QUICK FACTS.

Nigerians own 70% of homes on london most expensive street edgerton crecent.

=http://www.lailasblog.com/2014/06/nigerians-own-70-of-most-expensive.html&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwi71pjGhOvUAhXBthoKHQllCpMQFggTMAM&usg=AFQjCNF9QabKTc1Hje7OZxZQc-ZycMbWfQ

Martin0:
eh eh,ZarZar oya show come and read what diz guy said ooo

And I should take what he says over what is written in black & white? If what is written there wasn't true, they wouldn't be name-dropping because it's easy to research facts with just names. He's actually the one that should be doing the digging because people who write biographies on famous people, don't just suck the information out of their thumb, they do hard research to get the facts straight.

QUICK FACTS.

Nigeria Was the first country in africa to build a satellite.

http://www.scidev.net/en/news/nigeria-launches-first-satellite-built-by-africans.html&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwjylKLThuvUAhVDuRoKHaAHDYgQFggjMAk&usg=AFQjCNG8mzPpgeAgZ3927lTgXlD10O9Qrg

Muafrika2:


India is a real sleeping giant . But I wish the above were human development . Most are military oriented, technology based with huge populations lacking essential services. Nigeria is right on your hills btw.

India is no giant, sleeping or awaken or halfway in between. development of India is a work in progress .

let me tell u something which i always tell in the defense related threads in this forum.

ask any person involved in military industrial complex,he will tell u categorically that a good military industrial complex runs on the back of a equally if not better civilian industrial complex, without which u cannot develop and design ur complex weapon systems.


let highlight this with certain example

1.Indian railways

a. if the tracks of the Indian railways r laid out, they would circle the earth 1.5 times (equator)

b. Indian railways runs 14,300 trains every day, 24X7, 265 days a year. it is no joke

c. Indian railway transports 2.5 crore passengers daily. it is the total population of Australia, new Zealand and Tasmania put together .

d. Indian railway is the 4th largest railway network in the world.

e. Indian railway is the worlds largest commercial employer with 1.4 million employees

f. Indian railway new Delhi station has the worlds largest route relay inter locking station

g. the total distance covered by the Indian railway 14,300 trains everyday equals three and half times the distance to moon.

h. India has developed her unique anti collision system (ACD) to avoid collisions between trains , presently under extensive trials.

i. self stabilization technology for tracks developed to enable faster and safer traveling by trains.

j. Indian railway is building the worlds highest rail bridge over chenab river. higher than Eiffel tower .

k. the resonance frequency of suspensions of Indian railway trains r kept at 1.2hetrz becz this is the frequency the human body is most comfortable with.

l. the Indian railway website gets 12 lakh hits per minute.

m. Indian railway designs and manufactures its own engines,coaches and also exports the same to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Mali, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Angola, Australia, Thailand Vietnam etc. it also imports certain engines/coaches.

n. Indian railway owns over 200,000+ (freight) wagons, 50,000+ coaches and 8,000+ locomotives

o. Indian railway is the first in the world to develop and run CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) locomotives.

p. Indian railway during 2015-16 had revenue of 26 billion dollars .

q. Indian railways uses bio-diesel to run a good percentage of its trains.

r. Indian railway has started trial runs of solar panel powered coaches




etc
etc
etc

QUICK facts.

Nigeria to become the first african country to launch a Nano Satelite.

“Those nanosatellites, each time they are within the Nigerian territory, would be singing National Anthem.
“So those who carry UHF radio would be able to receive it and all these are part of Nigeria’s efforts,” he said.
The space chief also declared that Nigeria would be a space power by 2030, sending an astronaut into space from Nigerian-owned launch facility on Nigeria’s soil.
According to him, the engineers that design and launch Nigerian satellites are at the Centre for Satellite Technology Development at NASRDA"


http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/

ZarZar:


And I should take what he says over what is written in black & white? If what is written there wasn't true, they wouldn't be name-dropping because it's easy to research facts with just names. He's actually the one that should be doing the digging because people who write biographies on famous people, don't just suck the information out of their thumb, they do hard research to get the facts straight.

hmmmm wonderful

Nigeria first provided UN peacekeepers to Congo (ONUC) from 1960 to 1964. Since then, Nigeria has been an active participant in UN peacekeeping missions, deploying military contingents, unarmed military observers, military staff officers, formed police units, police advisors and civilian experts to over 25 UN missions. Nigeria is currently one of the largest UN contributing countries with military and civilian personnel deployed in ten UN peacekeeping operations and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).

nigeria

Nigeria has also played pivotal roles in other non-UN missions in Africa. As the preponderant power in West Africa, Nigeria has been the main provider of military and other resources for ECOWAS peace operations to the tune of US$8 billion[4] in its various missions in Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, and Sierra Leone. During the peak of the Liberian and Sierra Leonean civil wars in the 1990s, Nigeria provided over 70% of ECOMOG’s military and civilian personnel, as well as logistical support. In 2003, it deployed 1,500 troops to the ECOWAS Mission in Liberia (ECOMIL), and a medical and signals team to the ECOWAS Mission in Cote d’Ivoire in 2003 (ECOMICI). In 2004, 1,500 Nigerian troops were deployed in Darfur as part of the AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS). Recently, Nigeria also provided 1,200 troops to the African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA), and 200 police officers to AMISOM. Nigeria deployed the first set of individual police officers (IPOs) in Africa in ONUC in 1960 while the pioneer Formed Police Unit (FPU) of 120 officers was deployed in Liberia in 2004.

However, since the mid-2000s, Nigeria’s domestic security challenges have affected the country’s ability to sustain its troop contribution to peace operations. Troops are increasingly deployed to trouble spots across Nigeria, most especially in the Northeast which is heavily affected by the where the Boko Haram insurgency. In fact, the need to tackle the Boko Haram menace was the main reason given by the Nigerian federal government for the postponement of the recently concluded general elections in Nigeria by six weeks from February 14 and 28, to March 28 and April 11. The insecurity caused by Boko Haram is also the reason for the establishment of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) which is expected to fight the militant group in northeastern Nigeria and its border regions. Troops are expected from the Lake Chad Basin Commission Countries (LCBC) – Nigeria, Chad, Nigeria and Cameroon; as well as from Benin. Nigeria is expected to contribute 3250 of the MNJTF’s 8700 troops when it becomes operational. However, the exact date for the operationalisation of the MNJTF is yet to be finalised. But while the planning of the MNJTF is finalised, tremendous gains have been recorded in the battlefield against Boko Haram in recent times after the postponement of the general election by the Nigerian armed forces with support from the Chadians, Nigerien and Cameroonian forces. Nigerian troops are also deployed to the oil-rich Niger Delta region in the South-south geopolitical zone which continues to experience threat of militancy and oil theft. The security challenges faced by Nigeria have resulted in a reprioritization of troop deployments. An increasing number of troops are being recalled from peacekeeping missions as in Mali, and redeployed to restive regions within the country.

Nigeria’s peacekeepers receive training at the Peacekeeping Wing (PKW) of the Nigerian Army Infantry Corps Centre. Established in 2004, it was upgraded and made an autonomous training institution in 2009 with a new name: the Nigerian Army Peacekeeping Centre (NAPKC). The center undertakes research and delivers training that contributes to peace support operations worldwide. NAPKC was established primarily to give Nigerian troops pre-deployment training on Peace Support Operations. To date, NAPKC has delivered over 230 courses and trained over 53,000 peacekeepers.[5] It has also expanded its scope of training to include individual courses accredited by the UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and meeting the training requirements of member states of ECOWAS and the AU. The Centre also collaborates with Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) and Pacific Architecture Engineers (PAE) to enhance pre-deployment training (PDT) for Nigerian units. The Center’s other partners include the German Technical Assistance Team (GTAT), Peace Operation Training Institute (POTI) and The British Training and Monitoring Team (BTMAT).

QUICK FACTS.

On December 30, 2015 .

Nigeria has made history in the global space technology market by becoming the first country in the Africa to manage a foreign satellite.



Adamu said the bid was a keenly contested exercise between Nigeria and other bidders with over 20 years of experience in satellite management.
According to the General manager satellite Operations, NigComsat, Danjuma Ndihgihdah, Nigeria won the bid due to the high capacity of her ground facility at NigComSat base in Abuja, her human capacity resource, and the confidence reposed in NigComSat by the Chinese giant (CGWIC).

With this feat, Nigeria becomes the first African nation to compete at the international stage as a major player in space technology.

Idris said, the winning of the bid by Nigeria represents a milestone for the country and a clear manifestation that NigComSat and indeed Nigeria has developed the capacity to provide highly technical services in the satellite communication industry.

On the benefits derivable from the leasing services, he said Nigeria would rake in revenue from the 15 years service provision to
Belarus and build more capacity for Nigerian engineers, as well as open more frontiers for Nigeria as a global player in the space.

In addition to the traditional services of transponder leasing, he stated that NigComSat would be providing broadband services, enterprise solutions, secured communications and solutions amongs others over Nigeria and other 35 African countries such as Gabon, Cote D’Ivore and Ghana.

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/nigeria-wins-bid-to-manage-belaruss-satellite-for-15-years/

In the next few weeks, Africa's continental organization will be celebrating fifty years of its existence, having been formally established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in May 1963. It is appropriate to look at the organization's development over these years and the robust contributions of Nigeria to the organization, first known as the Organization of African Unity, OAU, until its transformation to become the African Union, AU, in 2003. In looking at these developments and Nigeria's contributions, we must appreciate and salute the sense of direction which the first Prime Minister of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa gave to the country in the foreign policy agenda which he laid before the parliament on 30 August 1960, an agenda which won approval across party lines. In that policy speech, he indicated, inter alia, that

“Very particular attention will be devoted to adopting clear and practical policies with regard to Africa. We shall make every effort to find a way to unite our efforts and prevent Africa from becoming an area of crisis and world tension”.

This was further expatiated upon by the Prime Minister in his address to the United Nations General assembly in New York on 7 October 1960 and which later became the basic principles of Nigeria`s foreign policy. The main thrust of that address included, among others:

a). the principle of non interference in the internal affairs of other states;

b). respect for existing boundaries which must, in the interest of peace in Africa, remain the recognized boundaries until such a time as the peoples concerned decide of their own free will to merge into one unit or redraw boundaries;

c). peaceful settlement of disputes by negotiation, conciliation and arbitration;

d). equality of States, no matter their size, population, military or economic might; and

e). promotion of functional cooperation throughout Africa.

This pronouncement laid the basis of our foreign policy thrust from 1960 till the present time. Successive administrations, whether civilian or military, have doggedly kept to this foreign policy agenda, especially as it concerns Africa which has remained the centre piece of our foreign policy. It is against the background of this policy thrust that Nigeria's contributions to the African continent, through the OAU and AU, must be fully appreciated.

While our early efforts at the establishment of unity at the continental level were negatively affected by the raging ideological rivalries in the continent, we remained undeterred. Our primary objective was to do everything to foster cooperation and a systematic and pragmatic evolution towards unity in the continent, as well as the emancipation of all African countries, a majority of whom were still under colonial rule. By the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, efforts had certainly commenced in this direction.

Nigeria's approach to continental unity was a cautious one and this sense of direction was succinctly put forward by late Chief Okotie-Eboh, the Minister of Finance while presenting the budget to the House in April 1961. He clearly recognized that dangers laid ahead in the balkanization of Africa, just as there were problems that must be tackled. He therefore made the case first, for satisfactory economic relations and the development of economic existence and cooperation among African countries before a political union. Such a Union, he asserted, should not be dominated by one country and must be under a leadership that is voluntarily accepted. This statement is no doubt prophetic, considering the radical views expressed by some of the then leaders of Africa and also, the domineering efforts of late Muammar Ghaddafi between late 1999 and early 2010. Ghaddafi tried to impose himself on Africa as its leader, including his efforts to force the political union of the continent.
https://www.google.de/url?q=https://m.thenigerianvoice.com/news/114515/1/nigeria-and-the-organisation-of-african-unity-afri.html&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwiF3uPEi-vUAhUJEVAKHUTWCPIQFggSMAE&usg=AFQjCNH3_c23kUNc1r-t6TJKP0kOx-pdVg

Shaytun:


QUICK facts.

Nigeria to become the first african country to launch a Nano Satelite.

“Those nanosatellites, each time they are within the Nigerian territory, would be singing National Anthem.
“So those who carry UHF radio would be able to receive it and all these are part of Nigeria’s efforts,” he said.
The space chief also declared that Nigeria would be a space power by 2030, sending an astronaut into space from Nigerian-owned launch facility on Nigeria’s soil.
According to him, the engineers that design and launch Nigerian satellites are at the Centre for Satellite Technology Development at NASRDA"


http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/

I hope it wont be passing through any longitudes in Kenya, wouldnt want it dropping on our heads.

Shaytun:


QUICK FACTS.

Nigeria Was the first country in africa to build a satellite.

http://www.scidev.net/en/news/nigeria-launches-first-satellite-built-by-africans.html&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwjylKLThuvUAhVDuRoKHaAHDYgQFggjMAk&usg=AFQjCNG8mzPpgeAgZ3927lTgXlD10O9Qrg

Alsat 2A , algerian satellite built by algerian engineers was launched in 12 july 2010 , one year before nigerian NigeriaSat-X (august 2011) .

and ALSAT 2B, lanched 2016 was built in Algeria

Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria quickly committed itself to improving the lives of the people of the country and harnessing the resources that remain vital to the economy of the country and her neighbours. By observing at what benefits and appropriate for the country, Nigeria became one of the founding members of the Organisation for African Unity (OAU), which later became the African Union. The Organisation for African Unity checks political stability of any African countries and encourages them to be holding regional meetings for the union. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria and Organisation for African Unity (OAU, now the African Union), has tremendous influence in West Africa nations and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for ECOWAS and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.

Similarly, when civil war broke out in Angola after the country gained independence from Portugal in 1975, Nigeria mobilised its diplomatic influence in Africa in support of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). That support helped tip the balance in their favour, which led to OAU recognition of the MPLA over the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola.

Nigeria extended diplomatic support to another cause, Sam Nujoma's Southwest Africa People's Organization in Namibia, to stall the apartheid South African-installed government there. In 1977, the new General Olusegun Obasanjo's military regime donated $20 million to the Zimbabwean movement against the apartheid government of Rhodesia. Nigeria also sent military equipment to Mozambique to help the newly independent country suppress the South African-backed Mozambican National Resistance guerrillas. Nigeria also provided some military training at the Kaduna first mechanised army division and other material support to Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe's guerrilla forces during the Zimbabwe War in 1979 against the white minority rule of Prime Minister Ian Douglas Smith, which was backed by the apartheid -government of South Africa.

Due to mismanagement of her economy and technology, Nigeria announced that she was launching a nuclear programme of "unlimited scope" of her own but failed. After the Nigerian Independence in 1960, Nigeria demonstrated her seriousness in improving the economy for the people and embarked on nationalizing some multi-national companies that traded with and broke the economic/trade embargo of the apartheid South African regime, the local operations of Barclays Bank was nationalised after that bank ignored the strong protests by the Nigeria populace.

Nigeria also nationalised the British Petroleum (BP) for supplying oil to South Africa. In 1982, the Alhaji Shehu Shagari government urged the visiting Pontiff Pope John Paul II to grant audience to the leaders of Southern Africa guerrilla organisations Oliver Tambo of the ANC and Sam Nujoma of SWAPO. In December 1983, the new Major General Muhammadu Buhari regime announced that Nigeria could no longer afford an apartheid government in Africa.
https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria&ved=0ahUKEwiWmOWCjuvUAhXBZFAKHUvlA8AQFggfMAA&usg=AFQjCNEPM7n46JUVsop7OON6OHblLtD6wQ

chkil0:


Alsat 2A , algerian satellite built by algerian engineers was launched in 12 july 2010 , one year before nigerian NigeriaSat-X (august 2011) .

and ALSAT 2B, lanched 2016 was built in Algeria

Can you provide a link please, cos all my links says otherwise.
https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://m.scidev.net/global/earth-science/news/nigeria-launches-first-satellite-built-by-africans.html&ved=0ahUKEwiXjM3ljOvUAhVDblAKHQmCCxYQFggpMAQ&usg=AFQjCNEyECVrBge01NhmqcLHJTgUBsEp8A

nemesis2u:


India is no giant, sleeping or awaken or halfway in between. development of India is a work in progress .

let me tell u something which i always tell in the defense related threads in this forum.

ask any person involved in military industrial complex,he will tell u categorically that a good military industrial complex runs on the back of a equally if not better civilian industrial complex, without which u cannot develop and design ur complex weapon systems.


let highlight this with certain example

1.Indian railways

a. if the tracks of the Indian railways r laid out, they would circle the earth 1.5 times (equator)

b. Indian railways runs 14,300 trains every day, 24X7, 265 days a year. it is no joke

c. Indian railway transports 2.5 crore passengers daily. it is the total population of Australia, new Zealand and Tasmania put together .

d. Indian railway is the 4th largest railway network in the world.

e. Indian railway is the worlds largest commercial employer with 1.4 million employees

f. Indian railway new Delhi station has the worlds largest route relay inter locking station

g. the total distance covered by the Indian railway 14,300 trains everyday equals three and half times the distance to moon.

h. India has developed her unique anti collision system (ACD) to avoid collisions between trains , presently under extensive trials.

i. self stabilization technology for tracks developed to enable faster and safer traveling by trains.

j. Indian railway is building the worlds highest rail bridge over chenab river. higher than Eiffel tower .

k. the resonance frequency of suspensions of Indian railway trains r kept at 1.2hetrz becz this is the frequency the human body is most comfortable with.

l. the Indian railway website gets 12 lakh hits per minute.

m. Indian railway designs and manufactures its own engines,coaches and also exports the same to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Mali, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Angola, Australia, Thailand Vietnam etc. it also imports certain engines/coaches.

n. Indian railway owns over 200,000+ (freight) wagons, 50,000+ coaches and 8,000+ locomotives

o. Indian railway is the first in the world to develop and run CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) locomotives.

p. Indian railway during 2015-16 had revenue of 26 billion dollars .

q. Indian railways uses bio-diesel to run a good percentage of its trains.

r. Indian railway has started trial runs of solar panel powered coaches




etc
etc
etc

Good points,

chkil0:


Alsat 2A , algerian satellite built by algerian engineers was launched in 12 july 2010 , one year before nigerian NigeriaSat-X (august 2011) .

and ALSAT 2B, lanched 2016 was built in Algeria

Sorry for the mix up

NigeriaSat-X was the first in Sub Saharan africa.


But Nigeria was the first country to launch a satelite in africa.



NIG

QUICK FACTS.


At Exactly 16:01 UTC on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China, Nigeria launch africa First Communication Satelite.

Shaytun:


Sorry for the mix up

NigeriaSat-X was the first in Sub Saharan africa.


But Nigeria was the first country to launch a satelite in africa.



NIG

are you talking about Nigeriasat-1 .? launched in 27 September 2003. ? Algerian Alsat 1 was launched also one year before in 28 november 2002.

and egyptian launch their nilsat satellite in 28 april 1998

freshest4live:

Can you provide a link please, cos all my links says otherwise.
https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://m.scidev.net/global/earth-science/news/nigeria-launches-first-satellite-built-by-africans.html&ved=0ahUKEwiXjM3ljOvUAhVDblAKHQmCCxYQFggpMAQ&usg=AFQjCNEyECVrBge01NhmqcLHJTgUBsEp8A

South Africa launched its first satellite in 1999 and established the South African National Space Agency in 2010. Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth became the first African to visit space when he paid to participate in a Russian spaceflight to the International Space Station in 2002.

something is missing here...

chkil0:


are you talking about Nigeriasat-1 .? launched in 27 September 2003. ? Algerian Alsat 1 was launched also one year before in 28 november 2002.

South Africa launched its first satellite in 1999 and established the South African National Space Agency in 2010. Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth became the first African to visit space when he paid to participate in a Russian spaceflight to the International Space Station in 2002.

2.ancient india (mathematics)

a.Zero, symbol: Indians were the first to use the zero as a symbol and in arithmetic operations, although Babylonians used zero to signify the 'absent'. In those earlier times a blank space was used to denote zero, later when it created confusion a dot was used to denote zero (could be found in Bakhshali manuscript). In 500 AD circa Aryabhata again gave a new symbol for zero (0).

b.Hindu number system (modern day numerical system): With decimal place-value and a symbol for zero, this present day system was the ancestor of the widely used but wrongly named Arabic numeral system. It was developed in the Indian subcontinent between the 1st and 6th centuries CE and simply borrowed / transferred by Arabs.

c.Finite Difference Interpolation: The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta presented what is possibly the first instance of finite difference interpolation around 665 CE.

d.Rolle's theorem: Bhāskara II is credited with knowledge of Rolle's theorem although its named after Michel Rolle who described with insufficient proof and was later proved by cauchy

e.Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity, Brahmagupta formula, Brahmagupta matrix, and Brahmagupta theorem: Discovered by the Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta (598–668 CE)

f.Chakravala method: The Chakravala method, a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic equations is commonly attributed to Bhāskara II, (c. 1114 – 1185 CE) although some attribute it to Jayadeva (c. 950~1000 CE). Jayadeva pointed out that Brahmagupta’s approach to solving equations of this type would yield infinitely large number of solutions, to which he then described a general method of solving such equations. Jayadeva's method was later refined by Bhāskara II in his Bijaganita treatise to be known as the Chakravala method, chakra meaning 'wheel' in Sanskrit, relevant to the cyclic nature of the algorithm. With reference to the Chakravala method, E. O. Selenuis held that no European performances at the time of Bhāskara, nor much later, came up to its marvellous height of mathematical complexity.

g.Fibonacci numbers: This sequence was first described by Virahanka (c. 700 AD), Gopāla (c. 1135), and Hemachandra (c. 1150) as an outgrowth of the earlier writings on Sanskrit prosody by Pingala (c. 200 BC).

h.Decimal mark:The practice of using a decimal mark is derived from the decimal system used in Indian mathematics.

i.Pascal's triangle: Described in the 6th century CE by Varahamihira and in the 10th century by Halayudha, commenting on an obscure reference by Pingala (the author of an earlier work on prosody) to the "Meru-prastaara", or the "Staircase of Mount Meru", in relation to binomial coefficients.

j.Pell's equation, integral solution for: About a thousand years before Pell's time, Indian scholar Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) was able to find integral solutions to vargaprakṛiti (Pell's equation): x 2 − N y 2 = 1 , { x^{2}-Ny^{2}=1,} \ x^2-Ny^2=1, where N is a nonsquare integer, in his Brâhma-sphuṭa-siddhânta treatise.

k.Sign convention: Symbols, signs and mathematical notation were employed in an early form in India by the 6th century when the mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata recommended the use of letters to represent unknown quantities. By the 7th century Brahmagupta had already begun using abbreviations for unknowns, even for multiple unknowns occurring in one complex problem. Brahmagupta also managed to use abbreviations for square roots and cube roots. By the 7th century fractions were written in a manner similar to the modern times, except for the bar separating the numerator and the denominator. A dot symbol for negative numbers was also employed. The Bakhshali Manuscript displays a cross, much like the modern '+' sign, except that it symbolized subtraction when written just after the number affected. The '=' sign for equality did not exist. Indian mathematics was transmitted to the Islamic world where this notation was seldom accepted initially and the scribes continued to write mathematics in full and without symbols.

l.Formal systems: Panini is credited with the creation of the first Formal System in the world.

m.Trigonometric functions (adapted from Greek): * Trigonometric functions (adapted from Greek): The trigonometric functions sine and versine originated in Indian astronomy, adapted from the full-chord Greek versions (to the modern half-chord versions). They were described in detail by Aryabhata in the late 5th century, but were likely developed earlier in the Siddhantas, astronomical treatises of the 3rd or 4th century. Later, the 6th-century astronomer Varahamihira discovered a few basic trigonometric formulas and identities, such as sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1.

n.Law of signs in multiplication: The earliest use of notation for negative numbers, as subtrahend, is credited by scholars to the Chinese, dating back to the 2nd century BC. Like the Chinese, the Indians used negative numbers as subtrahend, but were the first to establish the "law of signs" with regards to the multiplication of positive and negative numbers, which did not appear in Chinese texts until 1299.Indian mathematicians were aware of negative numbers by the 7th century,[156] and their role in mathematical problems of debt was understood.Mostly consistent and correct rules for working with negative numbers were formulated, and the diffusion of these rules led the Arab intermediaries to pass it on to Europe., for example (+)×(-)=(-),(-)×(-)=(+) etc.

0.Algebraic abbreviations: The mathematician Brahmagupta had begun using abbreviations for unknowns by the 7th century. He employed abbreviations for multiple unknowns occurring in one complex problem.Brahmagupta also used abbreviations for square roots and cube roots.

p.Madhava series: The infinite series for π and for the trigonometric sine, cosine, and arctangent is now attributed to Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – 1425) and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.

q.Modern elementary arithmetic: Modum indorum or the method of the Indians for arithmetic operations was popularized by al-khwarizmi and al-kindi by means of their respective works such as in Al-Khwarizmi's On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), On the Use of the Indian Numerals (ca. 830) as early as the 8th and 9th centuries.They, amongst other works, contributed to the diffusion of the Indian system of arithmetic in the Middle-East and the West.The significance of the development of the positional number system is described by the French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace (1749–1827) who wrote:

"It is India that gave us the ingenuous method of expressing all numbers by the means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position, as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit, but its very simplicity, the great ease which it has lent to all computations, puts our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions, and we shall appreciate the grandeur of this achievement when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest minds produced by antiquity."


etc

etc

many ancient works were destroyed when the worlds largest library of the time nalanda university was burned by islamic invaders . when ur incapable of defending urself u loose ur history and importantly knowledge.

chkil0:


are you talking about Nigeriasat-1 .? launched in 27 September 2003. ? Algerian Alsat 1 was launched also one year before in 28 november 2002.

I was actually talking About NigComSat-1.

But i guess we will have to stick to Sub sahara Africa if Alsat 1 was launched on 2002.

chkil0:


are you talking about Nigeriasat-1 .? launched in 27 September 2003. ? Algerian Alsat 1 was launched also one year before in 28 november 2002.

I was actually talking About NigComSat-1.

But i guess we will have to stick to Sub sahara Africa if Alsat 1 was launched in 2002.

chkil0:


are you talking about Nigeriasat-1 .? launched in 27 September 2003. ? Algerian Alsat 1 was launched also one year before in 28 november 2002.

I was actually talking About NigComSat-1.

But i guess we will have to stick to Sub sahara Africa if Alsat 1 was launched in 2002.
>:

mtis:


South Africa launched its first satellite in 1999 and established the South African National Space Agency in 2010. Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth became the first African to visit space when he paid to participate in a Russian spaceflight to the International Space Station in 2002.

something is missing here...

and egyptian launched their nilsat 101 satellite in 28 april 1998

Shaytun:


I was actually talking About NigComSat-1.

But i guess we will have to stick to Sub sahara Africa if Alsat 1 was launched in 2002.

Yeah, l think the first ever satellite was launched by Egypt in 1998. There's Egypt, South Africa, Algeria and Nigeria. But NigcomSat-1 should be the first.

chkil0:


and egyptian launched their nilsat 101 satellite in 28 april 1998

was trying to correct Shytan dude on the satellite thingy..

Shaytun:
QUICK FACTS.


At Exactly 16:01 UTC on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China, Nigeria launch africa First Communication Satelite.

Might wanna read this bro before bragging about Naija thingy..

African nations have tried to reach for the skies one way or another for decades. In 1964, a Zambian school teacher named Edward Mukuka Nkoloso launched the continent’s first space program. Nkoloso’s failed effort included placing his cadets in steel oil drums and rolling them down a hill to simulate the weightless conditions of the moon.
A number of countries on the continent have manufactured, launched, and operated satellites since.
South Africa launched its first satellite in 1999 and established the South African National Space Agency in 2010. Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth became the first African to visit space when he paid to participate in a Russian spaceflight to the International Space Station in 2002. The country is also home to an arm of the International Astronomical Union, which uses astronomy as a tool for education and development, as well as a project to develop the world’s largest radio telescope together with Australia and eight other African countries. Most recently, a joint satellite surveillance program between the country and Russia, intended to help South Africa’s military gather all-weather, day-and-night radar imagery, attracted controversy.
Egypt has also invested in a military satellite with the aid of Russia. The country’s national authority for space hopes to use space technology to drive innovation and discover resources. Other north African countries like Algeria and Morocco have also launched satellites in recent years mainly to monitor disasters, improve urban planning, and promote remote surveillance applications.
Nigeria’s space agency has used satellites to assist security agencies in locating Boko Haram insurgents and monitoring the volatile Niger Delta region, and aims to put an astronaut in space by 2030. Kenya, which launched its first satellite in 1970, announced plans in 2015 to launch a space center with the stated aim of boosting its development goals. In 2013 the country discovered two aquifers via satellite that could be a reliable supply of water for 70 years.

QUICK FACTS.
The UN's first ever police officers were Nigerian.

Martin0:
eh eh,ZarZar oya show come and read what diz guy said ooo

It's not what I said it is what knowledgeable South Africans themselves know,not the streetwise newbies you meet here.The American and British governments labelled ANC as a terrorist organisation.And up to the late 1980s the Tar Baby Option of Nixon/Kissinger years was maintained by the U.S government in favour of the apartheid government of South Africa.Pls,let's talk about better things,jare.

3. Indian Inventions and Discoveries That Shaped the Modern World

1. The Indian/Hindu Numeral System: Few people are aware that the numbers that we all use today are an Indian invention. Often referred to as Arabic numerals, after the Arab traders who brought Indian mathematical concepts to the West, this path-breaking Indian invention replaced the cumbersome Roman numeral system in use in the West until then, and stands as one of the greatest human inventions of all time.

“We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.” Albert Einstein.

Beyond the numeral system itself, a number of other critical mathematical principles also have their routes in India, whose scientific texts and discoveries were regularly studied by foreign scholars, from Greek philosophers to Arab mathematicians, and from British inventors to Nazi and Cold War era rocket and nuclear scientists.

“Nearly all the philosophical and mathematical doctrines attributed to Pythagoras are derived from India.” Ludwig von Shroeder

2.Carburised Steel: Ancient Indians were known pioneers in metallurgy, and had mastered the production of high quality steel more than two thousand years before the process was finally demystified (including through the scientific investigations of Michael Faraday) in Britain and Europe. The legendary Indian Wootz Steel was a source of astonishment to other great civilisations from Ancient Greece to Persia, and from Arabia to Ancient Rome. It was so advanced and prized that it was selected by King Porus as a gift over the gold and silver also offered to him by Alexander the Great.

The ancient Indian technique of making high quality steel today forms the basis of modern steel production for everything from the vehicles we travel in, to the cutlery we eat with. Barely seven decades after independence, India has again become a world leader in metallurgy and high quality steel production

3. Contributions to Western Philosophy: Historians are well aware that the Ancient Greeks and Romans were infatuated with India, just as our forefathers in Britain were during the early modern era. As much as the Ancient Greeks marvelled over Indian technology, town planning and state craft, they also actively sought new ideas and thoughts from India’s Vedic scriptures and philosophers, as well as by learning at ancient Indian universities such as Taxila and Nalanda.

Many scholars have pointed to significant Indian contributions to Ancient Greek philosophy, often portrayed as the foundation of human - and certainly Western - philosophy. In a thorough recent analysis in The Shape of Ancient Thought, American scholar Thomas McEvilley also details how Indian philosophy directly influenced key facets of pre-Socratic Greek philosophy.

“Is it not probable that the Brahmins were the first legislators of the earth, the first philosophers, the first theologians ? The Greeks, before the time of Pythagoras, travelled into India for instruction.” Voltaire.

4. Clothing the world: Another revolutionary Indian contribution was the development, production and use of cotton textiles for clothing. The Ancient Greeks were initially not even familiar with cotton, instead often wearing animal skins until the wars of Alexander the Great, during which they discovered and started using Indian garments, which essentially clothe all of us today.

“If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solutions, I should point to India.” Max Mueller

5. Ancient Democracy: The ancient republic of Athens has long been considered the oldest non-tribal, organised democracy in the world. During the modern era, racially motivated European ‘historians’ distorted or simply re-wrote significant Indian and colonial historical achievements, from pettily changing the date of the life and death of the revered Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, to make it appear as if he lived after Pericles and Socrates, to omitting known references to the existence of ancient Indian republics, known as Gana-Sangha (equal assembly), or Gana-Rajya (equal government).

In the same vein, the history of the ancient Indian republic of Vaishali, which dates back to 600 BCE - almost a century before the institution of Athenian republican democracy - was also ‘adjusted’ to support colonial propaganda of the day. Ironically, Ancient Greece itself demonstrated significant respect and attraction towards India and its achievements, but the legacy of modern-era colonial propaganda in this and many other facets of our collective history, remain with us to this day.

“Through such chronological manipulations, the threat that the Indian past presents to the Greek miracle [as postulated by European supremacists] is defused by chronology.” Thomas McEvilley.

Another completely distinct and more widely known ancient form of Indian democracy is the localised ‘panchayat’ system, which literally means an ‘assembly of five’ wise and respected elders. Unlike ancient Indian city and state-level republics, panchayats started as a form of localised grassroots democracy more than three thousand years ago, have survived the rise and fall of repeated conquests and empires, and are still a central feature of India’s modern democratic apparatus.

“India was the mother of..village communities of self-government and democracy.” Will Durant.

6. Water on the Moon: One of Independent India’s most notable contributions to modern space exploration occurred between 2008 and 2009, with Chandrayaan-1, the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) first dedicated lunar mission.

ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) carried both ISRO and NASA instruments, of which the Indian ‘Moon Impact Probe’ first detected the presence of lunar water. This was achieved three months before NASA’s ‘Moon Mineralogy Mapper’ (also part of Chandrayaan-1) made the same breakthrough, to which the discovery of lunar water is often attributed.

“We want to thank ISRO for making the discovery possible. The moon till now was thought to be a very dry surface with lot of rocks.” Jim Green, NASA Director.

7. Einstein’s Quantum Statistics: The scientifically advanced Germans have long been considered to be some of the world’s most ardent Indologists.

“It [The Upanishads] is the most satisfying and elevating reading which is possible in the world; it has been the solace of my life and will be the solace of my death.” Arthur Schopenhauer.

Prominent German genii from Albert Einstein to the Nazi scientists and inventors who later migrated to the United States or USSR, were eager students of Indian texts such as the remarkably advanced Upanishads. Such texts were often referenced during the 20th Century race to create nuclear technology, space rockets, jet engines and even mind control technologies, all of which are examined in India’s ancient texts.

“India - the land of Vedas, the remarkable works contain not only religious ideas for a perfect life, but also facts which science has proved true. Electricity, radium, electronics, airship, all were known to the seers who founded the Vedas.” Wheeler Wilcox

Like many Indian inventors before him, the 20th Century Bengali scientist Satyendra Nath Bose is one of modern science’s unheralded heroes. His work provided the foundations for quantum statistics, which were later endorsed, developed and published by Einstein; the 2001 Nobel Prize for physics was awarded to German and US scientists for their study of condensates, which was in fact first conducted by - and even named after - Bose; the widely covered ‘God Particle’, the Higgs-Boson, is deservedly known to be attributed to Peter Higgs, the British genius behind the Higgs particle. The other, less well known half of the Higgs-Boson is named yet again after Bose, for his ground-breaking contributions to particle physics.

“Gravitation was known to the Indians before the birth of Newton. The system of blood circulation was discovered by them centuries before Harvey was heard of.” P. Johnstone.

8. Radio/Wireless Communication: Guglielmo Marconi has for long been credited as the inventor of wireless radio communication. He subsequently received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.

The first public demonstration of the use of radio waves for communication, however, was made by an Indian scientist, Jagadish Chandra Bose. Bose first demonstrated the use of radio in Calcutta, in 1895, two years before a similar demonstration by Marconi in England. More than a century after the feat, Bose has been belatedly credited for his achievement.

Bose’s revolutionary demonstration forms the foundation of the technology used in mobile telephony, radars, satellite communication, radios, television broadcast, WiFi, remote controls and countless other applications that play a central role in our daily lives.

“The inventor (J.C. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marvel.” The Daily Chronicle, England, 1896.


9. The ‘Zero’ (0): Little needs to be written about the ‘zero’, one of the most important inventions of all time. This mathematical digit and concept also has a direct link to the ancient philosophy of ‘nothingness’, and is one of many examples of the intermeshing of science and mathematics with spirituality and philosophy in ancient India.

‘In the whole history of mathematics, there has been no more revolutionary step than the one which India made when they invented zero.” Lancelot Hogben.

Other critical branches of mathematics such as Calculus, attributed to Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, were developed to an almost identical formula by Indian mathematicians, hundreds of years before Newton & Leibniz’s findings. Similarly, the Pythagorean-theorem had been developed in India a century before an almost identical revelation in Greece.

“The study of mathematics in the West has long been characterized by a certain ethnocentric bias, a bias which most often manifests not in explicit racism, but in a tendency toward undermining or eliding the real contributions made by non-Western civilizations. The debt owed by the West to other civilizations, and to India in particular, go back to the earliest epoch of the “Western” scientific tradition, the age of the classical Greeks, and continued up until the dawn of the modern era, the renaissance, when Europe was awakening from its dark ages..
Due to the legacy of colonialism, the exploitation of which was ideologically justified through a doctrine of racial superiority, the contributions of non-European civilizations were often ignored, or, as George Ghevarughese Joseph argued, even distorted, in that they were often misattributed as European.” Dr. David Gray.

10. Complex Hydraulic Engineering: Since the time of the Indus Valley civilisation over 5,000 years ago, and until the onset of the European colonial era in the recent past, India had created and sustained a vast and highly advanced network of canals, along with intricate irrigation, water management and sewage systems. These sewage systems were so advanced that they were designed to automatically self-clear systems blockages, as well as account for smell and odour. The world’s first flush toilets were also in use in India over 3,000 years ago, and were a feature of most homes in the Indus Valley Civilisation - the largest ancient civilisation in the world.

According to American author of historical revisionism, David Hatcher Childress, ancient India’s plumbing-sewage systems were so sophisticated that they are still superior to those of many developing countries today. Large public baths were also in existence in the Indus Valley Civilisation, thousands of years before the creation of similar Roman baths.

A wonder to modern-day researchers, the cities [were] highly developed and advanced. A remarkable early example of city planning. David Hatcher Childress.

A system of canals similar to those created by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in the 19th Century - although infinitely larger and more complex - existed in India for thousands of years, and was the lifeblood of what was, for the majority of recorded human history until the colonial era, the world’s largest economy.

Edmund Burke, a prominent British supporter of American revolutionaries and the philosophical father of the modern Conservative party, repeatedly condemned the damage that British dominion had done to India, and specifically pointed to the callous ruination of painstakingly built Indian reservoir systems which had succeeded for thousands of years in keeping dry regions fertile, and India’s people self sufficient, nourished, and prosperous.

“In the happier times of India, a number almost incredible of reservoirs have been made in chosen places throughout the whole country. There cannot be in the Carnatic and Tanjore [alone] fewer than ten thousand of these reservoirs of the larger and middling dimensions.” Edmund Burke.

freshest4live:

Yeah, l think the first ever satellite was launched by Egypt in 1998. There's Egypt, South Africa, Algeria and Nigeria. But NigcomSat-1 should be the first.

Yep...My bad.

Egypt was the first country in Africa to launch a satellite followed by South Africa followed by Algeria followed by Nigeria.

I think what the article was trying to say was that Nigeria is the first african country to launch a COMMUNICATION satelite.

THIS IS INSANE - NIGERIA & KENYA TRAVEL VLOG | AdannaDavid

Any comment is appreciated...


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYZi88Dl8CU