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Foreign Affairs / Re: Thomas Massie Posts Christmas Family Photo With Members Holding Assault Weapons by moneya(m): 9:24am On Dec 07, 2021 |
, Techsupport:Mostly AR, AK104, SR25 Glock 18c. I have used different varieties at the shooting range. |
Foreign Affairs / Re: Thomas Massie Posts Christmas Family Photo With Members Holding Assault Weapons by moneya(m): 3:32pm On Dec 05, 2021 |
Ladyhippolyta88: Oga close your mouth, the most violent area in the USA have gun control, and are run mostly by democrats. 5 Likes |
Foreign Affairs / Re: Thomas Massie Posts Christmas Family Photo With Members Holding Assault Weapons by moneya(m): 3:31pm On Dec 05, 2021 |
Ladyhippolyta88:Weapon protects, or should we ban knives in the UK? Gun doesn't kill, it's people that kill 6 Likes |
Foreign Affairs / Re: Thomas Massie Posts Christmas Family Photo With Members Holding Assault Weapons by moneya(m): 12:19pm On Dec 05, 2021 |
InTheCloudySky:Nothing is sickening here, just Bleep around and find out. 20 Likes |
Foreign Affairs / Re: Thomas Massie Posts Christmas Family Photo With Members Holding Assault Weapons by moneya(m): 12:18pm On Dec 05, 2021 |
Ladyhippolyta88: Oga, tell me more about the aussie vaccine internment camp. Dumb aussie handed their weapons to the government now they are getting rape of their rights anally. 17 Likes |
Religion / Re: Copy And Paste Not A Sin - Rev. Uche Ume (Video) by moneya(m): 11:03am On Nov 12, 2021 |
No comment but on fp |
Politics / Re: The War Against Bokoharam by moneya(m): 10:24am On Nov 12, 2021 |
6 years old video Are you okay? |
Business / Re: Logistics Bike Rider Challenge by moneya(m): 8:19am On Nov 06, 2021 |
Arewa12:How do you manage your company's work flow and cash flow? How do you know when there's an order since you aren't available atm? |
Business / Re: Logistics Bike Rider Challenge by moneya(m): 7:15am On Nov 06, 2021 |
Arewa12:How do you get your request for delivery? |
Politics / Re: The Grenade Of A Security Personnel Exploded Not A Suicide Bomber - EBSG by moneya(m): 8:24pm On May 25, 2021 |
Chigold101:Chief am not here for politics,just stating the obvious truth. |
Politics / Re: The Grenade Of A Security Personnel Exploded Not A Suicide Bomber - EBSG by moneya(m): 4:18pm On May 25, 2021 |
Man102: This is damage control.... 17 Likes 1 Share |
Celebrities / Re: What A World! 4 Years After Efe Won BBN2017, See What He Has Become by moneya(m): 8:52am On May 10, 2021 |
Miee: Looks good with its sleek design but what about its performance? , how much do they go for? 1 Like |
Religion / Impact Of The French Revolution And Relevance To Contemporary Christainity by moneya(m): 7:25pm On Jul 01, 2015 |
Impact of the French Revolution on 18th Century Europe and Relevance to Contemporary Christianity INTRODUCTION Events of 1789 formed the catalyst that exploded the powder keg of accumulated grievances in France. Indeed “the French Revolution began when Louis XVI called the States-General to provide money for his bankrupt government” (The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol.7, 1991, p.450). The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 produced intense hostility to Christianity because “the Roman church was identified by the people with the earlier government of France and suffered greatly” (Harman and Renwick, 1999, p.170). Lefebvre (1947) observed that in a total population of probably twenty three million, there were certainly not more than one hundred thousand priests, monks and nuns, and four hundred thousand nobles. The rest constituted the Third Estate. This secular event shows the contemporary Church the peril that awaits a nation that rejects God. The point of the observation is that although the French Revolution negatively affected Christianity, the attempt at deChristianization was unable to blot the ‘faith of our fathers living still’. RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT According to Noll (2000), “a number of long-festering conditions had prepared the way for this attack on Christianity” (p.247). Paradoxically, some of these were of Christian origin. Centuries earlier, Augustine had declared that man should not have dominion over man, for he is a rational creature made in the image of God. Bellarmine, the Jesuit Cardinal opined that it depended on the consent of the people whether kings, consuls or other magistrates were to be established in authority over them. He further observed that the people should change a kingdom into an aristocracy if there was legitimate cause. Latourette (1953) therefore referred to the French Revolution as “a secularized version of the heavenly city as perceived by Christians” (p.1007). Before the outbreak of the revolution in France, bad economic, political, social and legal conditions, the successful example of the English Revolution of 1689 and the American Revolution of 1776 were fused by the development of an ideology that rationalized the right of popular revolution against Louis XVI. This ideology was the result of the teachings of the philosophes. While Rousseau and Montesquieu provided the political atmosphere for revolution, Voltaire criticized the church. Cairns (1981) admitted that there were grounds for criticism of the Roman Catholic Church in France. It owned much land and was as responsible as the secular state in the dealings with the people. The public resented various tithes imposed by the church, rigorous repression of religious dissenters, and the non-productive monkish orders. Nichols (1932) suspected that “the greatest cause of the hostility of the church was its enormous wealth and the selfish use made of it” (p.96) since the masses were ruined by cruel taxation at the expense of higher clergy who were generally lazy, luxurious and immoral. If the 17th century was the age of orthodoxy, the eighteenth was the age of nationalism, a result of cold orthodoxy and scientific developments. The deadly result was that “revelation tended to take the back seat to reason and knowledge gained by sense perception” (Vos, 1960, p.99). When scientists investigated the form of the universe, they formed the idea of a clockwise universe – God’s world was seen as gigantic, well-ordained giant clock. IMPLICATIONS FOR 18TH CENTURY EUROPE The French Revolution is viewed as a turning point because it was seen as an important stage in a succession of movements that later spread across the globe to ultimately affect the life of mankind. It is observed that the effects were especially serious for Christianity since they brought actions which struck at the privileges and status of the Roman Catholic Church. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26 1789 held that “the source of all sovereignty is located in the nation; no body, no individual can exercise authority which does not emanate from it expressly” (Noll, 2000, p.247). The peasants were relieved of a burden which had taken about a twentieth of their produce when tithes were abolished. Consequently, the church was deprived of one of its chief sources of revenue. Church land, which comprised about a fifth of the area of France was confiscated and became the property of the state. In July 1790, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was enacted by the National Assembly. Among other things, bishops were to be elected by the voters who chose the civil officials and the pope was merely to be notified of their choice. Payment of the clergy by the state was no blessing in disguise since the former was to take an oath of allegiance to the latter. [It must be observed that Spener criticized caesaropapism (doctrine of state control over the church) in his significant publication way back in 1675]. The pope’s power was reduced to that of stating the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. Indeed “churchmen felt this new act meant secularization of the church and they were violently opposed to it” (Cairns, 1981, p.390). Unlike the situation in the United States, separation of church and state by the French Revolution and later in the Soviet Union and its sphere of influence was an attempt to totally exterminate the church and to replace it with nationalism. The Roman Catholic Church and the French state were completely separated during the reign of terror of 1793 and 1794 when so many were executed for counter revolutionary activities. The programme of deChristianization gained momentum when the convention decreed that a commune had the right to renounce the Catholic form of worship. The calendar adopted on October 3 1793 made every tenth day rather than Sunday a day of rest. On November 7, 1793, the Archbishop of Paris appeared before the Convention and “solemnly resigned his Episcopal functions” (Encyclopaedia Britiannica, vol.15, 1989, p.498). A certain Mademoiselle Maillard, an opera dancer, wearing the three colours of the new republic on November 10, 1793 was enthroned as the goddess of Reason upon the high altar of Notre Dame, the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Paris, and there she received the homage of the revolutionists. Notre Dame was rechristened the Temple of Reason. Another step adopted by the Convention was the ordering of churches and parsonages to be used as school houses and poor houses thus effectively preventing public and official worship. The Feasts of Reason both at Paris and elsewhere soon “degenerated into mere orgies, disreputable women playing the part of goddesses and enacting bacchanals in the churches” (Martin, 1877, p.552). The precarious situation during the Reign of Terror forced many Christians to renounce their trust in God. Assessing the situation, Kuiper (1964) pointed out that “it is not possible to say how many Protestants as well as Catholics renounced their faith at this time, but the number was large” (p.310). Although the Convention passed a decree reaffirming the principle of the freedom of worship, the Directory and its regime were basically anti-Christian. The interests of Christianity and European civilization were no longer regarded as two expressions of the same reality. In other words, there was a signal of the demise of Christendom. Kings initially viewed themselves as God’s representatives on earth and considered all disobedience and rebellion to be sinful. A dangerous feeling of infallibility, considerable serenity and moderation therefore gained control of monarchs. The French Revolution completely repudiated this divine right of kings and “asserted the doctrine that the right to rule came from the people” (The World Book Encyclopedia, vol.5, 1971, p.199). Although Napoleon eventually recognized the Roman Catholic religion as the religion of the great majority of French citizens, he did not make it the established religion. The clergy were to be paid by the state but the property taken from the Roman Church in 1790 was not to be returned to it. In fact, Latourette (1953) observed with brutal truth that Napoleon “regarded the church as an institution which must be recognized and used for his purposes” (p.1011). The French Revolution and Napoleon brought grave embarrassment to missions. The direct result was a sharp decline of the faith in some geographic frontiers. Few missionaries were sent from Europe and it was difficult to render aid to those already in the field. The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris was compelled to seek headquarters outside of France. The Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith, the bureau through which the Papacy supervised missions abroad, was driven out of Rome. This led to a marked falling off in numbers and morale of the Roman Catholic community in India. Adverse domestic conditions coupled with the handicaps in Europe threatened the extinction of the church in China. The occupation of Spain by Napoleonic armies and the attack on Portugal greatly affected missions in Latin America. Conditions in Russia were also adverse. Parishes lost the right of electing their clergy, a privilege enjoyed since the era of Peter the Great. In a brilliant summary, Noll (2000) commented that “turmoil from the French Revolution and then the wave of national liberation movements fostered by Napoleon further diminished European concern for cross-cultural Christian expansion” (p.274). The revolution greatly affected Lutherans in the German states. War and suffering revealed that skepticism and infidelity were not sufficient to meet the needs of the human spirit and multitudes turned again to religious faith. The old Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, stimulating the strengthening of independent states like Austria and Prussia. Later in the century, this contributed to the unification of the German people under the leadership of Prussia. Calvinism in Europe also felt the shock of the French Revolution. Skepticism had already weakened this group in France, Switzerland, the German states and the Low Countries. According to Baker (1959), the “political conditions that continued through the Congress of Vienna in 1815 brought disorganization and uncertainty to continental Calvinism” (p.321). Beyond the dark clouds were shades of silver lining, which several scholars tend to overlook. Perhaps a positive view was that “society was being directed toward the good of the whole community instead of toward the benefit of a tiny elite of kings, nobles and bishops” (Noll, 2000, p.248). Grievous as were the losses suffered by Christianity, “there was ample evidence that the faith was by no means moribund” (Latourette, 1953, p.1012). Indications of vitality (old and new) were evident. These could be found among the Roman Catholics of the eastern churches and in Protestantism. If anything, “secularization of the west was not going to blot out the faith” (Noll, 2000, p.260). Liberal, sectarian and traditionalist responses to the marginalization of European Christendom all had notable vigor though at varying degrees. European thought was skillfully sifted in a new world in order to preserve an intellectually vigorous Christian faith. Groups like the Oxford Movement applied lessons of the early church of the perils of the present. In his stimulating Church History lectures at West Africa Theological Seminary, Lagos, Nigeria, Dr. William Faupel observed that secularization is not inherently evil and argued that there must be a positive interaction, that is, taking the gospel in the mindset of the people. RELEVANCE TO CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIANITY Many biblical scholars agreed that the punctuation of papal power in France was a fulfillment of prophecies of Daniel 7 and Revelation 13, which they believed predicted the demise of Roman Catholicism. In this light, Faupel (1996) observed that “the French Revolution became the Rosetta Stone by which all scriptural prophecy could be correlated with the events of human history” (p.92). The lessons for contemporary Christianity are significant. Righteousness exalts a nation but sin is indeed a reproach to any people. Even today, the Wesleys are credited with saving England from a bloody, political revolution such as befell France. While the common people were as oppressed and deprived as the French, the English people could cope with their oppression because of their faith in God and their adherence to Christian principles. The English revival caused the people to look to God for hope whereas the French had only politicians and atheistic philosophers. The lesson is that God can avert destruction in a nation that acknowledges Him as Saviour. The situation in Sierra Leone in May 2000 is a case in point. God miraculously saved the nation at a time when destruction loomed large. The nation responded to the call to shout ‘Jesus’ at 5:00 p.m. on Monday May 9 2000. God honoured this demonstration of faith and reliance on Him as the only hope. The peaceful elections in May 2002 and August/September 2007 could also be attributed to the redeeming work of God in a land where He is exalted. In like manner, Horton (1993) firmly believed that “God brought about a peaceful change in the protestant land of England, in contrast to the turmoil of the Roman Catholic France” (p.72). Secondly, the church in any nation should not fraternize with the state to oppress masses since the latter could rebel with frenzied violence. In France, the revolutionists demonstrated that “they could break down barriers if they were driven to desperation” (Rowe, 1931, p.420). Furthermore, ideas that glorify man and sentence God to temporary or permanent exile could be dangerous to any nation. The French Revolution shocked Europe and awakened people to the power of ideas and forces that had become part of western culture. For many, “those ideas and forces connoted the disruptions and destruction that could be expected from unrestrained rationalism” (Manschreck, 1974, 298). From the study, the researcher realizes that pagan religions and ideas could penetrate areas once dominated by Christianity as a result of the state of the church. During his lectures, Dr. Faupel lamented that an impending doom could await the church in North America because of inherent weakness including racist Christian policies. As Rodney observed (1972), “racism…[was] a set of generalizations and assumptions, which had no scientific bias, but…rationalized in every sphere from theology to biology” (p.99). Contemporary Christianity should realize that it should not be the cold impotent ash (like the church in France before the revolution) but a vibrant church fulfilling the Great Commission. Sumrall (1980) caustically dismissed refusal to spread the gospel as “reckless spiritual homicide” (p.. The contemporary church must be willing to sacrifice like Christ and the saints of old if the earth should be filled with the glory of God as the waters cover the sea. Houghton (1980) hoped that the contemporary church would be mindful of the fact that “when the church goes astray, denying Him who had bought His people with His precious blood, the Lord [sends] trials and afflictions to correct His unfaithful children” (p.34). the post is very long please read the rest at the link below http://blog.zafr.org.uk/impact-of-the-french-revolution-on-18th-century-europe-and-relevance-to-contemporary-christianity/ |
Culture / Examples On Body Language And Their Meanings by moneya(m): 8:43pm On Jun 30, 2015 |
Body language is a vital part of the whole communication process. It can determine either a positive or negative reaction from the one you are talking to. Examples on body language may come from any part of the body: eyes and eyebrows, lips, arms, and any other part that the receiver of the message sees. It is important to be aware of the different body actions that you do while conversing (or even when not speaking) to avoid unnecessary and even unpleasant reactions. Here are some examples on body language and the ways your body parts can manifest themselves. Eyes And Eyebrows The eyes are said to be the windows to our soul. Though it may sound too cryptic and deep, it holds a bit of truth that the person you are talking to may see some of the thoughts that you are holding back, or perhaps even misinterpret your eye’s actions from what you would like him or her to understand. Even the position and movement of your eyebrows are some of the most noticed elements when you communicate with a person face-to-face. A classic example on body language that conveys an apprehensive or burdened mood is when you have your eyebrows converging in the middle, as with frowning. Even if you talk softly and slowly, the person whom you are interacting with may think that you are almost at your temper’s threshold. Lips Another body part that is usually interpreted for the probable mood of a person is the mouth. Though we have different shapes and positions for our lips, particularly as to how they form, there are some universal notions regarding how we would most probably feel while in a conversation. Here are some examples on body language of the lips. A retracted lower lip that is almost bit by the upper teeth is usually a sign that the person is holding back and waiting for affirmation or action from the other person. On the other hand, a retracted upper lip that’s bit by the lower teeth usually signifies a person who’s holding back and keeping mixed reactions, as with a reaction to the message being conveyed by the other. Such small movements of the lips have significant implications to the person seeing them and may serve as a basis to either continue or halt the communication process. Extremities The arms and legs are considered responsible for a larger concept of body language, as these are more profound and have a heavier impact. Crossing the arms over the chest usually signifies doubt, mistrust, impatience, or closed-mindedness. Coupled with the body resting on one leg and having the other stepped away and angled, the whole idea of this unwelcoming look is heightened. Examples on body language may be corrected with appropriate gestures by practicing and internalizing how you would probably feel if you were the one seeing those actions you are doing. Actions often speak louder than words, so it’s best to always be conscious of your gestures and movements. source http://blog.zafr.org.uk/examples-on-body-language-and-their-meanings/# |
Politics / Re: Revenge Killing: Christian Reportedly Beheads ISIS Jihadist by moneya(m): 12:14pm On Jun 01, 2015 |
VintageCocktail: are Protestant Christian? if yes.. same with Catholics and other sect..... he is just a blind idiot... note: Am an atheist |
Politics / Re: See What An Israeli Woman Have To Say About Biafra(video) by moneya(m): 1:31am On Jun 01, 2015 |
searchcorp: i can't believe you are begging for murdering scum called buhari have there been justice for your brothers killed in #2011? buhari will rot in hell 1 Like 1 Share |
Politics / Re: Pipeline Surveillance: Buhari To Revoke Jonathan’s Contracts To OPC, Ex-militant by moneya(m): 2:38pm On May 16, 2015 |
[quote author=chamboy post=33787865][/quote] what is the meaning of tanoid? not in ma dictionary. |
Politics / Re: Pipeline Surveillance: Buhari To Revoke Jonathan’s Contracts To OPC, Ex-militant by moneya(m): 8:46am On May 16, 2015 |
deandavid:GMB will regret it, Go and Ask your Navy about the millitant, at least the nigeria navy is scared of them. and gmb is just an asshole as usual. #justmouth 2 Likes |
Politics / Re: Oby Ezekwesili Reacts To Oshiomhole's Wedding by moneya(m): 6:15pm On May 15, 2015 |
midolian:cause she looked like obj, the lip and the shape of her head |
Politics / Re: Oby Ezekwesili Reacts To Oshiomhole's Wedding by moneya(m): 5:44pm On May 15, 2015 |
midolian:serious |
Politics / Re: Video Of Live Gun Battle Between Combined Forces & Terrorists by moneya(m): 9:04am On May 12, 2015 |
meltech:yup |
Politics / Re: South Africa Set To Pay HIV Positive People Who Tattoo Status On Their Privates by moneya(m): 9:32am On May 11, 2015 |
gbolakpine:that's biro not tatoo |
Politics / Re: Video Of Live Gun Battle Between Combined Forces & Terrorists by moneya(m): 9:24am On May 11, 2015 |
meltech:op stop posting misleading articles all in the name of traffic chasing. and for your info this is Mali. |
Celebrities / Re: Wow!this Catholic Church Is Now A Mosque (photos) by moneya(m): 4:53pm On May 08, 2015 |
takleboy:saudi is one of the countries in the world with high rate of human rights abuse and anti-christain sentiment. tell me how many christains are murder on daily basis. 3 Likes |
Romance / Re: Help The Lover's Dillema by moneya(m): 9:40pm On May 07, 2015 |
42n8dzydoo:yea |
Romance / Re: Help The Lover's Dillema by moneya(m): 9:28pm On May 07, 2015 |
42n8dzydoo:but he is scared of hurting any of them.. |
Romance / Help The Lover's Dillema by moneya(m): 9:06pm On May 07, 2015 |
hi, @ ALL romancelander's this is my first post here. i need your help. am new to all things romance and sometimes i make a wrong move. but the issue here is not me atm the issue here is a friend of mine, he needs an advice from me which i can't give cause i might be wrong. note: i will make use of bogus names here's is his story. he was depressed 8months ago so he decided to go for a walk, while he walking he met a friendly stranger (female 1 = miley) and they got along with each other,he got her digits and they were dating for six good months they were happy together. then two months ago he had an issue with his family and his girlfriend was seeing another guy and he got very depressed that he almost commited suicide.(yeah he almost died he took an over dose) i had to urge him to get over it. lucky for him he got over it. and last month he got a new girl (sasha), they were together for 28 days until her mum told him to stay off her daughter so they officially broke up 3days ago. so yesterday he got pm from his ex gf (miley) saying she wants him back, before he could recover and gather his thoughts together he was sent a pm by another ex (sasha). saying: i love you, can we get together?we could be together so he asked me which should He stay with? note: he loves miley more than sasha but miley broke his heart. and he doesn't want to both of them. please romancelander's what advice would you give this confuse friend of mine |
Politics / Re: Ex-militants Mount Road Blocks In Warri Over Amnesty Programme by moneya(m): 7:11pm On May 07, 2015 |
eazisky:funny tell that to your navy men who trained in the niger delta region. |
Nairaland / General / Man’s Goal Of Looking Like The Hulk Almost Cost Him His Arms by moneya(m): 7:37pm On May 06, 2015 |
A man’s Goal of looking like the incredible hulk has almost cost him his arm’s. The man named Alvis(A body builder) has been injecting himself with a mix of oil and alcohol for three years in an effort to look like “The Incredible Hulk”, but it almost cost him his arms. The injections left Alves with startling 25-inch biceps, but when doctors told him what it was doing to his body, he was forced to stop. The injections had not only caused his muscles to essentially turn to rock, they had also left him with necrotic tissue. Necrotic tissue is incredibly deadly if not caught quickly, and doctors warned him they might have to amputate his arms to stop it from spreading. Luckily, they caught the infection in time and were able to remove the hardened muscle, so Alves will be able to keep his arms. However, he is left with kidney damage from the extreme toxicity of the injections. Alves has said he still plans to be a body builder but is committed to doing it naturally so he can ditch the harmful injections. Source: http://blog.zafr.org.uk/mans-goal-of-looking-like-the-hulk-almost-cost-him-his-arms |
Science/Technology / Re: 10 Amazing Facts About The Human Body You Don't Know by moneya(m): 10:18pm On May 03, 2015 |
Sandydayz:thanks |
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