Wawu all the best bro

What causes national electricity grid collapse and how it occurs
Written By:
Habu Sadiek
Power Sector Analyst

Let us take a look at what causes national electricity grid collapse and how it occurs.

What will happen before a grid collapses.

I will try to explain in a layman’s way.

There are 26-grid connected power plants currently.

These power plants generate the power that the entire country uses, and it's synchronised and distributed across the country by the TCN.

TCN are the ones that handle the distribution of power by sending it to Discos.

TCN is a government owned entity that majorly operates in three (3) different departments.

1. Transmission Service Provider (TSP)
2. System Operator (SO)
3. Market Operator (MO)

- TSP are the ones in charge of maintaining the cables and towers that transmit the light.

- MO are the ones that handle market processes, rules, enforcement, finances, etc.

- SO are the ones in charge of maintaining and stabilising our national grid.

National grid is the interconnections of high transmission wires/cables across the country.

Grid frequency measures the demand and supply of electricity despatch to consumers from the Gencos.

Frequency meters are measured in hertz (Hz).

Based on the grid code, our normal frequency level is supposed to be 50Hz.

Example:
If the current power generation is 4000MWh and people are using all the 4000MWh, then supply is equal to demand, and frequency should be 50Hz.

This is a perfect condition that is highly unlikely.

If we are generating 4000MWh and People are using 3700Mwh, then obviously supply is higher than demand, and for that reason, the frequency will show you 51Hz.

If we are generating 4000MWh and people are trying to use 4200MWh, demand is higher than supply, and for that reason, the frequency will show 49Hz.

I know you will ask me how you can be generating 4000MWh and be trying to use 4200MWh😅😅

Take, for instance, your using I-pass-my-neighbour generator, and you're trying to connect 2HP A.C. with microwave on the generator😂

The generator will just automatically shut down.

That's how it happens, too, on the national grid.

Nigerian national grid is set to operate on a designated frequency level

Upper limit = 51.25Hz

Lower limit = 48.75Hz

The job of an S.O. is to make sure that the frequency movement is in between these 2 levels

Any significant deviation from these 2 levels, i.e., if it exceeds the threshold above or below it, such might trigger a national grid collapse.

A grid collapse is not like a collapse that something bad happens, no. The 26 grid connected generators will automatically shut down because of safety and security reasons.

In your houses, if you have a serious electrical fault, the circuit breaker will trip off to shut down the entire supply and protect everyone from potential injury or damages.

The demand for electricity is not static. For example, let's say you have 10 ACs in your house and other appliances.

In full capacity, your house is consuming 500Kwh, and average capacity can be 300Kwh or less.

Lets say in this hot weather, they only allocate 250Kwh to your house, and you're trying to use it in full capacity, if you switch on everything the demand will exceed the available supply you have and for that reason the light will automatically go off

These are all examples of how a demand is trying to exceed supply and how the system will protect itself.

On the flip side, when supply exceeds demand, the system will equally go off for safety reasons.

In Nigeria, supply does not always exceed demand unless there is an adverse event that occurs. I will explain.

In 2022, when TCN unions (NUEE) decide to go on strike, they just off the light abruptly without notice nor following the normal process, this trigger imbalance

Between the demand and supply.

They off the electricity around Abuja axis and co areas without the S.O. necessarily transferring the load somewhere. This resulted in higher supply, less demand because the generators are working, but nobody to pick load. It means

For E.g, there is 4000MWh being generated from GenCos. You went ahead to shut down almost 500MWh without channelling that MWh somewhere else. It becomes a redundant, and the system does not accept redundancy. For that reason, the entire power plants go off to protect itself

The frequency will be showing something more than 52Hz in some cases because supply is higher than demand.

This is why you will see that they will bring light now and take it off again.

The demand is not static, and as its changing, the S.O. will also be Making sure that the supply is reasonable enough to maintain frequency reading within the allowable limit.

TCN will ask a disco to take 200Mw, and within a short time, they will reduce that 200Mw to 190Mw depending on how generation and demand are behaving

This is all done to protect the grid and maintain balance.

If TCN asks Disco to reduce the MW, that's when you see discos taking light off, or maybe if there is a major repair.

Also, if there is a repair and a disco can not offtake power, then either the disco rechannel it Somewhere or the TCN will do it themselves.

What causes grid collapse is not a deflection of small MW in the generation pool. It has to be a major disruption that is SIGNIFICANT enough to create imbalance within short time, making it impossible for the S.O. to react immediately.

You have a generation pool of 4000MW, and a sudden problem occurs at the transmission line, which takes out almost 500MW off. This is significant enough to cause grid collapse.

Even that 500MW, it has to be so fast that the S.O. cannot react at the immediate point.

Disruption like 10MW, 20MW is not significant enough, and it's usually handled by the S.O. or even the disco

Other ways to maintain the grid without collapsing is to have the full and complete use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA).

This will make it easy for the S.O. to react faster and save the grid from collapsing.

Spinning reserve is also another option

But we do not have enough generation talkless of having a spinning reserve 😅😅

Reserve means a situation where demand is increasing, and you're matching up the demand by increasing supply immediately 😅

After grid collapses, the S.O. will immediately order the restoration or start off of power plants again. They usually call it black start.

They initiate the power plant and begin to give electricity to strategic discos gradually

It's a normal process, just like when your circuit breaker trips off, then you fix it and on your light again.

This is why the grid will collapse, and they will restart it before the news even go out. By the time its in the news, some people will be saying, but we have light😂

Need to also mention that some power plants are not connected to the grid, and there is partial collapse and system-wide collapse. These can also be the reason why someone from a far away remote location can be claiming to have light when the grid collapses.😅

Written By:
Habu Sadiek
Power Sector Analyst

Ikaeniyan0:
Some Nigerians in power are just so foolish, cruel and petty. They make it hard for people to do business in Nigeria. I can't believe any government official, who will claim to love Nigeria will be against this project.

It is just heartlessness of the highest order. Something that will make the country recover, they will be blocking

Wilfreymorena:
I have been wondering and curious to know why young beautiful and good looking ladies prefer to date rich guys?. Who will date the broke guys?

It's the economy that made our women like this. In other countries, women aren't afraid to be friendly at the very least to guys they like and financial status is not a huge deal since no jobs are looked down upon.

As long as you can feed yourself and pay your bills, no one will classify you as broke overseas. Speaking from experience

Iykopee:
Hardship in Canada is different from hardship in Nigeria. Offer me the opportunity to go to Canada and see if I won't disappear overnight.

Useless idiots trying to create a semblance of what Nigerians are going through in Nigeria with the useless Canada's theory.


Thièfnubu is a thief of international repute.

Obviously didn't watch the video. If not you for dey ask how to help those homeless people wey don form estate for main road. They change clothes on road in broad daylight in Canada 🇨🇦

It's like seeing beggars inside Eko Atlantic estate

JASONjnr:
Lol.......


Wouldn't that be stupid?

If pepsi gets the formula, it will make no sense buying pepsi and it will taste like cocacola.

Unless Pepsi reduce their price leading to higher sales

Validated:
The will always be in your midst. However, Africa is worse than any other continent, with Nigeria leading the pack of poor people. Most of the poor population in Canada are still immigrants who left their countries to Canada. Most have no means of survival or at best are asylum seekers.

I wonder why Canada 🇨🇦 government doesn't seem to provide a welfare system like UK 🇬🇧 for instance. ..


But the truth is the whole world is going through economic instability

The U.S 🇺🇸 is on the verge of a financial crash because of past leaders decisions to keep printing money to cover debts leading to excess dollars in circulation weakening their currency in the process

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsuUufHaCuI?feature=shared

Life in Canada seems to be economically tough despite their excellent politicians. So Nigeria 🇳🇬 ain't alone...

See video for more details

Source: Taiwo Aina (Youtube)
@Nlfpm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsuUufHaCuI?feature=shared


See how they are suffering economically in Canada

Oracleee:



Werey, tomorrow you will come out to support the killings by Israel, forgetting the same God that created Isreal created every other folks. You don loose credibility.

The preaching is on point sha but.....We must remember that innocent Iranians and Palestinians that God loves, live in those countries.

bad one

Make I contribute my own 2 cents. See the mad hacks in this video 👇

https://www.instagram.com/p/DAeH4DLvIG1/?chaining=true

anointedlinks:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZNIyCevj9c

Short video

This was nice and straight to the point

EducatedMind369:


Good day. I have a question to ask: how do I become a attractive as an undergrad with limited financial resources? I'm a male by the way.

Do I just leave that aspect of my life till later in the future, when I might have the means?

Still socialise and network strategically but build your income earning skills mainly. Better to have financial stability that makes you able to court then marry a woman and jointly run a household than, to be chasing women and ruin your future

clarocuzioo:


Nnaaa you are very correct. Na so one big aunty for my area called me today while passing. It was obvious she needed some touching. I entered her shop and immediately got the signs. Grabbed her bobby and fingered her.
Aunty quickly locked her slide glass and bent over for me on the desk in her shop. I gave her the dicking of her life in her shop. She was moaning loud that
I have to increase the volume of the television to highest.
When were were done, I was shocked aunty looked at me and ask me "WHAT DID U JUST DO?

What was your response to her question? I'm curious how best to answer that..

Misleading headline: nobody commenting read the original post.

It is talking about men that enter makeup as a career, not men that wear makeup.

Where has our reading and comprehension culture gone in this country?

I blame the OP for using that title though...

Unclewilly:
The NYT reports that #Iran's regime's ambassador to #Lebanon Mojtaba Amani, who is essentially an #IRGCterrorists affiliate, lost one eye and severely injured his other eye when a pager he was carrying exploded today. Stands in stark contrast to the downplaying of his injuries by Tehran earlier in the day. He is being medevaced back to Tehran.
https://nytimes.com/live/2024/09/17/world/israel-hamas-war-news?smid=url-share#irans-ambassador-to-lebanon-is-injured-in-the-apparent-attack-state-media-reports

From the last pictures you posted, it seems this was revenge mockery of what Iranian government did to protesters

The ladies should talk as well. The title said what made you stop talking stage with someone. It was not gender specific

Upselling at work - ''I'm coming to Saudi Arabia, they booked me 26th''

Hi

Nice

ChizzyBuna:
I had a dream where I saw multitude of thugs been paid and hired to cause problem.

The goal is for the FG sponsored thugs to infiltrate the peaceful protest, cause mayhem

Then FG blames the peaceful protesters for the destruction and mayhem.

Giving order to police to shoot any protester.

Me, I rarely dream
But whenever I dream. It comes true 95%

Interesting

Don't hire people below 18 years as househelp. It's child labor slavery

People don't read articles fully to comprehend. His son is still alive but Elon feels he is dead now that he has changed his gender to female

insightful

makes sense

ok

God save us haha. I remember one of my former neighbours who used to act disgusted with guys, the day the thing hook her, she was ready to drag me inside her house. I was too shocked to do anything

facts

Reggaero:
My girlfriend birthday is near,and i no get money for hand
Can anyone help pls

more important should be how to get money for yourself until you have enough to date as well

anointedlinks:
Be guided

Me?