iii). Finance: There is shortage of fund because the researcher is self sponsored and after paying all other fees there is no sufficient money to finance work adequately.
(iv). Chairmen: It is also limited to the various local government Chairmen that have manage the affair of the Local government within the ten years under study.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Kaduna south local government is located in Kaduna metropolis. It was carve out of the former Kaduna Local Government in September 1991. The headquarters is in Makera. Kaduna South Local Government has fourteen (14) districts namely: Makera, Tuduwada SaboGari, Ungwan Sanusi, Mado, Kurmi Mashi, Ungwan Muazu, Kinkinan, Badiko, Kakuri Hausa, Kakuri Gwari, Bannawa, and Television.

The northern boundary is river Kaduna and the rail way line from river Kaduna to Kawo, the southern boundary is Chikun Local Government and Igabi Local Government boundary is in Rigasa.

At its inception, the local government was Sabo Kabukuk at its temporary headquarters the No: 11 Babban Dodo Street Makera. The area within the local government is administered under two area offices namely:-
No: 1 Samaru Road and
No: 5 Samaru Road
One of the offices accommodates the works department and health department while the other one accommodates the education department and non governmental organizations representatives. When Hon Mohammed Lawal Ibrahim was elected under the zero party he decided to affect rapid development of the permanent site of the secretariat and on the 16th July 1996 the personnel management Department moved into the building. The construction continued by Hon Garba Attahiru who succeeded him then over to Mr Edward Sawok who was a caretaker committee chairman whom under the construction went finally when the incumbent chairman in person of Hon Alh Mahmud Ilu was democratically elected them he continue until the finally completed the building. It accommodate well fence, land scoping and built a covered drainage them with the Nigeria breweries.

Makera is the industrial and commercial centre of the local government. Makera and Kakuri are likely populated areas and are inhabited by different ethic groups that is Hausa, Fulani, Gwari, Kanuri, Bajju, Jaba and Kataf, Kaninkon and Mungu.
The population of Kaduna South Local government is 373, 576 as per 1999 census figures. It has a mixture of high medium and low income citizens distributed in both the urban and rural part of the local government. Kaduna south local government operates six departments.
Each department is managed by executive supervisions known as supervisory councilor, who gives political direction to its activities of the department as well as to the Head of Department who is professional and who coordinates the activities of the department. The departments are:-
i. Personnel management
ii. Finance and supply
iii. Education and social development
iv. Health and environmental services
v. Works and Housing
vi. Agriculture and Natural resources.

These departments are used to carry out public policies. Therefore in the year 2003 the sum of eight hundred and ninety nine million eight hundred and forty thousand one hundred and eighty nine (899,840,189) was the amount specified in the fourth column of the schedule in respect of Kaduna South local government. The Director of personnel management is the Head of service and the administrative head of Kaduna South local government. This local government is one of the richest local government in the country with our average revenue of seven million (7000,000) a month, the recent chairman of Kaduna south local government is Mr UNANA YASHM who was appointed as caretaker by the governor of Kaduna State sir, Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The development of soil erosion began when man settled down and started turning pasture land into farmland. The intensive exploitation of the land disturbed the natural soil vegetative cover and exposed its, surface to the effect of erosive agents and to introduce such forms of agriculture that did not destroy the land the devastation of land by erosion often led to the down fall of civilization e.g in Mesopotamia Syria, China and else where.

According to Robert. M. (1984), Erosion is manifested by the determination of soil surface effected by exogenous forces, especially water. Ice wind and, man as the significant anthropogenic factor. The disturbance of soil surface is accompanied by the removal of the detached soil particles by the force of kinetic energy of some of the erosion agents, namely water and wind and the deposition of this matter with a decrease in this energy. Erosion is caused by surface num off and result complex natural process. Water erosion is caused by precipitation. Areas with a low precipitation usually have a small surface num off because precipitation water infiltrates into the soil is consumed by vegetation erosion which may also be broadly cause by a natural factor organ.

It can also be carried by improper channeling neglect of natural sewage systems and obstruction of naturally sewage by buildings. Form land and other unplanned structure causes a great deal of damage.

Although the nature of soil within the area under consideration is mostly sandy with a very low water storage capabilities. Practical observation orchestrated form visit to those site prone to erosion have shown that their may be possibility of erosion if the nun off water is not properly channel e.g the nature of the soil. In sandy soil they can form a very good soil material but danger exist if the water table is near or surface nun off is not adequately channeled. The sandy easily eroded a way from it position their by causing or may lead to fully erosion.

Furthermore, erosion is seen as one of the most serious defects in contemporary residential buildings, it is observed here that apart form it causing rapid destruction of structure / buildings, it also result to severe damage to the soil and in severe case it adversely affect the health of the occupants.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A certain condition or factor can make a soil or structure / building to loose their Sharpe effectively or ineffectively attain their maximum structural physical and economic life span. It has been seen that a number of fact observed to be responsible for the in-adequate or in-appropriate functioning channeling of sewage surface nun off water at the due time. These in turn expose the building site to the danger of erosion which accelerate their dilapidation. Among the factors or improper channeling / neglect of natural sewage system and obstruction of natural sewage by building without following the local authorities rules dropping of refuse in the drainage ways. Erosion plays a critical role in dilapidation of building and visible in construction industry as one of the most serious defect in contemporary residential buildings. All soils can suffer erosion but some are more vulnerable than others. Soils with dispersible subsoils, for example, are subject to serious erosion by funneling and gully formation.

1.3 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

The major purpose of this study is to determine. The effective way of controlling erosion in a construction site prone to erosion problem.

1) Identity the various causes of erosion in building sites.

2) Examine the appropriate materials and (new and old) used in controlling the erosion.

3) Determine the most appropriate materials and techniques required for the controlling it.

4) To recommend measure if implemented will lead to effective control of erosion in a construction

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study sought to answer the following research questions

1) What are nature and various causes of erosion in building sites

2) What are the process to be applied in erosion control.

3) What are the various types of materials to be used in controlling erosion

4) If implemented will lead to effective control of erosion in an erosion prone site

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study shall include the follow:

1) Contractors and engineers shall know how to control erosion in an erosion prone site.

2) The engineers and the general public will because more aware on the importance of erosion control in a site.

3) Lecturers, students consultants and other stakeholders in the construction industry will be theoretically & technically equipped on how to control erosion in an erosion prone construction site.

1.6 STUDY OF AREA

This study was delimited to the problem of erosion in a site prone to erosion. It focused on the type and magnitude of erosion at site in Anambra state and also looked at the specific remedial techniques to that building site will function effectively and efficiently. Attempt should be made to look into laboratory experimentation of the material used for effective control of erosion in building site prone to erosion. Ekwulobia erosion is gully erosion-gully erosion is of concern due to periodically intense rainfall and a large average of erodible soils. Effective design of gully control system must consider the gully network as a whole and be based on geomorphologic indicators such as type of network, order and stage of development.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

According to Grolie (1990). Erosion is the wearing away of the earth surface by the action of water.

According to Milos Holy (1987). Building is permanent or temporary structure enclosed within exterior walls and a roof and including all attached apparatus. Equipment and fixtures that cannot be removed without cutting into ceiling floors or walls. In the year 1960 Bernard Huss define soil as the top layer of the earths surface in which plants an grow consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with decayed organic matter and having the capability of retaining water.

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ABSTRACT
The survey study was conducted on factors influencing the choice of infant feeding options among HIV positive mothers attending health facilities in Ogoja, Cross River State. The purpose was to investigate factors influencing the choice of infant feeding options among HIV positive mothers in Ogoja, Cross River State. Four objectives and four research questions were used to guide the study. Literatures were reviewed. The population for the study was all HIV positive mothers attending health facilities in Ogoja from January-December 2011-2013, with a total of 136 registered HIV positive mothers. There was no sampling because the total population was included in the study. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire with two sections. Section A had 8 items on socio-demographic characteristics. Section B was made up of 10 items rating scale of Yes and No. Data was analyzed using chi-square statistics. Result revealed that marital status (x2= 20.924, p<.00), religious status (x2 = 14.972, p<.05), maternal health condition (x2=12.436, p<.02), limited time to breastfeed baby because of work (x2 =11.065, p<.04) and baby’s refusal to take breast milk (x2 = 18.318, p<.00) significantly influenced HIV positive mothers’ choice of infant feeding options. Major findings reveal that marital status, religious status, maternal health condition, limited time to breast feed baby because of work and baby’s refusal to take breast milk had significant influence on infant feeding options. Based on the findings it was recommended that HIV positive mothers should be sensitized by HIV/PMTCT counselors with necessary knowledge for the choice of infant feeding options.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) is a chronic, health problem with symptoms appearing anytime from several months to years. HIV is found among all known populations of the world, including the embryonic population (unborn babies) and the breastfed babies. World Health Organization, (WHO, 2011) revealed that more than eleven million people worldwide had died of AIDS, while another 3.6 million of people are already infected with HIV, with a daily infection rate of over 16,000 people globally. It was observed by Anyebe, Whiskey, Ajayi, Garba, Ochigbo and Lawal (2011) that by 2002, 42 million people had been infected with HIV/AIDS globally, 38.6 million of them were adults of which 19.2 million were women. More than 3 million children below the age of 15 were infected worldwide within the same period with about 5 million new infections being recorded yearly. Nearly two thirds of these are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, an estimated 600,000 children are infected vertically (in utero) each year, while in places where women do not breastfeed, most of the transmission occurs at the time of labor and delivery, (Okon, 2011).
In Nigeria where most women breastfeed, there is an additional risk. About 800,000 were infected out of 5.8 million in 2003 were infants and children of which 90% of these got infected through their mothers, occurring at three levels; antepartum, intrapartum and breastfeeding (Okon, 2011). There is no cure for HIV currently available, but prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) appears to be the most important intervention (Family Health International, 2004). American international health alliance (AIHA, 2008) in Ajayi, Hellandendu and Odekunle (2011) posited that ‘’ther e is no cure for HIV, but prevention of vertical transmission of HIV to include voluntary counseling and testing, (VCT) , ante-retroviral therapy, elective caesarean section; replacement of infant feed or modified breastfeeding, and restrictive use of invasive procedure such as artificial rupture of membrane, (ARM),episiotomies and cleansing of the birth canal with a microbite during labor and delivery.
Sadoh, Adeniran and Abhulimhen-Iyohas (2008) opined that exclusive breastfeeding is the ideal practice among HIV infected mothers in the first six months of life, as recommended currently, followed by replacement feeding (any formula food rather than breast milk).

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The choice of this topic came just at the right time when female involvement in criminal acts and juvenile delinquency has reached an alarming rates. It is completely impossible to talk of a society free from juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency has long been recognized and wide spread problem in the country. Children of under 18 years involving themselves in criminal activities together with the adult counterpart, but because these children have not attained maturity, which is 18 years in Nigeria, they cannot be regarded as criminal. But rather they are referred to as juvenile delinquents (Cohen, 1995).

As has been observed earlier, juvenile delinquency is a term demoting various offenses committed by children or youths under the age of 18. Children’s offenses typically include delinquent acts that would be considered crimes if committed by adults and status offenses, which are less serious misbehaviour such as truancy and parental disobedience. Both are within the jurisdiction of the juvenile count, more serious offenses committed by minors may be tried in criminal court and be subject to prison sentences (Igbinovia, Okonofua, Omoyibo, Osunde and Obaro, 2005). The recent increase in female involvement in deviant acts have reached unprecedented height that fear grips the populace of this country as to worth pointing out that in Nigeria where violet crimes by female are fast the delinquent is no longer desprised or seen as a deviant but is highly respected and advertised. They are the glamour girls. Juvenile delinquency cases are those referred to juvenile courts for acts defined in the status of the state as violation of status law.

Since ancient times enlightened legal system have distinguished between juvenile delinquents and adult criminals. The immature generally were not considered morally responsible for their behavior under the code Napoleon in France for example; limited responsibility was ascribed to children under the age of 16. Despite the apparent humanity of some early status, however, the punishment of juvenile offenders until the 19th century was often serve. In Nigeria like in the US, many child criminals were treated as adult criminals. In many instances, child offenders were processed through the adult courts, sentences for all offenders could be harsh and the death penalty was occasionally imposed. The first institution expressly for juvenile, the House of Refuge, was founded in New York city in 1824 so that institutionalized delinquents could be kept apart from adult criminals. By the mid-19th century other state institution for juvenile delinquents were established, and their population soon included not only young criminals but also less serious offenders and dependent children (Obaro, 2008).

The concept of study is as a result of the astonished effect of the problem of delinquency caused by juveniles coupled with its associated problems. I decided to carry out a detailed survey of delinquent female student in selected female secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area since our society has for long been plagued into social problems such as poverty, exploitation man by man, child base and neglect, problem of the aged, drug abuse, prostitution, truancy, rape incest, burglary, stealing and juvenile delinquency.

Juvenile delinquency has long been in existence with it wide spread problem in the country. These children engage themselves in arininal activities together with adult but because they have not reach maturity age which is 18 years, therefore, they are referred to as juvenile. These children are sometimes beyond parental control, they wonder about and become delinquency (Obaro, 2008). A juvenile is typically defined as some one between the age of 7 and 17 and three types of juvenile come under the courts youthful offenders are those who engage in behavior for which adults can be tried in a criminal court. All predatory crimes are included here. The second type is the status offender, these who violate the juvenile court code rather than the criminal code. Behavior such as truancy running away from home and breaking the curfew is included here. Finally, the court deals with minors in need of care those who are neglected or abused and in need of the court’s care. These juveniles do not fall into the juvenile court. The range of behavior defined as delinquent tends to be broad perhaps as many as percent of all young people have engage in behavior that would fall under the jurisdiction of juvenile court (Obaro, 2008).

Although juvenile comes in different ways, at different times and in different sector. So, for the purpose of this work, I will only consider and limit my study to female student in selected secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria as a developing country needs to look inward in issues like these so as to enable appropriate policies to be taken to reduce and control juvenile delinquencies because if not checked properly, these children will not be useful to themselves and the society at large.

1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Juvenile delinquency has reached an alarming rate. Juvenile delinquency has long been recognized and wide spiral problem, in the country. Hence this study is to determine the various factors that causes juvenile delinquency in the society and the negative effect it has on the child and the society at large. A situation were children of under 18 years involving themselves in criminal activities together with the adult counterpart, but because these children have not attained maturity which is 18 in Nigeria, they do not refer them as criminals.

1.3PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study is to determine the prevalent delinquent behaviours among female secondary school students – in relation to social economic factors and religion factors and to determine the factors influencing them.

The specific objectives of the study are:

To determine whether socio-economic status of the parents influence juvenile delinquency of female students.

To determine whether religious affiliation influences delinquent behaviours.

To determine whether living environment influence delinquency of female student.

To determine whether family background influence the behavior of female juvenile delinquents.

To prevent juvenile delinquency/prefer solutions to the problem of juvenile delinquency among females.

1.4SCOPE OF STUDY

This study covers female juvenile students in secondary schools in Benin City the female students within the age bracket of 12 to 17 years of age.

1.5SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study will be of benefit to children’s parents, policy makers and government

It will also be of benefit to children and caregivers as they will be exposed to factors necessitating delinquency among female students or children and taking measures to avoid it.

Government and policy makers will also benefit as the contribution from this study will help introduce new measures of presenting and eradicating delinquency among female student

Couples will benefit from this study in that it will give them the knowledge on how to socialize their children and make them have regards for social norms.

1.6HYPOTHESES

Socio economic status of parents will not influence juvenile delinquency of female students

Religious affiliation will not influence juvenile delinquency of female students

Family background will not influence juvenile delinquency of female student

Living environment will not influence juvenile delinquency of female students.

1.7OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Deviant Behaviour – Is socially defined and varies by time, place and social group. Behavior that is defined as deviant violate strongly held social norms. However, what is seen as a deviant behavior in one society, may be regarded as a behavior that is acceptable in another society.

Juvenile – A juvenile is a young person that falls under the age of 18, whose attitude/behavior is seen as a delinquent act. But, if such behavior is exhibited by an adult is seen as a crime.

Juvenile Delinquency – These are the behavior of young people showing the tendency to commit crime. In other word, juvenile delinquency are behavior exhibited by children under the age of 18 that does not conform to societal norms, and if committed by an adult is crime and attract several punishment as stated by the law.

Female – This is a woman/girl that can give births to another child.

Student – This is any person who is studying at a school for the purpose of acquiring knowledge for the betterment of higher future and that of the society.

Female Student – A woman/girl that is studying at a school for the purpose of gaining knowledge to herself and to better the society.

Delinquency – Bad/criminal behavior that is usually associated with young people. Delinquency is a behavior of a person under the age of 18 that does not conform to society accepted norms of the society.

Socio Economic Status – Socio economic status shows that various strata/level that an individual is located in the society. In other word, it is the class position of a person which can either be upper class, middle class and lower class.

Religion Affiliation – These is the belief that is perculiar to a religion that is the doctrine that guides the affairs of members in a particular type of religion.

Living Environment – This is the area in which an individual, group live which can either be urban, rural or city. That is, a place where people live and get their basic needs.

Family Background – These is the units in which an individual is born into which can either be nuclear family, polygamous etc. activities of family background can be traced by generation.

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ABSTRACT
This study aims at assessment of pulic perception of women participation in politics in Dutsin-ma local government area of Katsina State. The study investigate the factors that influence participation of women in Nigerian politics among these factors are: Educating women equally with men, empowering women economically eliminate some cultural beliefs and the review of gender discriminatory laws. The study engages both primary and secondary source , including field survey, personal interview and questionnaire. The respondents (male and female) were selected from Dutsin-ma local government of Katsina State through quota sampling from the administration of questionnaires. The study reviews that the patriarchal system and male domination of the society, which relegate women to subordinate roles, has created women inferiority complex and alienated them from the mainstream politics in Dutsin-ma local government of KatsinaState.TheNigerian political culture of thuggery and gangsterism has made the political terrain too dangerous for most women to venture into mainstream politics, besides stigmatization of women politician by fellow women discourages the political participation of the former which Religious beliefs and institutional arrangement that restrict women to family responsibilities in the country coupled with lack of finance to encourage women participation have created a legacy that limit women political participation in Dutsin-ma local government area. Consequently, the study emphasizes the need to address these factors that entrench women subordination in Nigeria politics, these include domestication of international laws, the review of gender discriminatory laws, empowering women economically, educating women equally with men, the reformation of all Religious statutory and customary laws and practices that perpetuate women subordination in the country and the explicit specification and modalities of affirmative actions on women participation in politics as well as clear guidelines for implementation in the constitution of federal Republic of Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Introduction
This work assesses the public perception of women participation in politics in dutsin-ma local government area of katsina state.
Political participation according to Anifowose (2004), is a sin-qua-none for democracy, as democracy involves a commitment to equal opportunity for male and women to be involved in decision making in their immediate society.
Political participation involves these voluntary activities such as attending rallies, vying for position and party office, involving campaigns, voting and expressing oneself to political stimuli. However, the pursuit of these democratic principles, according to Anifowose (2004) shows that women are generally less empowered and apathetic. In general, participation are lower among women than men. Women are less well informed about issues and less able to identify public figures, less able several point of view, less likely to be concerned with issues in elections, Anifowose (2004).
For a long period of time, it is seen as if women largely accepted as “natural” the difference in their opportunities as relatively few women raise their voice in protest. Recently however, more and more women in countries have established women movement to protect and change not only discriminatory practice against themselves and society and began to participate in political affairs of their country. In some countries, women have struggle to gain political leadership, thus as rightly pointed out by Anofowose (2004), in 1979 Mrs. Margret Thatcher became great Britain’s first woman prime minister, the republic of Ireland voted into office Mrs. Mary Bobinson as women president. In other nations like India, Srilanka , Pakistan, Philippines and Israel, women have also occupied some sensitive political leadership position. Similarly, in Rwanda and South Africa 56.3% and 42.5% respectively of their national parliament comprised of women (international parliamentary union IPU, 2010). The Nigerian women have not been left out in this struggle as women organization are formed for “consciousness raising” campaigns to help women discover and develop new orientation (Lane,1958:209) Greinstein,(961:345).
A few Nigerian women have shunned apathy and demonstrated interest in the political affairs of their country. In 1999, for instance Hon (Mrs.), Margret Icheen who emerged as the speaker of Benue state house of assembly, became the first woman speaker of a house of assembly in Nigeria and the African continent. The farthest Nigeria has gone in achieving this is the appointment of 13 female minister by president Goodluck Jonathan, (UN women, 2014). Although, in the southern part of the country, the participation of women in politics has been on the increase in recent time, with the emergence of female deputy governor in Osun, Ekiti, and Lagos state. However in the north, little or nothing has been achieved in respect to political participation of women (Afolabi MM, 2009), making a study of this nature very imperative.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Investment inflow, particularly foreign investment is perceived to have a positive impact on economic growth of a host country through various direct and indirect channels. Domestic investment is crucial to the attainment of sustained growth and development (Ekpo, 1997).To invest is to allocate money (or sometimes another resource, such as time) in the expectation of some benefit in the future.

Generally, the expected future benefit from investment is called a return (to investment). The return may consist of capital gain and/or investment income, including dividends, interest, rental income etc. The economic return to an investment is the appropriately discounted value of the future returns to the investment.Investment generally results in acquiring an asset, also called an investment (Ekpo, 1997). If the asset is available at a price worth investing, it is normally expected either to generate income, or to appreciate in value, so that it can be sold at a higher price (or both).

Investors generally expect higher returns from riskier investments (Obadan, 2004). Financial assets range from low-risk, low-return investments, such as high-grade government bonds, to those with higher risk and higher expected commensurate reward, such as emerging markets stock investments.Consequently, many developing countries, Nigeria included, have offered generous incentives to attract foreign inflows, also geared towards the same end creating an investor-friendly environment. Some foreign firms have taken advantage of the incentives to satisfy their various motives of ensuring stable monopolistic control over sources of raw materials for their parent companies, access to control of local markets, utilizing low cost labour and realizing the possibility of higher returns, Nigeria also received very low proportions of global investment inflows, inspite of its being blessed with enormous human and natural resources (Obadan, 2004). This is perhaps because the economy was perceived by investors as a high-risk market for investment.The foreign investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise in an economy through; incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company, acquiring shares in an associated enterprise, through merger or an unrelated enterprise and, participating in an equity joint venture with another investor. Investment incentives may be in form of low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays, other types of tax concessions, preferential tariffs, special economic zones, investment financial subsidies, soft loan or loan guarantees, free land or land subsidies, relocation and expatriation subsidies, jobtraining and employment subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, research and development support and derogation from regulations, usually for very large projects (Obadan, 2004).

On the other hand, taxation is an essential part of a country’s investment and growth plan. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed on asubject or upon his property by the government to provide security, social amenities and create conditions for theeconomic well-being of the society (Appah, 2004; Appah and Oyandonghan, 2011). The funds provided by taxare used by the states to support certain state obligations such as education systems, health care systems, andpensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, and public transportation. The researcher is of the opinion that both investment and taxation can be used as a tool for Nigeria development during the economic crisis.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Attempts at developingthe investment sector of the Nigerian economy have been based on the need to maximize the potential benefits derived from them; and to minimize the negative effects their operations could impose on the country. This has been assured by reducing the level of taxation of investment. As a result of the persistent global panic, unemployment has been on the rise, jobs are being lost, there is shortage of liquidity and acute scarcity of credit has remained visible in the financial institutions. For Nigeria to pull through this economic crisis,the nation must generate more investment, efforts should be made at solving problems of government involvement in business; relative closed economy; corruption; weak public institutions; and poor external image. From these foregoing, it is necessary to examine the role of investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of this study:

To examine the role of investment in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria.
To examine the role of taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria.
To examine the relationship between investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the role of investment in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria?
What is the role of taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria?
What is the relationship between investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS

HO: There is no significant relationship between investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria.

HA: There is significant relationship between investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study:

This study will educate the national economic team in Nigeria and the general public on the role of investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis in Nigeria. It will also educate them about the relationship between taxation and investment in Nigeria during the economic crisis.
This research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the investment and taxation in the period of economic crisis, thereby constituting the empirical literature for future research in the subject area
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the Nigerian economy. It will also cover the relationship between investment and taxation during the economic crisis in Nigeria.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

REFERENCES

Appah, E. &Oyandonghan J.K. (2011), “The Challenges of Tax Mobilization and Management in the NigerianEconomy”, Journal of Business Administration and Management, 6(2), 128-136.

Appah, E. (2010), “The Problems of Tax Planning and Administration in Nigeria: The Federal and StateGovernments Experience”, International Journal of Labour and Organisational Psychology, 4(1-2), 1-14.

Ekpo, A. H. (1997); “Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria: Evidence from Time Series Data", CBN Economic and Financial Review, 35 (1), pp. 35 -42

Obadan, M. I. (2004); “Foreign Capital Flows and External Debt: Perspectives on Nigeria and the LDCs Group”. Lagos: Broadway Press Ltd.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An Office was described as a place where all the official or paper work are done or performed. But in this era of information technology, office is no longer referred to a place but it as set of function for doing office work or activity (Nwoke: 2013). An office helps us to perform different task such as collecting the data, recording them, analyzing them, presenting them in an organized and scientific way, etc.All the functions of management like planning, organizing, directing, or controlling are controlled by office which also involves paper work. Office is the brain of an organization.

Without a proper management, an organization will lack the ability to function properly (Peculiar: 2015). So, an organization needs someone to manage the organizational activities.

Management is a common process in all organized activities. Whenever there is certain number of people working together for a common goal, some kind of management becomes essential. The direct effort of a personnel toward the achievement of goals of organization is management.

Office management is known as a profession which includes the design, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of the process of work within an office or organization, in order to maintain and improve efficiency and productivity. This is concerned with the following elements:

Personnel: It is a person who is responsible to manage the organization or office. There should be sufficient number of trained personnel. The offices personnel must be selected properly, placed, trained, promote and controlled for the purpose of accomplishing desired goals.
Means: are the tools with the help of which official activities are done or performed. This includes the materials, machines, and equipment required by the office personnel or for office work. If the office is not provided with the appropriate means, it is very difficult to manage the organization properly.
Environment: Environment plays an important role for managing the office and for efficient and effective office work. It means the surrounding where employees work. It includes the factor like layout, interior decoration, lighting, ventilation, cleanliness etc.
Purpose: An office has to set up definite purpose. The purpose of the office provides direction and guidelines to other activities. If the purpose of the office is cleared then efforts and activities can be directed in its achievement.
1.2. Statement of Problem

Manual office systems always put pressure on people to be correct in all aspect of their work especially the Admin. With manual systems the level of service is dependent on individuals and this puts a requirement on management to run training continuously for staff to keep them motivated and to ensure they are following the correct procedures. It can be all too easy to accidentally switch details and end up with inconsistency in data entry or in hand written orders. This has the effect of not just causing problems with customer service but also making information inavailablefor reporting or finding trends with data discovery. Reporting and checking that data is also a problem and can be time consuming and expensive.

Other problems caused by the manual Office system are:

Inconsistency in data entry, room for errors,
Large ongoing staff training cost.
System is dependent on good individuals.
Reduction in sharing information and customer services.
Time consuming and costly to produce reports.
Lack of security of data.
Duplication of data entry.
1.3. Objective of Study

The objectives of this study is to design a computerized Office system that will take care of the staff payroll, Account informations and receipt printing for all clients in an organization,

To design a computerized system for calculating basic salary and allowance of staff.
To design a computerized payment platform.
To design a system that accurately stores employee data and retrieves payment history when needed.
To design a computerized system that take care of the daily sales of the company
System that compute company’s revenue, admin expenses, tax, market expenses, financial expenses.
Print a comprehensive account statement daily as well from a time duration.
Print receipts to customer on demand.
1.4. Significance of the study

The study will aid in reducing errors, fraud, increase speed and also aid growth in organizations if successfully implemented. Manual ways of carrying out accounting, payroll and receipt systems in organizations will be totally eliminated with this computerized system in place. The study will also serve as a guide to other student researchers who may want to conduct further research on the subject matter. Findings and recommendations from this system will aid in developing newer versions to serve optimally.

1.5. SCOPE/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is centered on the design and implementation of an electronic office system that will takes care of staff payroll system, Account informationsystem, day to day expenses in an organization and Receipts system.

Limitation

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to obstruct the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will at the same time engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.6. DEFINITION OF TERMS

A payroll: is a company's list or records of its employees, which is often used to refer to the total amount of money that a company pays to its employees.

A payroll system: is software which organizes and arranges all the tasks of employee payment and the filing of employee taxes.

Payslips: a note given to an employee when they have been paid, detailing the amount of pay given and the tax and insurance deducted.

Employer: a person or organization that employs people.

Employee: a person employed for wages or salary, especially at nonexecutive level.

W-4 tax form: is a form completed by an employee to indicate his or her tax situation (exemptions, status, etc.) to the employer. The W-4 form tells the employer the correct amount of tax to withhold from an employee's paycheck.

Internal Revenue Service (IRS): A United States government agency that is responsible for the collection and enforcement of taxes.

Social Security Administration (SSA): is an independent agency of the United States federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits.

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ABSTRACT

This study evaluates entrepreneurial development initiatives and micro enterprise sustenance in Awka metropolis. The objective of this study is to determine the entrepreneurial initiatives that can sustain micro enterprises, to investigate the extent entrepreneurial initiatives can reduce unemployment and to identify the challenges of entrepreneurial development initiatives on micro enterprise sustenance, the survey research method of investigation was adopted in this research work. The study used primary and secondary source of data, data for this research work were collected using questionnaires and personal interviews on micro enterprises, data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution and simple percentages. Findings and recommendations were made most of the micro entrepreneurs have 2-5 workers working for them ad are basically and mostly into service business. There years of business experience are 1-3 years and most of them started their businesses through you-win initiatives, entrepreneurial initiatives help to reduce un-employment. Government initiatives such as NDEP,BOI YES and YOU-WIN programmes should be sustain to help in sustaining entrepreneurial development, consistent entrepreneurial training and support should regularly be organize for micro-entrepreneurs in order to fast-track and help them grow from strength to strength.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In recent times entrepreneurs have been referred to as necessary pre-requisite to mobilize capital exploit natural resources and create markets to carry on trade (Harbison & myers 2004). Entrepreneurs are agents who perform a vital role in the economic growth of a country and are linked to the overall industrial development of a linked tothe overall industrial development of a nation, some of this characteristics are risk-takers, decision-maker, perseverance, organizers and planner, innovative function, and Gap filling ability.

However, successive government in Nigeria has introduced various entrepreneurial developments. These programmes include Family Economic Advancement programmes (FEAP) Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) Green Revolution Programme (GRP) National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) at national level, State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS) at state level and Local Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (LEEDS) at local government level, Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP), and most recently, the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP). These programmes failed to achieve their objectives because of poor design; it was in realization of the scenario that the Federal Government of Nigeria announced the inclusion of entrepreneurial education in higher institutions of learning as a way of promoting entrepreneurial spirit among Nigeria youths to take up self employment. This has led to the launching of programmes such as youths enterprise with innovation plan aimed at job creation and micro enterprises by encouraging band supporting aspiring entrepreneur youth in Nigeria to develop and execute business ideas (Flippo E 2008), micro enterprises is a relative concept because t varies among countries and within a particular country per time. For instance, a small or medium size enterprise in an advanced country like United State of America or Britain can be considered a large scale industry in Nigeria (Ogundele 2002). National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERF) sees micro/cottage enterprise as the smallest carder in the level of business range with a maximum capital of N1,000,000.00 (one million naira) and maximum labour of ten. Small and Medium Enterprise Development Association of Nigeria (SMEDAN) helps to promote Entrepreneurship culture through initiative that build business confidence, positive attitude, pride in success, support and encouragement of new ideas, social responsibility, providing inter firm linkage and promotion of research and development. Finally, since entrepreneurship Nigeria is assumed to play a role of solving the problem of employment generation, facilitators of Economic recovery, National Development and poverty reduction stakeholders must come to agreement on entrepreneurial development initiatives because it is a harbinger of economic reconstruction and transformation (ihua, 2009).

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The increasing incidence of poverty in Anambra State was in spite of the various resources and efforts exerted on poverty related and micro enterprises programmes and schemes, in the country. This suggests that the programmes and schemes were ineffective and ineffectual, despite the huge resource invested in them. It is either the government is playing politics to their initiatives y laying lip services to the programmes, thereby making its existence only in theory, or not supporting the plan with enough resources. However, some government officials misappropriate the limited resources, enriching themselves and entrepreneurship cannot be developing in isolation with the right policies and opportunities that serves as engine room for its growth.

It is a known fact that poverty constitutes an obstacle to rapid economic development in the state. Poverty is also directly responsible for the crimes in the city as well as rural areas and manifest itself in prostitution, thuggery, exposure to risk, corruption, robbery and fund (popularly called 419), street life, drugs and so n. This is as a result of unfulfilled aspirations result from unemployment, lack of adequate access to resources to start-up micro businesses (Osemeke, 2012).

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of the study is to examine Entrepreneurship development initiatives and micro-enterprises sustenance in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State.

The specific objectives of the study are:

Determine the entrepreneurial initiatives that can sustain micro-enterprises.
Investigate the extent entrepreneurial initiatives can reduce unemployment.
Identify the challenges of entrepreneurial development initiatives on micro enterprises sustenance.
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTION

To know whether entrepreneurial initiatives can help to reduce unemployment.
To know to a very large extent how entrepreneurial initiatives can sustain micro enterprise.
1.5. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

H0: Entrepreneurial initiatives do not influence the development of micro enterprise in Awka Metropolis.

H1: Entrepreneurial and initiatives influences the development of micro-enterprise in Awka Metropolis.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will cover entrepreneurial development initiatives and micro-enterprise sustenance in Awka Metropolis for the year 2016.

1.7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be of great benefit to micro entrepreneurs in their business, it will provide them with basic information about entrepreneurial initiatives and how they affect their business. It will give them full information on:- entrepreneurial initiatives and how micro-enterprises can be sustained. This research work will be to an extent provide the youth a path-way to entrepreneurship development by giving them full information on how it can help reduce unemployment. It will provide the government with full information on the needs and problems of entrepreneurial development initiatives for micro-enterprises.

Finally, it will serve as a source of reference to readers and researchers who will be interested in writing a related topic.

1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship is an undertaking in which one is involved in the task of creating and managing an enterprise for a purpose (Ogudele 2004).
Entrepreneur: they are agents who performs a vital role in the economic growth of a country and are linked to the overall industrial development of a nation (Harbison & myers 2004).
Micro-enterprise: it is a business range with a maximum labour of Ten (NERFUND).
Agwu M.O and Eneto C.I ( 2014) Challenges And Prospects Of Smes In Port

Harcourt City, Nigeria. European Journal Of Sustenable Development 3 101-114

Harbison and Myers ( 2004) Entrepreneurs As Agent Of Change Of Economic

Change. Longman 2004.

Ihua ( 2009) Entrepreneurship, Economic Development And Reconstruction

Gethsemane Publishing, Enugu.

Osemekem (2012) Entrepreneurial Development Interventionist Agencies In

Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science

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ABSTRACT

The study examines the causes and the implications of broken homes on child development. This is as a result of the fact that the scourge of criminality and any other social vises are attributed to children from broken homes. The study reviewed some relevant literature based on the objectives of the study, and functionalist theories and perspectives were used to explain the phenomenon being investigated. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews were the instruments used to collect data which was analysed and presented in tabular forms. The study also revealed some of the causes of broken homes which were confirmed during the research. It also identified a number of consequences of broken homes on child development. The study equally explored various strategies adopted by the children from broken homes to cope with the situation they found themselves. Also various suggestions were obtained on how to curb or mitigate the incidence of divorce.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the Study
The family is the oldest institution in history and remains the most irreducible nucleus of all known societies. It is established by the institution of marriage, ensures the reproduction of human species and confers executive conjugal right on couples. According to Aku (2007), the family is regarded as the oldest institution on earth that plays an important role in human society. It is a universal social institution, but the types vary from one society to the other and also from one culture to another.
The variations in family composition gives rise to the different types of family, namely; extended and nuclear family. In the pre-colonial African society the extended family system was most cherished, unlike in the western societies, which cherished the nuclear type of family. In Nigeria today, the family is increasingly oriented towards nuclear type where it consists of father, mother and children,however, there are modifications as the nuclear extended types of families accommodate some extended family members like grandparents, siblings’etc grand-parents.
In general, the family whether nuclear or extended, performs functions such as, procreation, sex regulation, socialization, security, emotional support etc.
The family usually begins with marriage. It creates new social relationships, roles, rights and obligations not just between the spouses or partners but between the kinsmen on both sides of the couple. Marriage is a union between man and a woman or women such that children born to the woman are recognized as legitimate offspring of both parents (Igbo, 2003).
In Africa, marriage is usually accompanied with elaborate ceremonies which are primarily aimed at enhancing the stability of the union. Among such ceremonies are religious rituals, payment of bride wealth, and involvement of spouses’ families among others, which seem to make divorce a rare phenomenon in pre-colonial times (Aku, ibid).
In most cultures marriage ismeant to be a lifelong contract,but the stability that characterize pre-colonial African families seems to have disappeared with the alarming incidence of divorce and separation. It would appear that families in contemporary time are confronted by a myriad of pressures which are yet to be properly addressed (Fumerayem, 1991).

Some pressures sometimes result in failed marriages, either through divorce or separation. Failed marriages could also mean homes where there is persistent conflict or where there is residential separation between spouses who were hitherto living together in legitimate marital cohabitation.

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ABSTRACT

Safety of food is a basic requirement of food quality. A total of 25 street food samples (Jollof rice, egwusi soup, ugu, water leaf and green), were randomly purchased from five different vendors in Ogbete main market Enugu. The samples were transported in ice to the laboratory. The samples were bacteriologically analyzed using pour plate technique and sub-culture. Pour plate techniques was done by carrying out serial dilution of the sample after which the first tube and the last tube were picked and 1ml of each sample was pipette into a Nutrient agar, the plate was then incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the plate were examined for growth. Sub culture was done using bacteriological agar. All the screened food samples had varying levels of bacterial growth ranging from 1.0 X 105 to 3.0 X 106 cfu/ml. ninety percent of the sampled foods had bacterial counts above the acceptable limits (104 cfu/ml) and 10% of the samples had bacterial counts less than (<104 cfu/ml). Six bacterial species were isolated from the foods sampled. Staphylococcus arueus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. More than one pathogenic micro organism were isolated from jollof rice and water leaf. The findings revealed that street foods are potential vehicles for transmitting food borne illnesses thus the need to develop practical strategies geared toward street food safety.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Inflation is an inevitable property of any economy in the world. It influences every country, negatively as well as positively, whether it is developed or developing country as well. Anyanwu (2011) stated that inflation is an important factor leading to social and economic instability and disorder. It is one of the most largely observed and tested economic variables both theoretically and empirically. Its causes, impacts on other economic variables, and cost to the overall economy are well known and understood.Nigeria, being a developing country, could not overcome the continuously year to year climbing up inflation, and also its causes and consequences.

After remaining relatively low for quite a long time, the inflation rate in Nigeria started to accelerate in late 2003. The role of money supply appears significant in influencing food price inflation in Nigeria (Anyanwu, 2011).which disturbed family budget as well as consumer’s purchasing power. People struggled in order to maintain their living standard but it slumped down gradually. Many authors have written on the impacts of inflation and cost of living on the Nigerian economy, but the authors have different views, nevertheless, one common thing is that all the authors agree that inflation and cost of living have various impacts on the economy of Nigeria.The problem created by the rising prices of goods and services leading to higer cost of living has become too difficult for the government to solve. During inflationary period, fixed amounts of money buy less quantity of goods and services. The real value of money is drastically reduced i.e the purchasing power of consumers are reduced.

Government spending also referred to as government expenditure relationship between inflation has continued series of debate among scholars. Keynes (1936) argues that the solution to economic depression is to induce the firms to invest through some combination of reduction in interest rates and government capital investment including infrastructure.This claim that increasing government expenditure promotes economic development is not supported by all scholars. A number of prominent authors especially of the neoclassical school argue that increased government expenditure may slow down the aggregate performance of the economy because in an attempt to finance raising expenditure, government may have to increase taxes and or borrowing. The higher income tax may discourage or may be a disincentive to additional work which in turn may reduce income and aggregate demand. In the same manner, high corporate tax leads to increase in production costs and reduce profitability of firms and their capital to incur investment expenditure. On the other hand, increased government borrowing (from the banks) required to finance its expenditure may compete and crowds-out private sector and this reduce private investment in the economy. Sachs (2006) argues that among the developed countries, those with high rates of taxation and high social welfare spending perform better on most measures of economic performance compared with countries with low tax low rates of taxation and low social services spending.

According to the Revenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission – RMFC (2011) the federal government of Nigeria spends 52.2% of total government revenues. The remaining revenues are shared among the Federating States and Local Government Areas (LGAs) on the basis of detailed sharing formula.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As far as Nigeria concerns regarding inflationary effects it has been experienced worst consequences reflected by poverty, food crises, price hike etc. Mahmood, Hafeez and Rasheed(2009) concluded that inflation causes poverty. Day to day increase in prices of commodities especially of non-food items like oil and gas snatch money from savings of consumers and uncertainty of prices, both food and non-food items, generate enthusiasm among people toward earn more and more therefore, people prefer to work over recreation underestimating their Health.

Muoghalu, et.al. (2010) found that the inflation brings negative impact while exports and investment brings positive impact on Nigeria economy and suggested that we should encourage a larger scale of export promotion activities to enhance the economic growth. It will create numerous job opportunities which increase the per-capita earnings and standard of living.

The relationship between government expenditure and economic development has continued to generate series of debate among scholars. Government performs two functions – protection (and security) and provision of certain public goods (Nurudeen and Usman, 2008). Protection function consists of the creation of rule of law and enforcement of property rights. This helps to minimize risks to criminality, protect life and property and the nation from external aggression, defense, roads, education, health, power and communication to mention but a few.

However, some scholars did not support the claim that increasing government expenditure promotes economic development, instead they assert that high government expenditure may slow down overall aggregate performance of the economy in that in the bid to finance rising expenditure, government may have to increase taxes and/or borrowing. The higher income tax may discourage or be a disincentive to individual working for long hours or searching for additional work which in turn may reduce income and aggregate demand. In the same way, higher corporate tax (profit tax) tends to increase production costs and reduces the profitability of firms and their capacity to incur investment expenditure. Moreover, if government increases borrowing (especially from the banks) in order to finance its expenditure, it will compete (crowds-out) away the private sector, thus reducing private investment. It was further argued that in a bid to score cheap popularity and ensure that they continue to remain in power; politicians and government officials sometimes increase expenditure and investment in unproductive projects or in goods that the private sector can produce more efficiently. Thus, government activity sometimes produces misallocation of resources and impedes the development of national output.

In Nigeria, the government expenditure has continued to rise due to receipts from oil revenue (Petroleum profit tax and royalties) and non-oil revenue (company income tax, custom and excise duties, value added tax [VAT] and others) (CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2012). And increased demand for public (utilities) goods like roads, communication, power, education and health. Besides there is increasing need to provide both internal and external security for the people and the nation.

Available statistics show that total government expenditure (capital and recurrent) and its components have continued to rise in the last few decades under review. For instance, government recurrent expenditure increased from ₦716.1 million in 1970 to ₦4,805.2 million in 1980 and ₦3,310,343.38 million in 2010 (see appendix 1). In the same manner, the composition of government recurrent expenditure shows that expenditure on general administration, defense, National Assembly, internal security, agriculture, construction, transportation and communication, education and health increased during the period under review. Moreover, government capital expenditure rose from ₦187.8 million in 1970 to ₦883,874.75 million in 2010 (see appendix 1). Furthermore, the various components of capital expenditure (that is economic services, social service, defense, agriculture, transport and communication, education and health) also show a rising trend between 1970 – 2012.

Unfortunately, rising government expenditure has not translated to meaningful development and development, as Nigeria ranks among the poorest countries of the world. In addition, many Nigerians have continued to wallow in abject poverty, while more than 60.9% of over 163 million population poor. The Business Day Newspaper of Tuesday 14 February, 2012 reported that the percentage of Nigerians living in abject poverty – those who can afford only the bare essentials of food, shelter and clothing – rose to 60.9% in 2010 as compared to 54.7% in 2004. Although the Nigerian economy is projected to be growing, poverty is likely to get worse as the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen. Couple with this, is dilapidated infrastructure (especially roads and power supply) that has led to the collapse of many industries, including high level of unemployment. Moreover, macroeconomic indicators like balance of payments, imports obligations, inflation rates, exchange rate, and national savings reveal that Nigeria has not fared well in the last couple of decades under review.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of inflation on government expenditure in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

To examine the effect of inflation on government expenditure in Nigeria.
To evaluate factorsthatpromote inflation in Nigeria.
To recommend to monetary authorities and the government on how inflation could affect standard of living and how it can be reduced to an acceptable level.
RESEARCH QUESTION
The research questions, which would guide this study, are as follows:

Is there any significant relationship between inflation and government expenditure in Nigeria?
Has inflation had negative effect on government expenditure over time?
What are the factors that hinder appropriate monetary and fiscal policy?

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Background of the study
While the international order among states is quite strong, the world is not peaceful. In the wake of globalization and the explosion in communication technologies, new security related threats have Emerged that are to a great extent independent of national boundaries. As a result, a new kind of war is being waged in every country all over the world; this is because the primary threats to national security have changed fundamentally. They no longer spring from territorial and ideological disputes among nation states but from how far globalization, technological threats and criminal networks have grown to challenge nation states (Zalur & Zeckhauser 2002).
In Nigeria today, conflict seem persistent and intractable, moreover after a decade of complacency, we seem to be finally grasping the fact that we are fighting for survival under the shadow of catastrophic dangers. Hence, discussions on Nigerian National Security concept has evolved rapidly because the security environment in which we live is dynamic and uncertain, replete with a host of threats and challenges which are trans-national in nature that have potential to grow more deadly (Pandya & Â Laipon, 2008:39).
Emerging scenario of these trans-national threats which are irrespective of national border and which comprises of a list of different risk factors that seem unending spanning from different trans-national crimes like terrorism, human and drug trafficking, money laundering etc, to widespread environmental degradation, diseases, climate change and even political policies which might threaten our nation’s sovereignty (Brainard & Halon, 2004), has further challenged the concept of national security which now pertains to people rather than territories on one hand and development rather than military on the other hand. Now, the notion of national security captures the traditional security and human security. National security is now perceived as total security – security of life and property, security of the economy and the economic resource areas of the country, security of food and raw materials resources, of general health of the people, of environment and national integrity, and preservation of all that society considers to be important and valuable (Imobighe, 2000).
Globalization and increased technology has led to the decline of our borders which has led to the  increased vulnerability of Nigeria to there threats and endanger our national security. The Nigeria – Benin border, which is located in the west of our country, is particularly notorious for all sorts of illegal trans-border activities. For this reason, this research work will attempt to discuss Human and drug  trafficking, smuggling of goods and arms proliferation and the dangers they pose to Nigerian national security because these activities are the most common across the Nigeria – Benin border.
The dilemmas that Nigeria faces with insecurities call for critical investigation of border entry points whether they are performing their strategic functions (Willie, 2008).

1.2 statement of the problem
Globalization, have important security implications. Most dangerously, a variety of threats have become global in scope and more serious in their effects as a result of the spread of knowledge, the dispersion of advanced technologies, and the movements of people. These same developments, combined with expanding global economic interactions, contribute to some of the problems and resentments that lie at the root of these security threats. But paradoxically, many of those same aspects of globalization offer new opportunities to achieve economic growth and democracy, thereby ameliorating the threats as well as some of their underlying causes.
The dangers were clearly manifested in the September 11th terrorist attacks, which showed how the Al Qaeda organization was able effectively to exploit new communications technologies, global financial networks, and the ease of movements of people. The response by the international community has also benefited from some of globalization’s effects, primarily in technological advances in communications and in military weaponry. While it is too soon to say definitively, the result of these attacks may be to dampen some of the globalizing trends, as financial interactions receive greater scrutiny and security steps limit the mobility of people. Exploring the many issues raised by the September 11th terrorist attacks is not this paper’s task, nor is assessing the relationship between terrorism and globalization.
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The specific or the main objectives of carrying out this research work
includes:
1. To examine the nature and dynamics of transnational threats.
2. To examine the peculiar transnational threats pronging the Nigeria – Benin
border.
3. To explore the impacts of transnational threat to Nigeria’s national security
4. To inform policy that will isolate Nigeria from transnational threats.
1.4. Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a tentative generation, the validity of which remains to be tested. In its most elementary stage the hypothesis may be any hunch, guess, imaginative idea, which becomes basis for action or investigation.
To achieve the desired objective, the research has the following declarative hypothesis to validate or invalidate at the end of the research.
1. Globalization trends increases incidence of transnational threats
2. The weakness of the state tends to engender transnational threats
3. Nigeria  border security tends to be hampered by transnational threats
4. The higher the level of globalization and transnational threat the poorer the state of national security.

1.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study
This research will be limited to the major transnational crimes along the Nigeria – Benin border. They include smuggling and trafficking in arms and weapons, drugs, humans and goods such as cars and  petroleum products. The study will analyze and examine these transnational threats and how they affect our national security. However in the course of this research, the researcher may exceed the boundary of his study as an instrument of explanation. A study like this will have limitation such as time constraints, finances, mobility to acquire adequate materials and literature on the subject matter under study.

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ABSTRACT
The importance of skilled birth attendants in the reduction of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality worldwide cannot be over-emphasized. The midwives service scheme was established by the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) in collaboration with the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria in 2009 to achieve reduction in maternal, newborn and under-five mortality in Nigeria, especially in rural communities. The purpose of the study was to determine how mothers and midwives in selected Area Councils in Abuja perceive the midwives service scheme. Five objectives and three null hypotheses were raised to guide the study. Quantitative descriptive survey design was used to study the midwives’ perception while both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted for the study of mothers’ perception. The whole MSS midwives (32) in the studied Area Councils were used for the study while a sample size of 381 mothers was drawn from the population of 1483. Two sets of researcher-developed questionnaires were used to generate data from the midwives and mothers; while eight focus group discussion sessions with 83 mothers were also used as a back-up instrument for generating data from the mothers. The instruments were certified valid and reliable, r = 0.85 and 0.89 using split half reliability test for midwives’ and mother’s questionnaire respectively. Data were administered directly to respondents by the researcher and four assistants. Objectives of the study were analysed descriptively, while one-way ANOVA and paired t-test were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Data from the focus group discussion were analyzed thematically and findings from thematic analysis wereused to back up the findings from statistical analysis. Result showed that midwives and mothers perceived the MSS positively but factors like poor salary, lack of materials like drugs, electricity and poor attitude of health workers counted negatively against the scheme. More midwives should be recruited and the midwives’ salaries enhanced to motivate them.






CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
Pregnancy and childbirth are normal physiological processes that bring joyful experiences to individuals and families. However, in many parts of the world, pregnancy constitutes a perilous journey, a risky and potentially fatal experience for millions of women especially in developing countries. Over 289,000 women die annually from complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum period (World Fact book, 2014 andWHO,UNICEF,UNFPA &The World Bank 2014). About 70% of these deaths are largely treatable or at least preventable (UNICEF, 2010) and nearly all these deaths (over 90%) occur in developingcountries where fertility rates are higher and a woman’s life time risk of dying during pregnancy and childbirth is over 400 times higher than in developed countries (Audu, Takai, &Bukar, 2010).
The situation in Nigeria is especially grave as maternal mortality rateas high as630 per 100,000 live births is still recorded (World Health Organization, UNICEF & The World Bank, 2014), thus including Nigeria among the nations with the highest number of maternal deaths (WHO, 2010, National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA) 2009). Nigeria makes up only 1% of the total world population but accounts for about 10% of the global estimate for maternal mortality (FMOH & NPHCDA, 2010). The new-born and under-five mortality rates follow the same trend with an estimated infant mortality rate of 74/1,000 (Index Mundi, 2014).This ugly trend has been traced to deliveries being attended to by unskilled birth attendants (N&MCN Newsletter 2011 & NPHCDA, 2009).
It is against this backdrop that the Midwives Service Scheme [MSS] was initiated in 2003 by the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria (N&MCN) though originally as a mandatory service.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Heavy metals pollution of aquatic ecosystem is becoming a potential global problem, pollution typically refers to chemicals or other substance in concentration greater than it would occur under natural conditions. Water pollution is the introduction by man of substances into the aquatic environment resulting from deleterious effect as harm to human health (FAO 1990).The presence of increased level of heavy metals in the aquatic environment has been of much concern for the past decades due to adverse effect of some metals on living organisms in food chains leading to man. Pollutants are the cause of major water quality degradation around the world. Several toxic metals which are important to the environment and human health have been detected in aquatic media. These toxic metals include the non-essential meals and are no importance to humans (Borgman and Norwood 2002).

Trace amount of heavy metals are always present in fresh water from terrigenous sources such as weathering of rocks resulting into geo-chemical recycling of heavy metal elements in these ecosystem. Trace elements may be immobilised within the stream sediments and could be involved in absorption, co-precipitation and complex formation. Sometimes they are co-adsorbed with other elements as oxides, hydroxides of Fe, Mn, or may occur in particulate form.

Heavy metal may enter into aquatic ecosystem from anthropogenic sources, such as industrial wastewater discharge, sewage wastewater, fossil fuel combustion, and atmospheric deposition. Trace element in stream sediment compartment can be used to reveal the history and intensity of local and regional pollution. In this work, the of stream sediment contamination was assess using geo-accumulation index.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the current study area are:

To assess the extent and degree of metals, and the origin of these metals, using the geo-accumulation index of the metals.
To determine the total content of heavy metals in surface sediments of Akpabuyo.
To estimate the anthropogenic input and to assess the pollution status on the area.
1.3 STUDY AREA

The study area which is located in Akpabuyo, Cross River State lies between longitudes 80 22I 30II E – 80 30I 0II E and latitude 40 52I 30II N – 40 57I 30II N (fig 2). With an area of 126,4032 Square Km. Although many stream samples where collected but few was selscted for the heavy metal analysis. The various Locations in Akpabuyo which sediment samples were collected and used to carry out the analysis are Esuk Mbat stream(L1), Esuk Ekpo Eyo Stream(L2), Ikot Akwa Stream(L3), Dan Archibong Stream(L4), Itu Stream(L5), Ikot Ndarake Stream(L6), Asioha Stream(L7), Ikot Ekpo Ene Stream(L8), Ekpene Ikot Imo Stream(L9), Ikot Nakanda(L10), and their following coordinate shown respectively (table 1.3) . It originate from a hilly region and flows through several villages and farmland.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

A sound and competent banking sector is essential for a stable macroeconomic environment, therefore, the importance of commercial banks in a country cannot be overemphasized, because they occupy key positions in a country’s financial system and are essential agents that would lead to the growth of any economy (Oloye & Osuma, 2015). Commercial banks also act as the agents of financial intermediation within a country by moving funds between the surplus and the deficit sectors within an economy and they facilitate the implementation of monetary policies.

Banks mobilize and facilitate the efficient allocation of national savings, thereby increasing the quantum of investments and hence national output (Afolabi, 2004). Through financial intermediation; banks facilitate capital formation (investment) and promote economic growth (Olagunju & Adebayo, 2012). Prequel to the above statements, commercial banks have experienced a lot of banking hardship, especially between the decade (1993-2003) which was tagged the era of bank distress which became a source of concern not only to the regulatory bodies (Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria Deposit Insurance Commission etc.) but also to the general public and the policy analyst. Therefore, there was a need for the overhaul of the Nigerian banking sector in order to restore the already dying confidence of the general public and other foreign investors who could not sleep with their two eyes closed as a result of the weak financial system that Nigeria operated.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) as a regulatory body came up with the recapitalization and consolidation exercise in the banking industry under the leadership of the then governor of CBN Professor Charles Soludo who called on banks to increase their paid-up capital through public offers or corporate restructuring exercise (mergers and acquisition) with the view of eradicating the expansion bottlenecks, volatility between the deposit and lending rates and some other constraints faced by the banks. This made some of the commercial banks to consider Merger and Acquisition as a survival strategy. This reform was announced by Professor Chukwuma Soludo on July 6th 2004 that the Nigerian commercial banks should beef up their minimum capital base from N2billion to N25 billion on or before 31st December 2005, with the major objective of creating a sound and a more secure banking system which will strengthen our financial system that depositors can trust. This will enhance the operational capital base of the Nigerian banks. A total of 89 commercial banks were in existence in Nigeria before the announcement in 2004. According to CBN report, 25 banks emerged at the end of the consolidation exercise from the previous 89 banks, while 14 banks liquidated. The 14 banks under liquidation include: Fortune Bank, Gulf Bank, Liberty Bank, Triumph Bank, Metropolitan Bank, Trade Bank, Afex Bank, City Express Bank, Eagle Bank, Societe Generale Bank of Nigeria, Assurance Bank, All State Trust Bank, Hallmark Bank and Lead Bank. The number of banks further declined to 24 in 2007 following the market induced merger of IBTC Chartered Bank PLC with Stanbic Bank Ltd.

Merger and acquisition as a means of corporate restructuring exercise have been known to provide some forms of economic and financial benefits such as; economies of scale, risk diversification, ability to compete locally and internationally with other banks (John & Acha, 2012).

1.2 Statement of Problem

A strong and virile economy depends to a very large extent on a robust, stable and reliable financial system, particularly the banking sector. With the successful recapitalization exercise, commercial banks in Nigeria were expected to be virile and optimally efficient. But how far the exercise has made commercial banks in Nigeria to be virile, sound, strong and efficient so as to maximise their contribution to the growth of the economy is not very clear. It is in the light of the above that this study seeks to evaluate the effects of mergers and acquisitions on the growth banks in Nigeria.

1.3 Research Questions

Based on the problems identified above, the following research questions were raised for the study;

i. Is there any significant difference between Nigerian banks’ capital adequacy before and after merger or acquisition?

ii. Is there any significant difference between Nigerian banks’ return on performing loan before and after merger or acquisition?

iii. Is there any significant difference between Nigerian banks’ return on assets before and after merger or acquisition?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to examine the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the growth of Nigerian banks. However, the following specific objectives were raised;

i. Examine whether there is a difference between banks’ capital adequacy management before and post-merger.

ii. Determine the difference in pre and post-merger return on performing loans of banks.

iii. Determine if there is a significant difference in banks’ return on asset pre-merger and post-merger.

1.5 Hypotheses of the Study

For the purpose of this study, the following null hypotheses were raised;

H01: There is no significant difference between Nigerian banks’ capital adequacy management before and after merger or acquisition

H02: There is no significant difference between banks pre and post-merger return on performing loans.

H03: There is no significant difference between banks pre and post-merger return on assets.

1.6 Justification of Study

Quite a number of research have been carried out in relation to this topic such as Oloye and Osuwa (2015) who thoroughly examined the impact of mergers and acquisition on the performance of Nigerian banks. In the same vein, many other authors have reviewed similar subjects. This research however seeks to examine deeply the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the performance of commercial banks. The outcome of this study could be beneficial to managers, investors, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders in the Nigerian banking system as it will help to understand and see the importance of synergy which will lead to the better performance of the banks involved and the Nigerian banking system as a whole.

1.7 Scope of the Study

Numerous mergers and acquisitions of banks have taken place since the inception of banking in Nigeria in the year 1896. The most of the mergers and acquisition activities took place in the year 2004-2005 when the Federal Government of Nigeria through the Central Bank of Nigeria enforced a minimum capital base of ₦25 Billion on commercial banks operating in Nigeria. However, due to the distance in time, the mergers and acquisitions that occurred in that time will not be considered but latter M&A. For the purpose of this study, the acquisition and merger activities that occurred between the years 2011-2015 were reviewed.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Mergers: A merger is said to occur when two or more companies combine into one company.

There are two forms of merger; Merger through absorption is a combination of two or more companies into an existing company whereby only one company retains its identity and the rest loses theirs while merger through consolidation is a combination of two or more companies to form a new one. In this type of merger all companies are legally dissolved and a new entity is formed. In a consolidation, the acquired company transfers its assets, liabilities and shares to the new company.

Acquisition: Acquisition may be defined as an act of acquiring effective control over asset or management of a company by another company without any combination of businesses or companies. It is also defined as the process of taking a controlling interest in a business (Dictionary of Finance and Banking).

Takeover: A takeover can be said to be an acquisition. A takeover occurs when the acquiring firm takes over the control of the target firm. In some case it can be said to be an assumption of control of a corporation achieved by buying a majority of its shares (Encarta dictionary), a takeover can also be a conglomerate merger.

Corporate restructuring: Corporate restructuring can also be termed business combination and it includes merger and acquisition (M&A), amalgamation, takeover, leveraged buyouts, capital reorganization, sale of business units and assets etc.

Return on asset: Statistic calculated by dividing a company’s annual earnings by its total assets. It indicates how profitable a company is relative to its total assets (Encarta dictionary).

Return on equity: The return on equity is net profit after tax divided by shareholders’ equity which is given by net worth. This is the net income of an organization expressed as a percentage of its equity capital, i.e. it indicates how well the firm has used the resource for owners (shareholders).

Recapitalization: This is defined as the process of changing the balance of the debt (leverage) and equity financing of a company without changing the total amount of capital. Recapitalization is often required as part of reorganization of a company under bankruptcy legislation.

Consolidation: Consolidation is a combination of two or more companies into a new company. In this form of merger, all companies are legally dissolved and a new entity is created. In a consolidation the acquired company transfers its assets, liabilities and shares to the new company for cash or exchange of shares.

1.9 Plan of the Study

This study comprise chapters one to five. The chapter one is the introduction which entails the statement of problems, the objectives, the research questions as well as the hypotheses of the study amongst others. The second chapter is the relevant literature to the study. The theoretical, empirical as well as the conceptual framework were examined in this chapter. The third chapter, chapter three is the methodology in which the sample size and technique were highlighted. In this chapter, the method of data collection and analysis were indicated. The second to the last chapter, chapter four is the data analysis, presentation and interpretation. Lastly, chapter five comprise the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the study.

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ABSTRACT

The language of business is money, and money is the business of financial institutions. No business be it large, medium or small – scale can survive without finance, therefore. Financial institutions should try as much as possible to develop their credit policies, as they are the target sources of finance available to the small – scale enterprises. For many years the importance of small scale industries Vis – a- vis their role in the economic development of Nigeria can never be overemphasized, so their need for long – term finance increase. Inspite of the government’s effort in assisting the development and strength of small-scale industries, the assistance given by the financial institution still remains inadequate. The major problem confronting small scale industries is as a matter of fact constitute the second major sector in the Nigeria economy that bears most of the burnt of the existing gap in the Nigeria financial system. It is worth reiterating that one of the objectives of the federal and state government is to achieve socio – economic development of the goal cannot be achieve without the development of rural areas, the growth of small – scale industries in the rural areas serves as one of the main vehicle of transforming the nations and the subsequent enhancement of the socio economic growth of the state. Indeed, it has been noted that, usually in programmes of social and economic developments in the newly industrializing countries, small industries play a vital role. Small – scale industries assist the government in creation of employment opportunities, this reduces surplus labour. This tends to reduce urban influx of employment labour. This sector has facilitated rapid expansion and diversification in the industrial sector of the Nigeria economy. The sector is diversified in that not only large industries are relied upon but also small business and that the large industries fail. The small ones could be made to produce and render the service required. It is worth nothing that though these small-scale enterprises are small in nature, they have a definite function to place in our economy. For the supply of raw materials and other inputs to the large industries, small and medium enterprises all need to be unturned in the hope that they can grow into large enterprises as new ones rise up to replace them and the old ones continued in the process of economic growth and development. For an objective analysis, interview and questionnaire have been used as research instruments. The interviews were administered to some selected small – scale industrialists. On the analysis it was found out that the role of financial institution to the development of Small – scale industries in Nigeria is inadequate. Consequently, the null hypothesis is accepted. Finally, some useful recommendation as to improving the assistance of financial institutions to small-scale businesses have been advanced.

CHAPTER ONE


1.0 INTRODUCTION


Banks have been accused of taking two much risk in unexpected new environments and lines of business. The advice being given is for the banks to avoid further in exposure by threatening to move tradition that will understand the activities banks, however are being charged by their shareholders to maximize holder’s wealth overtime. To achieve this goal, banks must search out for opportunity in the financial market and loan to manage risk by implementing more systematic system of risk control. At present it appears appropriate to develop specific management control mechanism for each new risk element.

The system being designed by bankers is in contrast one that allows each new form of risk to a new element in an overall analytic area of banks. This approach requires an informational environment that enables risk managers to analyze all of the risk inherent in a given transaction.



1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY


The aim of this project writing is to bring out the way in which liquidity asset is managed in Nigeria banks. Most especially first bank Yabubu Gowon Way Kaduna is my case study and the kind of services offered by first banks in the management of liquidity.

The banks engaged in the business of providing adequate service, which are:



i. Universal banking services to corporate bodies

ii. Loans and advances to its customer

iii. Leases.

iv. Investment Banking services

v. Financial Advisory services to corporate bodies

vi. Foreign exchange services.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS


First bank Nigeria Plc is expected like all other banks to provide quick and efficient services to both customers and interested parties. The banks should know the value of time and try as much as possible to serve its customers in the shortest possible time. This is because, the customers are the business of the bank and that is why they are regarded as assets of the cast and other valuable things deposited to them by its customers. This why each and every paper in the bank is considered as money because it talks about it. One of the functions of banks is to grant loan to customer, so as to assist them to undertake various projects for the development of economic activities in the country. In this aspect both the customers and the bank have the same aim that is to make profit. In other words, to achieve this aims the bank and customers have to perform their duties for the smooth running of the system. In most cases the two side always make things difficult for one another on the part of the honest and firm so as allow the bank form a good reputation and develop good banker – customer relationship.

On the other hand the banking industry is expected under normal circumstances to bring out its activities not only efficiently but also accurately. But this is almost apposite and has led to in looking at the problems of the customers in the banks, it can be seen that the blame is on both sides. Some of these problems are

i. Opening Account: Accounts are opened by the procedure laid down by the customer who thinks it’s a waste of time don’t know that the banks has to be careful on this sensitive issue. When opening the account that all necessary data is collected from the customer which is be used in payment and all other future transaction.


ii. Cash Withdrawal: In this, banker has to satisfy himself with the validity of the charges or withdrawal slip (in case of saving account). This can take time which the customer may fee he/she is wasting time. Since it is the duty of the bank is to safe guard all cash under its custody satisfaction is very much necessary.




iii. Obtaining Loan from the Bank: It is clean principle and natural justices that loan should only by granted with security and the security has to be sufficient enough to cover the debt. In most cases customer ignores the





1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY


The purpose of this study is to efficiently and liquidity can be evaluated efficiently and effectively in Nigerian banks in order to guide against bankruptcy: It is also aimed at affecting a concrete control to consumer borrowing of limited resources available to the banks in order to guide against bankruptcy.

It is also aimed at affecting a concrete control to customer borrowing from the bank and efficient management of limited resources available to the bank the management and control.

i. From the bank to other parties at the request of customer.

ii. From customers to the banks

iii. From the bank to the customers

iv. To and from other banks including the central bank of Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS


As a starting point for the research work the following hypothesis were developed.




Ho: Evaluation of liquidity management in Nigerian banks has always been without problems.

Hi: Evaluation of liquidity management in Nigerian banks has not always been without problems.




1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY


The purpose of this research work is to accomplish the following.

i. To ascertain the level of risk in liquidity assets management and how such risk could be eradicated. This project hopefully would be beneficial to the management of First Bank Plc, as well as other Nigerian banks

ii. To partially fulfill the requirement for the award of national diploma in accountancy

iii. This project will serve as a basis for further research on this topic

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY


All banks and other financial institutional deal in liquidity hence managing liquidity: however this study will concentrate on how Nigeria banks managed liquidity with particular emphasis on first bank Plc. Yakubu Gowon way branch as a case study.

i. Uneasy access to the bank relevant document

ii. Insufficient time due to short period available for the study and during the project writing.

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CHAPTER ONE


BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY


The main objective of writing this project “on the evaluation of financial abuse in the federal inland revenue service” is to bring to the notice of the readers the source from which government derived its revenue and how its expenditure controlled and also to identify the evaluation of financial abuse in the federal inland revenue service and some control measure which the government can adopt in order to present the financial abuse in federal inland revenue service.

The appropriate govern46ment organ institution on largely responsible for the collection of tax is the federal inland revenue service while the office responsible for the accountability of the money collected on behalf of the government is the revenue mobilization and fiscal commission operated as a department in the federal ministry of finance.

As part of the re-organization the federal government of Nigeria found it necessary to create revenue division from federal ministry of finance. This made it an autonomous body known as Federal Inland Revenue service, the board become more effective in collection of revenue for the federal government.

Financial abuse in the public sector is an attempt by which the government allows the financial mismanagement, embezzlement and wastes in it’s sector and to identify the various key area that course all abuse in the public sector and also examine the method to used. All abuses therefore this research would go deeply into the plan in the organization in the financial aspects, check the accuracy and reliability of the accounting clate promote operational efficiency .and encourage adherence to prescribed official ‘polices and guideline.

In consideration of this topic, therefore is that there must be some element in which every organization must adopts the ones that are necessary for the controlling some financial transactions in that organization custody and security of Assets. The background of the study is to identify the various source of revenue for federal in land revenue service are as ‘follows, VAT, Personnel Income Tax, Custom Duties Company Income Tax, Education Taxe Capital Gain Tax, Import Duties and Export Duties Petroleum Profit Tax, etc are allocated to the various department project and to examine the financial record of federal inland revenue service to know whether there is adequate system of internal control in the organization. The evaluation of financial abuse in the federal Inland Revenue service encountered some likely peculiar issue has regarding to financial record accuracy of the tax administration in Nigeria have received a lot of attention and commentance, some people have advocated for an over haul of over system. That we should do things that are peculiars to Nigeria environment and these that are not should be left out. The board is faced with a lot of problems which include:

1. SHORTAGE OF PERSONNEL: The personnel department play an important role in the system of revenue collection in the state, this shortage of staffs is capable of impairing the objective time of maximizing personnel income tax revenue by 1996. The senior officials in the federal inland revenue services of intend revenue was 286 but present were 354, the reduction percent was at minimum of 50%.

2. PROBLEM OF ASSESSMENT TAX: Assessment problem centres among the location of the personnel income tax and the determination of his assessable income, effectiveness within the content of personnel income tax administration may be measured in terms of the ratio of actual to potential coverage.



3. CURRUPTION AMONG TAX PAYER: The tax payer default in paying the exactly amount by bribe of the tax collector in order to reduce the actual amount collected as a taxes.


4. CORRUPTION AMONG TAX OFFICIALS: In the processing of collection of the revenue tax, officials must especially the tax collector print their receipt booklet and issued to the tax payer without their knowledge and mea ‘while that the duplicate carries is not what the original was reading, they may use carbon paper to the duplicate, at time the revenue collector would received the money from the tax payer with out even issue of receipt to them.


5. INFLATION: the persistent rises in general price of goods and services the purchasing power of salary continue to dwindle thud your salary could not buy you even enough food for the month, therefore with this problem the employees of public sector means of through variety of ways in order to make and meet most of these ways are either fraudulent or illegal in nature.


6. NEGLIGET OF DUTIES: most of the staffs neglect there duties and display goes official of conduct e.g. absenting from duty perior to officially articulated closing hours. Others may report late and depart arbitrantly leaving work load to pile up. In addition, public funds generated are either misappropriated or pocketed for their personal use.


7. INADEQUATE SUPERVISION: Monitoring the activities of individual staff is very important, any attempt to allow the staff to work independent without monitoring and supervisor assign responsibilities without authority may makes co-ordination very frauds difficult could be arisen.


There are methods which should be used in detection of the effect of financial abuse in the ‘public sector as follows:

a. Internal control system

b. Cash and cheque received by post

c. Cash sales and collections

d. Payment into bank

e. Cash and bank

f. Cheque payment

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


Despite the econumous disadvantage of the financial abuse in the public sector, federal ‘inland revenue service is experiencing a lot of problems with regards to mismanagement of funds which includes the cost capturing is one of the financial abuse in the federal inland revenue service, the ‘officials are not available to record that mostly in respect of capital income tax and valued added tax which if properly capture would not boost the nation revenue base.

Delay in the remittance is another financial abuse in federal Inland Revenue service, inability of reflection of accurate figures in federation account, it extremely difficult which will result in exisizing fraud.

Failure of some staffs to declare their valued added tax collection and proper actions would not be taking in headquarters because of the involvement of some personnel in the headquarters, the revenue mobilization allocation and fiscal commission has urge federal Inland Revenue service to intensify its effort in recouvering huge amount of money from the tax collection.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY


- To identify various source ;of revenue in Federal inland revenue services Abuja.

- To identify whether there is adequate internal control system in federal Inland Revenue service Abuja.



- To examine the adequate and qualification of staff working in federal inland revenue service Abuja

- To identify problems faced by federal Inland Revenue service in tax collection.

- To find out the causes of financial inefficiency in federal Inland Revenue service Abuja.

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS


In every research work, it is every important for the researcher to make statement of hypothesis which may give the researcher the direction to think with respect to the research topic. This will enable the researcher to find a way of solving the research problem.

Research hypothesis usually give the researcher more insight into the problem under investigation thereby enabling the researcher to frame questions that are relevant to the research problems so as to find possible solutions to such problem for this research study, the following hypothesis would be formulated to enable the researcher to device means of solving research problem.

Ho = Evaluation of financial abuse in the public sector is not efficient

operation of federal Inland Revenue service

Ha = Evaluation of financial abuse in the public sector is the efficient

operation of federal Inland Revenue service

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY


The study will be of benefit to various people as follows:

1. Students – for it would useful to student for further research in the same field of study.

2. Government – In order to effect necessary change and ensure that money is being channeled in an efficient manner.

3. Federal Inland Revenue Services will benefit (FIRS) in assessing and evaluating efficient operation of tax collection.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY


In as much as the researcher desired to provide as much material facts as possible with respect to the topic under study a number of fact or prevented me from doing so. First is monetary constraints. The researcher faced the problems of financial disability which is needed from the beginning to the end of the research work lack of money has hindered me from collecting more data for the study.

Time limit was also a hitch in the pursuance of the project work. The researcher being a worker and student at the same time suffered the constraint of getting time to visit the school library and his supervisor for relevant information and enlightenment board in order to prevent financial uses in the limitation of the research of the study will also be highlighted once more.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE FIRS


The Nigerian Federal Inland Revenue Service was created in 1943. It was carried from the erst while Inland Revenue Department that covered what was then the Aglophone West Africa (including Ghana, Gambia, Sierraleaon) during the colonial era.

Tax provider revenue to fund government ensures resource redistribution, streanlines consumption of certain goods and services reduce inflation and generates employment.

The Federal Inland Revenue Services is constitutionally empowered to collect taxes.

In 1958 the board of Inland Revenue was established under the income tax ordinance of 1958. The name was later changed in 1960 when the Federal board of Inland Revenue (FBIR) was established under section 4 of the companies and income tax Act (CITA) No 22 Of 1961 FBIR operated then as department in the federal ministry of finance a further transformation took place in 1993 when the finance (miscellaneous taxation provisions) Act No. 3 of 1993 established the Federal inland revenue service FIRS as the operational arm of FBIR the Act also created the office of the executive chairman of the board. In 2007, the Federal Inland Revenue service establishment Act (2007) which granted authonomy to the service was enhanced. The federal Inland Revenue service decided to publish a list of our operational offices, jurisdiction and telephone numbers.

This directory is a guide to all tax payers on how best they could access our services, it is our hope that this directory will forter continous interaction between FIRS and tax payers and guide the service on how best we can serve you. The boards consist of:

a. The executive chairman of the service who shall be experienced in taxation as chairman of the service to be appointed by the president and subject to be confirmation of the senate.

b. Six workers with relevant qualification and expertise who shall be appointed by the president to represent each of the six geo-political zones.

c. A representative of the attorney general of the federation.

d. The governor of the central bank Nigeria or his representative.

e. A representative of minister of finance not below the rank at director.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS


It is always necessary for the research to define terms that are frequently used in the research work the following are some of the terms used.

1. Internal control system: To carry on the affair of an organization in orderly manner safeguard the assets and secure the accuracy and reliability of the ……….

2. Cash and cheque received by post: To ensure that cash and cheque received by post are accounted for and records in the book.

3. Cash sale and collection: To ensure that all the cash from cash sales and collection which should be received is properly accounted far and of properly recorded.

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Effective procurement is one of the key functions of any manufacturing organization; profit is the excess of return over expenditure in any transaction or service of transaction especially the excess of selling price of goods over their cost or the net income for a given period of time. The word profit to the aforementioned fact, is the ratio of profit for a given year to the amount of invested or to the value of sales.
In distance profit to some business experts is the compensation accruing to entrepreneurs for the assumption of risk in business enterprise of distinguished from wages or rent? However; in making the maximization of profit a reality in any business setup, the management team must be ready to harness her strength by making used of her available resources in maximum, implies the uses of the entire latent and uncultivated avenue for possible investment to suppress the environmental threats.
Any cost incurred by a firm may be classed into two groups. Fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed costs are incurred by the business at any level of output, including none. These may include equipment maintenance, rent, wages and general up keep. Variable cost changes with the level of output, increasing as more products are generated. Materials consumed during production often have the largest impact on this category. Fixed cost and variable cost, combined, equal total cost.
Revenue is the total amount of money that flows in to the firm. This can be from any source, including product sales, government subsidies, venture capital and personal find.
Profit to an economist is the differences between total revenue and total cost or symbolically it is = TR – TC where represent profit. In view of these, business man, manufacture investors, marketers and what have you must ensure the effective validation of marketing tools and techniques through planning, implementation, monitoring and control to establish an equilibrium between the company(s) available and potential resources and the desire of the consuming populace towards profit maximization actualization.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Nigerian business organizations conceive and yield to effective procurement in varying degree. Taking a wider look at firm’s different industries in Nigeria, one can conclude that many going concerns do not reach with “Effective procurement and maximization of profit business activities, especially in the area of organizational growth and profit ability level of a firm.


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ABSTRACT

The major purpose of the study was to identify the impact of deprivation of widow inheritance right by their husband’s relatives in Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State. The study employed the survey research design to elicit information on the impact of deprivation of widows inheritance right. The population of the study consisted of 743 widows from the five major town in Nsukka communities namely: Obukpa, Ovoko, Nsukka, Alor-uno, and Okwutu. Questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection, and it contain 21 items grouped into four sections, according to the research questions. The research questions were formulated and analysed using mean distribution. The questionnaire was validated by our HOD being our supervisor from the Department of Home Education. The principal findings of this study were, widows are considered as strangers in their husbands’ family ie. Discrimination against widows. It causes psychological trauma on the widow in Nsukka communities of Enugu State. It was recommended that Enugu State government should change certain cultural practices that maltreat widows hitherto. They should also organize seminars, conferences, workshop and refresh courses on women education for policy makers and implementation.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A widow is a woman whose husband has died. (Catherine Soanes 2001). The state of having lost ones spouse to death is termed widowhood. Problem of widows have been an important social issue in many societies in which the husband was typically the bread winner. His sudden death could plunge his family into poverty. Not only poverty but also loneliness, because a couple living together, having everything in common, buying property together, sharing things in common, along the line death just sneaked in and steal the husband, for sure that woman’s life span has been reduced.
Babatunde and Owasanoye (ed) (2001) stated that in some patriarchal societies widows could maintain economic independence. A widow could carry on her late husbands business and consequently be accorded certain rights, such as the right to her husband’s wealth and property.
According to Okoye (1999) in Nsukka communities widows are often victims of human cultural practices, widows are denied the right to what rightly belong to them. Widows’ rights international (2008) noted that the treatment of widows continues to abrogate their human rights. In some part of Africa, widows are still subject to traditional practices which lead to their poverty, social ostracism and exclusion as well as loss of their homes and children. Okoye (1999) pointed out that in many cultures widows have no right to inheritance or land ownership, and even where modern legislation provides such rights ignorance of the law of widows or cultural practices impede their access to it. Most of these deprivations has great impact on the live of widows.
Impact is defined as a noticeable effect or influence on something (Catherine Soanes 2001). The following are some of the impact deprivation has on widows:
1. Poverty: Across the wide spectrum of countries, religions, and ethnic groups, a woman is left destitute when her husband dies, poverty is often made worse by little or no access to other economic resources, and by illiteracy or lack of education.
2. Violence against women is one of the most widespread violations of human right, affecting widows in all background. Widows are no exception and may infact be at particularly high risk of violence.
3. The children of widows are often affected, both emotionally and economically. Widowed mothers, now supporting their families alone, are forced to withdraw children from school and to rely on their labour. Moreover, the daughters of widows may suffer multiple deprivations increasing their vulnerability to abuse.
4. Widows can become liable for the debts of a deceased spouse. This serious abuse of the human rights of widows and their children is still unrecognized even by organization that is concerned with human rights violations. Hence the study.

Statement of problem
Widowhood has serious implications for the physical and mental well being of women. Widows face a myriad of problems such as economic, social and psychological feeling particularly in the first year or so after the death of their spouse. Fasoranti and Runa (2003) noted that when a man dies his widow is now deprived of his income and the nucleus of the family is destroyed. Afigbo (1990) revealed that at the death of a woman’s husband, she would be expected to surrender all the man’s property including bank account to the relations for appropriation.
Babatunde and Owasonye (2001) revealed that in some communities, the woman would be accused of master, minding the husband’s death even where it is very apparent that he died a natural or accidental death. Hence the widowhood rites would begin by making the woman to pass through “acid” test such as drinking bitter water, swearing in a shrine, or even drinking the water used to bath the husband’s corpse e.t.c. It is believed that if she survives any of a combination of these, then she is free from the guilt of causing her husband’s death. This project is necessitated by the need to conduct an indebt research work on the impact of deprivation of widow’s inheritance rights by their husband’s relatives and also to carry out some research inorder to find a proper solutions to the existing problems.



Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study is to examine the problems of widows in Nsukka. Specifically the study will:
1. Determine how the denial of widows rights affect their well being.
2. Identify the cultural practices that relate denial of rights of widows to have access to their dead husbands properties.
3. To examine how he people in Nsukka communities deny widow’s the right to inherit their husband’s properties.
4. To proffer solutions to widows right.

Research questions
The following research questions will form the basis of this research.
1. How does the denial of widow’s right affect their well beings?
2. What are the cultural practices that relate to denial of rights of widows to have access to their dead husband’s properties?
3. How does the people of Nsukka communities deny widows the right to inherit their husband’s properties?
4. What are the ways and methods widows can fight and claim the right to their husband’s properties?

Significance of the study
Widowhood is one of the most significance negative life events at any age of a woman. This study will reveal the negative cultural practices associated with widowhood in Nsukka communities. This study will benefit widows by eliminating some harmful cultural beliefs and practices associated with widowhood.
This study will also help families to know that when a woman in being married into a particular family, she is already part and parcel of the family, is still a strong member of the family. This study will also help the widow and un-widowed women to know their rights no matter the cultural aspects, for them to stand firm when the wind blow.
And this should be done through organizing of seminars, conferences, during August meeting, and women wing meeting etc. during such gathering a lot of women will be there, then the organizers will teach them what to do as their rights. By so doing the Ignorance of some widows will be cutting down and they will know their rights.

Scope of study
This study is limited to samples drawn from only Nsukka. The samples will be drawn from both rural and urban communities of Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State. The sample will be only females both educated and uneducated, selected from Nsukka Local Government Area.

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the wet spaces in Queens hostel in oko, Orumba north in Anambra state and its specific objectives were to determine the size and location of the kitchen components as stated by the researcher. Two research questions and one research hypothesis were formulated and tested. A simple technique was used. The population size used to carry out the research was a total number 54 students comprising of males and females in queens hostel. A 54 item structured questionnaire consisting of sections and groups was used. Section A has personal data of the students, Section B contains questions question concerning the evaluated components which was used by the researcher to determine the respondent’s perspective. The research questions were processed using percentage and table. The major findings of the study were the sizes, location and arrangement of the kitchen components. ie.(cabinets, sink and gas cooker) were the major problem facing the wet space ‘kitchen’ in the hostel of queens, oko, Orumba north in Anambra state.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page I

Approval page II

Dedication III

Acknowledgement IV

Table of content V

Abstract V

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 2

1.3 Aim and object 2

1.4 Objective of the study 3

1.5 Research Questions 3

1.6 Significance of the study 3

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the study 4

1.8 Limitation of the study 4

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.0 Introduction 5

2.1. Historical development of kitchen 5

2.2 Historical Kitchen in African and Nigeria 6

2.3 Location 7

2.4 Space 7

2.5 Design

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 9

3.2 Research design 9

3.3 Area of the study 9

3.4 Sources of data 10

3.5 Primary data 11

3.6 Secondary data 11

3.7 Population 11

3.8 Sample size 12

3.9 Techniques 12

3.1.0 Data collection instrument 12

3.1.1 Reliability and instrument validity 13

3.1.2 Method of presentation 13

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation and discussion 14

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 29

5.2 Recommendations 29

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In most of the world the term wet space has gone viral. However wet space is also used predominantly when it comes to architectural analysis. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)

Wet space usually refers to rooms or spaces containing sanitary fixtures and appliances- including bathrooms and en suites, toilets, laundries and kitchen. It has dated way back since people started building modern house. Wet spaces are subjected to high level of; direct wetting, high humidity levels, condensation etc. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)

Wet spaces are designed in order not to increase the risk of slip and other safety hazards, and are to be made accessible and comfortable for the occupant. It must be designed to meet statutory requirements, including the requirements of building code clause E3 internal moisture, which aims to safeguard building users against illness, injury and loss of amenity and to protect the rest of the building from water damage. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)

With good design, detailing and installation of waterproof membranes and impervious finishes to manage the moisture generated, wet areas can be durable, healthy, safe and comfortable, and should not result in damage to the building structure, surface finishes and fixtures. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)

1.2 THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The statement of problem is such that the project can take care of the following?

· Provision of functional and habitable wet space for Queen`s hostel Oko.

· Through the wet space evaluation it will increase the standard of hostel in Oko.

· Reduce the high level of ill health caused by bad wet space design.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is the evaluation of wet space at Queen`s hostel Oko.

· Provision of a functional and habitable wet space at Queen`s hostel Oko.

· Reduction of high level of ill health caused by bad wet space design.

· To increase the standard of hostels in Oko.

· To arrest the existing wet space problem at Queen`s hostel Oko.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

· Is the location of the wet spaces at Queen`s hostel appropriate?

· Is the space allotted for the wet spaces adequate?

· Is there any need for a new design of the wet spaces at Queen`s hostel?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The project will benefit the students at the Queen`s hostel.

1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope covered only the students that stay at the Queen`s hostel.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Inadequate co-operation from some of the respondent. The problem is solved by what is called (focus group) which is referred to as a scientific research method.

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ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE


INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY


Since independence, the Nigeria government has desperately continued to make concerted effort in the area of quantitative (but not qualitative) supply of mass housing through huge budgetary and policy provisions but, surprisingly, the rate at which existing ones are collapsing calls for an urgent attention. The site of building collapse scattered across the length and breadth of Nigeria is quite alarming that it is unimaginable what effects it will have on the building industry and Nigeria economy as a whole. One could imagine what edifices these buildings would have been if only they were constructed accordingly. It has been reported that Nigeria, especially Lagos State has become the “world’s junk-yard” of collapsed buildings worth billions of naira (Famoroti, 2005). It is quite unimaginable that a county blessed with so great potentials in its construction industry can experience such magnitude of building collapse Fadamiro in 2002 defined building as “an enclosure for spaces designed for specific use, meant to control local climate, distribute services and evacuate waste”. Buildings can be defined as structural entities capable of securing self by transmitting weights to the ground. More so, buildings are defined “as structures for human activities, which must be safe for the occupants”(Odulami, 2002). However, these same buildings have been posing treats and dangers to people either during or after construction as a result of its collapse. Collapse as a whole occurs when part or whole body of a structure fails and suddenly gives way, the structure, as a result of this failure, could not meet the purpose for which it was meant for. Building collapse is an extreme case of building failure. It means the super-structure crashes down totally or partially (Arilesere, 2002). Building failure occurs when there is a defect in one or more elements of the building caused by inability of the material making up the components of such building elements to perform its original function effectively, which may finally lead to building collapse. Buildings are meant to provide conveniences and shelter to the people, but the same building has been a danger trap to the same people. Building is expected to meet certain basic requirements such as buildability, design performance, cost effectiveness, quality, safety and timely completion (Olusola, Atta & Ayangade, 2002). Generally, buildings are expected to be elegant and functional but many projects are constructed that do not meet any of these basic requirements. The recurring incidence of building collapse, some of which claimed innocent lives is a consequence of this. Many studies has been carried out and various workshops organized in major cities of the country by various bodies, government agencies and institution in order to look into causes of the incidence of building collapse in Nigeria, but none has been able to come out with how each of the determined factors directly lead to building collapse in the country. There are many factors that cause building collapse in Nigeria and they are structural design and quality management according to Olusola (2002).The quality management entails material variability, testing variability, judgment factor, contractors’ variability, poorly skilled workmen and unprofessional conduct. The study aimed at examining the cases of residential building collapse in Nigeria with a view of identifying the causes, effect and solution.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


Building collapse is a defect or imperfection, deficiency or fault in a building element or component. It may also be as a result of omission of performance. The degree of building collapse can therefore be related to the extent or degree of deviation of a building from the “as – built” state which is in most cases represent the acceptable standard within the neighborhood, locality, state or country. (Ikpo, 1998). However, building collapse can simply be defined as a total or partial/progressive failure of one or more components of a building leading to the inability of the building to perform its principal function of comfort, satisfaction, safety and stability. The incessant buildings collapse in Nigeria has become a great concern to all the stakeholders – the professionals in building industry, government, private developers, clients and users, as well as the neighborhood residents. Fall out of the researcher’s concern about the increasing incidents of collapse building nation-wide form the basis for this study to find out the major causes, effects and probable remedial measures to collapse of buildings in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY


The following are the objectives of this study:

1. To examine the causes of building collapse in Nigeria.

2. To identify the effects of building collapse in Nigeria.



3. To identify the remedial measures or approaches to building collapse in Nigeria

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS


1. What are the causes of building collapse in Nigeria?

2. What are the effects of building collapse in Nigeria?

3. What are the remedial measures or approaches to building collapse in Nigeria?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY


The following are the significance of this study:

1. The outcome of this study will educate the general public and the government of the day on the causes, effect and solutions to the cases of building collapse in Nigeria.

2. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic

1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY


This study on residential building collapse in Nigeria with careful examination of the causes and the effects with a view of finding a lasting solution to the issue of incessant building collapse in Nigeria.

LIMITATION OF STUDY


Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).


Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

REFERENCES

Arilesere, D. (2000). The role of professionals in averting building collapse. Proceedings of a workshop on Building collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies(pp. 60-68). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Lagos State.

Fadamiro, J.A. (2002). An assessment of building regulations and standards and the implication for building collapse in Nigeria. In D.R. Ogunsemi (Ed.), Building Collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies (pp. 28-39). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Ondo State.

Famoroti, F. (2006, March 30). Before the next building collapse. The Punch (p. 9)

Ikpo, I. J. (1998). Application of the Weibull Distribution Technique in the Prediction of the Times between Failures (MTBF) of Building Components, Nigerian Journal of Construction Technology and Management, Vol. 1, No 1, P. 79 – 87

Odulami, A.A. (2002). Building materials specification and enforcement on site. InD.R. Ogunsemi (Ed.), Building Collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies (pp. 22-27). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Ondo State

Olusola, K.O. (2002). Structural stability of building structures. In D.R. Ogunsemi(Ed.), Building Collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies (pp. 50-73). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Ondo State.

Olusola, K.O., Ata, O. & Ayangade, J.A.(2002). Quality and Structural Strength of sandcrete Blocks produced in Ile-Ife: A preliminary Investigation. Journal of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure,1 (1&2):136-142


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ABSTRACT

Aquaculture continues to grow rapidly every day, and then became bigger and bigger industry every year. So understanding the basic part behind aquatic production facilities is of increasing importance for all those working in this industry. Aquaculture requires knowledge and skills of the many general aspects of production such as spawning, production of feeds etc (Anderson, 2004). Fisheries constitute an important sector in Nigerian agriculture, providing valuable food and employment to millions and also serving as a source of livelihoods mainly for women in coastal communities, in view of the ever-increasing importance of fish as a source of high quality animal protein in Nigeria (Nwuba et al., 2009). Coastal fisheries are important and contributed at least 40 percent of fish production from all sources in Nigeria between 1995 and 2008 (FAO, 2010). According to the Fisheries Society of Nigeria, small scale fisheries provide more than 82 percent of the domestic fish supply, giving livelihoods to one million fishermen and up to 5.8 million fisher folks in the secondary sector comprising processing, preservation, marketing and distribution. Considering Nigeria‘s enormous water resources, human capital and other natural endowments, the Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF) estimated fish production of over 1.7mmt comprising 201,300mt from inshore (brackish and coastal fisheries), 33,900mt (offshore fisheries), 288,200 (inland fisheries) and 1180215mt (aquaculture).

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ABSTRACT
This research was set out to thoroughly assess the perception and impact of campus dating among students of Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State. The major objectives of this study were to: examine the nature of romantic relationship in Federal University Dutsin-ma; examine the perception of campus dating in Federal University Dutsin-ma; identify the social factors that facilitates dating amongst students; examine the positive and negative impacts of campus dating on students’ academic performance; and proffer suitable measures on ways to improve students’ academic performance. The study employed descriptive survey design and data was collected using questionnaire and interview.The findings revealed that, dating is a form of romantic relationship in which two people are emotionally and sexually attracted to each other. More so, findings revealed that dating in Federal University Dutsin-ma is a social exchange between two unmarried persons. The findings also revealed that, the social factors that facilitate dating among students are academic pursuit,peer pressure, socio-economic background, parenting style and the need for high prestige. Finally, findings revealed that, dating has both negative and positive implications. According to the findings, the positive impacts include improve in CGPA, ease of academic stress, improvement in emotional health and strengthening of self-esteem/confidence. The negative impact of dating includes prevalence of dating violence, sexual implications and high level of disrespect among students. It is therefore recommended that students should concentrate on their studies and avoid every form of relationship. Victims of dating violence should seek medical help. Parents should monitor their children in the universities. Stake holders in education should develop a curriculum on relationship education for institutions of learning to enable students understand the dangers associated with early relationship. The University authorities should enforce proper dress codes to reduce sexual attraction. University staff should help inculcate moral values into the students by organizing seminars, debates, conferences and other related activities to help them build their academic potentials and resist deviant activities.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Education is an essential part of human life which contributes greatly to the development of an individual (Luqman,2012). Through education, an individual becomes fully developed in all aspect of life (Luqman,2012). Academic success is a proof of commitment to an individual’s pursuit. Academic performance is a scholarly effort rendered in order to achieve academic success (Ames, 1992, Puklek, and Peklaj, 2006). Commitment towards academic pursuit influences greatly, a student’s academic performance. A student’s academic performance could be distorted by such factors as peer-group influence, recreational activities and dating (Lisa,2007). Dating could be of benefits and also result into negative consequences to students’ performance.
According to N’jole (1993) dating fulfils a number of specific functions that can enhance people’s socio-psychological development and ultimately promote a society’s continuity. Dating functions can be either manifest, the purpose are visible, recognized and intended or latent, the purpose are unintended or not immediately recognized. Dating is the organized means by which most people moved from being single to begin single coupled (Spielmann, Maxwell, MacDonald, andBaratta,2013). Dating is a somewhat ambiguous phenomena used in different vocabulary. Terms like “dating”, “going out”, “going-around”, “hanging-out”, “going-steady”, and “being-involved” often lack clear definition and agreement. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, (2009), dating is a social engagement between two persons that often has a romantic character. Sociologists describe the dating process as a marriage market, in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate. In this sense, who a person trades with depends on what resources he or she brings to the exchange (Gavin 2012).
Dating has been in existence among countries of the world. Dating is not a new phenomenon but what it is referred to is relative (AlevDegimand Tao Fu 2015). Naturally, every individual would want to love and be loved. To most people, dating is based on an assumption that dating provides important experiences and valuable lessons that will eventually help selects mates and construct happy marriages. Dating doesnot really serve as a training ground for marriage, the behaviours that tend to characterize dating are not the sorts of activities that necessarily prepare one for the everyday demand of married life (John 2012). The nature of dating in the 1700 is different from the nature of dating in the 21st century; dating in the 1700, males and females follows dearly defined expectations in meeting and in time spent together (Eli, Chin Ming,Kathleen and Grace(2013). Parents were very strict to their children especially their daughters. Some societies like Ghana, Togo castrated their daughters as a way of avoiding pre-marital sex and births (Emmanuel 1998; Hanny Lightfoot-Klein 1989). Contrary to this period, dating in the 1900 differed. Economic and educational innovations which enable young people to interact with the opposite sex away from the watchful eyes of parents. The expansion of commercial recreation, technological innovation contributed to these changes in dating patterns. One of the things that most distinguishes modern dating from traditional dating is the prevalence of sexual activity in dating relationships (Newman 1958; Nievera 2013).

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Yoghurt is a fermented dairy product obtained from the lactic acid fermentation of milk. It is one of the most popular fermented milk products in the world and produced commercially at home. (Willey et al., 2008). In its commercial production, non fat or low fat milk is pasteurized cooled to 43°c and are inoculated with known cultures of microorganisms referred to as starter cultures. The starter cultures may be a pure culture of a particular species of Lactobacillus or a mixed culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in a 1: 1 ratio. The coccus which is the Streptococcus thermophilus grows faster than the Rod which is the Lactobacillus bulgaricus and is primarily responsible for acid production while the rod adds flavor and aroma. The growth of these Microorganisms causes the transformation of milk's sugar, lactose into lactic acid. This process gives yoghurt it's texture. The associative growth of the two organisms results in acid production at a rate greater than that produced by them individually.
Yoghurt is generally made from a standardized mixture containing whole milk, partially defatted milk, condensed skim milk cream and non fat dry milk. Alternatively milk may be partly concentrated by removal of 15- 20% water in a vacuum pan or by heating. While the microorganisms fermenting milk confers on it certain health benefits inadequate pasteurized milk may contain microorganism of special importance to man. (Boor and Murphy, 2002). In which its presence or absence in milk may reflect success or failure of good manufacturing practice (GMP) or cause infection when consumed together with food. This is of economic significance in Africa where the HIV/AIDS and cancer scourge has left the public who consume milk products immune suppressed and prone to bacterial and fungi infection. (Boor,2001).
Health complications associated with consumption of inadequately pasteurized milk products include serious infections that are hard, to treat with antibiotics. This becomes clinically significant if organisms isolated from an assessed sample is resistant to conventional antibiotics. Thus, can confer antibiotic resistance to the infected host while providing no alternative drug (Gould, 1994). Heat treated yoghurt do not contain lactic acid bacteria as these are killed during post fermentation. Yoghurt manufacturing companies mainly market "heat treat" yoghurt to prolong it's shelf life (Hove et al, 1999). It is important however to evaluate the microbial gravity of some milk products sold in Nigeria. This project work aims at assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganisms present in yoghurt sold in Enugu.

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Abstract

This study evaluates the influence of the monetary policy on the Nigeria Stock Market using selected market indices which span from 1986 to 2014. Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) Test, graphs, multiple regressions and the diagnostic test based on the coefficient of determination (R2) were adopted for the analysis, and mainly the study used secondary data. Evidence reveals that Interest rate as a monetary policy tool of the Federal Government of Nigeria has a negative influence on all share index and total market capitalisation, and positive influence on total value of securities traded, but none is significant. The monetary policy tool of broad money supply exerts a positive impact on all share index, total market capitalisation and total value of securities traded, but none of the impact is significant at 1% level. Exchange rate as a monetary tool of the Federal Government of Nigeria has a negative effect on all share index, total market capitalisation and total value of securities traded, but none is significant. Inflation rate as a monetary tool of the Federal Government of Nigeria has a negative effect on all share index, total market capitalisation and total value of securities traded, but none is significant at 1% level. The dominance of insignificant negative relationship between the stock market and the monetary policy variables indicates that there is a disconnection between the monetary policy and the stock market. Hence, we recommend that there should be more urgent need for the federal legislators to recognize and deal with, through their over-sight functions, the genuine reasons why policy makers do not align the monetary policy rate with the increasing government expenditure; and Government should strengthen prudent monetary policy management in order to keep alternate between policies of cheap money and tight money in varying degrees to encourage boost in the stock market, and economic growth while keeping inflation under control of not more than one digit.

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ABSTRACT


Seismic interpretation data and applications are the key element of a rapid technological evolution in the remote sensing of the subsurface maps that has resulted in geoscientists movement from data poor to data rich Stewart, S. A. 1999. The proliferation of subsurface data has profoundly affected the productivity of oil exploration of industry within last two decade. This is radically improved of the ability to predict what lies beneath the earth surface, exploration and production. Log in construction maps (well) are the supplemented by 2-D data (seismic section and maps) in the 1950s and by 3-D seismic data from the 1970s onwards Davies R. I., Bell B. R. and shoulders S. (2002). However, the evolution of the point are the essentially dealt with a seismic constructions maps without the used of fourth dimension-time and the advent of a recent recorded change in the subsurface due to hydrocarbon extraction overtime. Today, exploration involves the extraction of more geological information from the seismic signals than ever before (Leadholm et al 1985).



LIST OF FIGURES


v Contour map showing control points before and after contouring.

v Isopach map showing Drilled thickness vs. actual bed thickness.

v Isochare map showing Drilled thickness vs. actual bed thickness shown above.

v Isochare map showing colors units.

v A cross sections showing log correlation technique.

v Top & Cross-sectional views of an Isopach map of the thickness of sediments between an unconformity and basement.

v Seismic constructions showing a profile and interpretation from mentawai forearc basin source

v Log in constructions showing a constant thickness layer in drilling at different angles by three well (Isopach vs Isochare map

v Depth structure and Isopach map.

v Log construction of Isopach/Isochore map.

v The diagram illustrating correlation of depth lithologies at various depth.

v Geological sketch showing map of the study area (modified after fey base et al 1987)



TABLE OF CONTENT


Abstract

List of figures

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE


1.1 Introduction

1.2 Basic Definition

CHAPTER TWO


2.0 Types of subsurface maps

2.1 Structure contour maps

2.2 Isopach maps

2.3 Isochore maps

2.4 Cross sections

CHAPTER THREE


3.0 Petrophysics/seismic interpretation data

3.1 Use of seismic in constructing structure Isopach maps

3.2 Use of Log in constructing Isopach/Isochore maps

CHAPTER FOUR


4.0 Application of subsurface maps

CHAPTER FIVE


Subsurface maps: A case study from Geofizika in Southeastern Cameroon Area.

CHAPTER SIX


Summary/Conclusion

References



CHAPTER ONE


INTRODUCTION


Subsurface maps are perhaps the most important vehicle used to explore for undiscovered hydrocarbons and to develop proven hydrocarbon reserves. However, the subject of subsurface mapping is probably the least discussed of interpretation and the construction of structure/Isopach maps, yet most important aspect of petroleum exploration and development. As a field developed from its initial discovery, a large volume of well, seismic and production data are obtained. With these data, the accuracy of the subsurface interpretation is improved through time.

The most accurate interpretation for any specifics oil and gas field can be prepared only after the field has been extensively drilled and most of the hydrocarbons have been depleted. However accurate and reliable subsurface interpretations and maps are required throughout all exploration and development activities.

1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS


1. Surface mapping: Is a way to visualize various geologic and hydrologic features in any dimension for a 1-D cross section to a 4-D production map.

2. Seismic data: is a method of exploration, geophysics that used the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the earth subsurface from reflected seismic waves.

3. Seismic interpretation: Is the determination of the geological significance of seismic data.

4. Seismic stratigraphy: Is a techniques for interpreting stratigraphic information from seismic data.


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ABSTRACT

This study investigated Influence of Gender and Locality on the Attitude of Adolescent Towards ADIS. 100 were Adolescent randomly selected from urban and rural area for the study. The age range was between 15-19 years with a mean age of 17years. Attitude towards AIDS scale Comoluabi 1995 was used for data collection. 2´2 factorial design was used and a two way ANOVA was also adopted as a statistical test, findings showed no significant gender difference. Male and female share similar attitude towards AIDS. There was a significant localfect. Those who live in the urban area were found to have more posture attitude than those who live in rural area. There was significant interaction effect, findings were discussed in relation to literature review and recommendation were also made.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The ravages of the AIDS epidemic have made this disease the highest priority of our health system. In the absence of a cure, or more effective prevention or treatment, it was projected in 1993 (Chesney, 1993) that the world could expect 30 to 40 million new cases by 2000 (Mann, 1991). These projections are on tract or are proving to be underestimated particularly in developing nations.

In 2000, the total number of people living with HIV was estimated at 34.3 million, in the hardest hit regions in Southern Africa, between 15% and 30% of the adults population are believed to be HIV positive. Furthermore, the United Nations estimated that at least 2 of every 5 girls and boys, who are 15 years old today, in the countries in Southern Africa, will die of AIDS (Schwartlanders, Garnelt, walkers, and Anderson, 2000).



AIDS/HIV is a disease which affects human immune system. AIDS has become the world’s fourth leading cause of death and number one killer in Africa, where in 1998 it took 1.83 million lives (balter, 1999). AIDS as it name tells us, is an immune disorder an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is spread by exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood. AIDS/HIV kills slowly; it ironically can be lethal to more people. When the HIV infections becomes manifest as AIDS, some years after the initial infection, the person has difficulty fighting off other diseases, such as pneumolystis, pneumonia, cancer, dementia, or a wasting syndrome in which the body literally withers away. Also after several months to several years with no symptoms, patients may develop minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats, symptoms that make up the condition known as AIDS-Related-Complex (ARC).

On June 5, 1981, the centers for disease control reported the first case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the decades that followed, AIDS grew from an unknown disease into a devastating worldwide epidemic for which no medical cure has been found. According to the world health organization (2002), about 16,000 new infections occur each day. Worldwide, 1 in every 100 adults between the ages of 15 and 49 are infected with the AIDS virus, and the disease has so far claimed the lies of nearly 20 million people of the 3 million people who died from AIDS in 2001, 37 percent were woman and 20 percent were children. In some countries of Southern Africa, 25 to 40 percent of the population is infected, including a third of all pregnant women. Globally, only 5 to 10 percent of the cases now occur in homosexual men (the population typically identified with the Affliction), and women now make up half of all HIV cases (United Nation, 2002). In the early 2000’s, the rate of infection began to rise again among homosexual men in North America, Europe and Australia due to increases in risky sexual behaviour (CDC, 2003). The AIDS epidemic threatens to overwhelm the words health care financing and delivery systems.

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which cripples the immune system. The patient then becomes vulnerable to invading viruses, bacteria, and tumors, which are the actual killers. Because the AIDS virus evolves rapidly, vaccines are at the present ineffective in preventing its spread. Moreover, the incubation period between initial infection and the appearance of the disease may be as long as 10 years, meaning that an infected needles in intravenous drug use; and exposure to infected blood through transfusion or in the womb.

In the absence of a vaccine or cure, the only existing means of controlling the AIDS epidemic is by changing the high-risk behaviours that transmits the virus. In this respect, AIDS is as much as psychological problem as a medical one. Prevention programs are typically designed to

Educate people concerning the risks that attend certain behaviours, such as unprotected sex
Motivate people to change their behaviour to people living with the virus
Provide specific guidelines for changing the risky behaviours and teach the skills needed for changes and
Give support and encouragement or the desire changes (O’Leary 2001).
Even when something as urgent as AIDS prevention is involve the research has shown that the success of prevention programs depends on the extent to which the individual social system supports the desires changes (Herd & Linden Baum, 1992).

On promising approach to attitude change which was inspired by Albert Banduras social cognitive theory. It involves the use of modeling procedures to change attitude and behaviour. In some of the poorest and most hopeless parts of the word (Bandura, 2000). The strategy is to produce highly engaging ‘entertainment-education” radio dramas to increase awareness and counter-act false beliefs. In Tanzania, for example, many people enoneously believe that AIDS is transmitted by mosquitoes and that using a condom while having sex could actually cause the disease. Health psychologists who focus on AIDS often design programs to educate people about AIDS and to help prevent AIDS. Attitudes are often unrelated to behaviour, that is, people know that consequences of high risk behaviour can be deadly, and they certainly have negative attitudes about acquiring AIDS, but their behaviour may still be risky.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aims of this study are as follows:

To determine whether gender will significantly influence attitude of adolescents towards AIDS.

To examine whether locality will significantly determine attitude of adolescents towards AIDS.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Not withstanding all the efforts by both government and non-governmental organization against AIDS, the problem of the pandemic is still at increase. As a psychologist, I became worried on what could by the reason; on to this, thought that the major reason for the continued spread of the virus maybe attributed to the attitude of the public, especially adolescent towards this virus. Adolescent were chosen as the target population because they are not only the leader of tomorrow but thy engage more on illicit sex than adult who are married. Therefore in looking at the problem of attitude towards AIDS, the researcher decided to use gender and locality as reference. Therefore following problems were addressed in this study.

Will gender significantly determine attitude of adolescents towards AIDS? Will locality significantly determine attitude of adolescents towards AIDS?

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TEMS

Attitude – Predisposition of a behaviour

Adolescents -Individuals between the ages of 12-20 years

Locality – Being urban or rural area

Gender – being male or female

AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

PLWHA – people living with HIV/AIDS.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The multilingual nature of Nigeria has become one of her greatest challenges in recent time. Inconsistent language policy, successive government‟s inability to pick any of the indigenous languages as a national language, non-codification of many minority languages, inadequate definition of roles for indigenous languages in governance, among others, are some of the major harbinger of this crisis. Although Nigeria has between 250 and 400 indigenous languages (Ogunwale 2013) none of the languages has been considered worthy of adoption as national language. Attempt was made to popularize an artificial language, akin to Swahili of the East Africans, in the 1990s, but that was also unsuccessful as it contains mostly bits of words and vocabularies found only in the three major languages, namely WA (Yoruba); ZO (Hausa) and BIA (Igbo), neglecting the other languages. English Language has since continued to gain so much prominence in the country that its dominance has stifled the growth (and even led to the extinction of some) of the 529 indigenous languages in Nigeria. The dominance, as could be decipher, is not inflicted, but by a natural course of indispensability of the language as its use cuts across different spheres of the nation. However, when one considers the fact that the linguistic situation in Nigeria before colonisation was that in which indigenous languages thrived and promoted cultural values of the people, then it will be expedient to unravel why the indigenous languages suddenly take the back seat. In the course of colonization, Nigerian indigenous languages had contact with the language of the colonialists; the latter was more favored than the former. English language then became the language of colonial administration. At independence the language was bequeathed to Nigeria as a nation, especially because it was the only language that was used for administration, missionary work and later education. Even after attaining independence, Nigeria has not been able to have language policies that could create functions for the indigenous languages. The existing policy which is an aspect of the Education Policy of 1977, has only feebly assigned roles that have been difficult to execute so effectively. The status of these three languages as major languages is captured in theNational Policy of Education formulated in1977 (and which has subsequently been revised in 1981, 1989, 1998 and 2004). The Nigerian Language Policy is a document of the Federal Government of Nigeria, which has statutory guidelines regarding the official use of different languages in the country. Although the policy documents and stresses the importance of language to national development, as a means of promoting social interaction and national cohesion, as well as preserving the nation’s rich cultural heritage, but its implementation has not been diligently executed. The Yoruba language is mainly spoken in West Africa with millions of speakers mainly in Nigeria and Benin with some in other parts of Africa. The traditional ruler is known as the TimiAgbale, the most prominent Timi in recent history is Oba John AdetoyeseLaoye who made the "talking drum" popular. He was reputed to have entertained the Queen of England with his group of skilled drummers and poets when she first visited Nigeria and thereafter in her palace in England before he died in 1975. The present King of the town is Oba MunirudeenAdesolaLawal (Laminisa 1). The Ede speech community being a largely indigenous Yoruba community uses the Standard Yoruba dialect which is also known as the Oyo dialect. The Yoruba language has been classified as one of the major languages in Nigeria simply because of the population that speaks it. In recent times certain factors such as the economy and location of schools has brought the people in contact with other languages. The town parades an array of Elementary Schools, Middle Schools, High Schools, a Federal Polytechnic and two universities. One of them Adeleke University already has members of staff and students in the various faculties while the second university, The Redeemers University is completed. With the myriad of educational institutions in Yoruba town the indigenes who predominantly speak Yoruba language are having frequent contact with students and staff of the various institutions who are mostly bilinguals of Yoruba and English. A situation of language contact is presented and the impact is more on the indigenes as they have had to use English words and expressions in order to sell their goods and services to the staff and students of the various institutions highlighted above. Language as defined by Oluga (2006) is a systemic means of expressing ideas, facts, views, thoughts, opinions or a means of passing meaningful messages or information by the use of appropriate signs, sounds, symbols and gestures generally understood by all the users within a speech community.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Nigeria being a multilingual society has adopted English Language as its official language with the resultant effect of bilingualism and multilingualism even in a predominantly indigenous community like Yoruba. It is of a fact that when more than one language is in regular use in a community certain things happen linguistically, sociologically, educationally, politically in that society. Thus the co-existence ofEnglish and Yoruba languages in Yoruba community has produced various hybrid forms in terms of nativilized or domesticated variety of English, characterized by interference, code-mixing and code-switching, on the part of the second language speakers (L2). It is in view of this that the researcher intend to investigate the impact of Yoruba on the spoken English of student in Illorin.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to ascertain the impact of Yoruba on the spoken English of student in Illorin, but to aid the successful completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following objective;

i) To ascertain the impact of Yoruba on the spoken English of student in Illorin

ii) To evaluate the effect of Yoruba on the eloquence level of student in spoken English

iii) To investigate the role of Yoruba language on the unity

iv) T

iv) To suggest possible solution to the identified problem

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

To aid the successful completion of the study the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0:Yoruba language does not have any significant impact on the spoken English of student in Illorin

H1:Yoruba language does have a significant impact on the spoken English of student in Illorin

H02:Yoruba language does not have any effect on the eloquence level of student in English language.

H2:Yoruba language does have a significant effect on the eloquence level of students in English language

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of benefit to lecturers and student of English language as the study will guide them to create a synergy between both English language and Yoruba language, because Nigeria being a multilingual nation there is bound to be conflict between theses language considering the effect of language on the unity of Nigeria. The study will also be of great importance to department of linguistic as the study will add to the existing literature. The study will also be of great importance to student who intend to embark on a study in similar topic as the findings of the study will serve as a pathfinder to them. Finally the study will be of great importance to students, teachers and the general public as the finding will add to the pool of existing literature.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the impact of Yoruba language on the spoken English of students in Illorin, in the cause of the study, the researcher enconters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;

(a) Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.



(b) Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

(c) Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Language

Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece.

Spoken English

English is the primary language of the international business world. Knowing how to speak English properly is paramount to your success in business.

Yoruba language

Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá) Yoruba is a member of the Volta-Niger branch of the Niger-Congo family oflanguages. It is spoken by about 28 million people in southwest Nigeria, Benin, Togo, the UK, Brazil and the USA. It is one of the four official languages of Nigeria, along with English, Hausa and Igbo.

1.8 Organization of the study

This research work is organized in five chapters for easy understanding as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study it’s based thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion and recommendations made of the study.

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