Welcome, Guest: Register On Nairaland / LOGIN! / Trending / Recent / New
Stats: 3,206,202 members, 7,995,094 topics. Date: Wednesday, 06 November 2024 at 08:25 AM

Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions - Travel (4) - Nairaland

Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Travel / Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions (42249 Views)

Itakpe-Ajaokuta-Warri Railway Project In Pictures / Itakpe-Ajaokuta-Warri Railway Station Under Construction / Itakpe-ajaokuta-warri Standard Gauge Begin Operation In Two Weeks – Okheria (2) (3) (4)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (Reply) (Go Down)

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by COMPAQ(m): 8:14pm On Jul 28, 2018
Ofodirinwa:
Connect 6 unproductive economically dead cities via trillion naira rail project. Continue.

The line was conceived for ajaokuta steel complex. If the government gets its economic policy right, this could still be a good way to decongest the lagos port and take development to warri and environs. If ajaokuta can come alive, all the better.

But for passengers, its likely going to be a no no!
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by LaudableXX: 8:18pm On Jul 28, 2018
COMPAQ:
The line was conceived for ajaokuta steel complex. If the government gets its economic policy right, this could still be a good way to decongest the lagos port and take development to warri and environs. If ajaokuta can come alive, all the better.

But for passengers, its likely going to be a no no!
Why is it a No-No, for passengers? shocked
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by erico2k2(m): 9:34pm On Jul 28, 2018
horsepower101:


Honestly, Apart from Warri, I have no idea why those other cities have railway networks when far much more economically vibrant cities are ignored.

Nigeria, continue shooting yourselves in the foot. Continue cutting your nose to spite your face.
yep ie Benin city.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by alist(m): 10:16pm On Jul 28, 2018
Ofodirinwa:
Connect 6 unproductive economically dead cities via trillion naira rail project. Continue.
the rail line connects our two steel producing plants together. This is another reason apart from the other good resons previous posts had mentioned.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by alist(m): 10:19pm On Jul 28, 2018
erico2k2:

yep ie Benin city.
there is still the east west rail line to come that would connect warri to Benin and other major towns. This one is to connect delta steel to ajakuta steel.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by coleB(m): 10:24pm On Jul 28, 2018
finally, the long awaited ajaokuta rail line, that is believed to be one of the reasons why our federal government white elephant project "AJAOKUTA STEEL MILL" has not been functional for decades has arrived..


ohhh! how i long for the day a half a steel will roll out from thee..

a project that started long before i was born. d pioneer engineers who were trained overseas for this project are retired without given d chance to employ the skills they acquired.

if only buhari can get ajaokuta steel mill up and running, i will forgive his wrong economic policies and vote him..
many head of states/presidents before him failed to deliver on that(a project that costed billions of dollars, but corruption will not let it see d light of d day)..
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by coleB(m): 10:44pm On Jul 28, 2018
ajaokuta steel mill has never functioned since its construction. ..

who knows about the state of things in aladja steel mill ??
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 11:32pm On Jul 28, 2018
alist:
the rail line connects our two steel producing plants together. This is another reason apart from the other good resons previous posts had mentioned.

Have you bought steel for Ajeokuta? Where did you see ajeokuta produce steel? Wasn't putting ajeokuta in a dead, unproductive city away from customers the beginning of the problem?

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 11:33pm On Jul 28, 2018
COMPAQ:


The line was conceived for ajaokuta steel complex. If the government gets its economic policy right, this could still be a good way to decongest the lagos port and take development to warri and environs. If ajaokuta can come alive, all the better.

But for passengers, its likely going to be a no no!

What percentage of good brought into Nigeria is heading to Warri or Ajeokuta as a final destination? How about Agbor? Nna eh.

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 11:34pm On Jul 28, 2018
Printerscanner:


Because it is Buhari your enemy and nightmare that is doing it. Please post the one your friend, lord and personal saviour the drunk fisherman Goatluck Jonaddaft did in his 6 wasted years of looting is not corruption.

Aturu, it's a Jonathan project

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 11:36pm On Jul 28, 2018
objobj:


U lack idea of what is going on.

Pls embark on a simple research to know what happenes in Aladja, itakpe and Ajaokuta.
Then come back and confess.

Stone head

If i told you to live in any of these places for the rest of your life you would spit on me

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 11:38pm On Jul 28, 2018
StudentsNG:


Tell the Delta and Ajaokuta steel story to people who know nothing about state of things around those facilities. You want to ‘connect’ dead historical facilities that never operated while Trucks keep deforming our road networks to move imported goods from Lagos to major cities around the country.

You want to connect Delta and Ajaokuta when trucks spend days to move food, cattle and grains from North to other parts of the country through bad roads. A living brain would connect Lagos-Extreme North, North -East and West-East; each route trailing the middle belt.

I don’t blame you, I blame those you work for.

2 Orijin for this man biko. Sharp sense

2 Likes

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 11:42pm On Jul 28, 2018
arsenal33:

PDP e-rats must condemn progress

GEJ Fulfills Presidential Promise, Revives Railway System

.....Moreover, Vice-President Namadi Sambo on February 4 in Lokoja said the Federal Government had approved the design of a rail line project from Abuja to Lokoj, while the Abuja-Kaduna fast-train project had been completed and ready for inauguration.

Reportedly, the Warri-Ajaokuta rail line has been also completed and very soon Mr. President is going to commission that project. The President also has approved the design of the rail lines from Abuja to Lokoja to Ajaokuta.....

Read more: https://www.naija.ng/370278-gej-filfiles-presidential-promise-to-revives-railway-system.html#370278


Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by damein007(m): 12:43am On Jul 29, 2018
The link is to provide raw material for the steel complex in ajaokuta. Ships would land at the warri ports carrying raw materials for the steel complex. That is one of the main reason the steel complex is not functional. So buhari is truly working.. Forget what you see now.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 3:49am On Jul 29, 2018
damein007:
The link is to provide raw material for the steel complex in ajaokuta. Ships would land at the warri ports carrying raw materials for the steel complex. That is one of the main reason the steel complex is not functional. So buhari is truly working.. Forget what you see now.

1. This is a Jonathan project
2. After the raw materials are carrier to Ajaokuta, and the steel is made (lets ignore the fact that the factory has been dead for decades), where will it be sent? lol.

Will we use lorries to transport steel to Lagos? The train back to Warri? Use your brain. Rail is for getting products to markets. There's absolutely 0 market attached to this train and it will somehow chain Ajaokuta's dead fate? Will you carry the steel in your car and drive to PH?

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Caseless: 7:05am On Jul 29, 2018
horsepower101:


Honestly, Apart from Warri, I have no idea why those other cities have railway networks when far much more economically vibrant cities are ignored.

Nigeria, continue shooting yourselves in the foot. Continue cutting your nose to spite your face.
you're sad that Buhari is working. If they don't, you complain. If they do , you complain.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Caseless: 7:06am On Jul 29, 2018

There is an existing unused rail bridge already between Ajaokuta and Itobe, with some effort (not up to 5km of rail), the main rail can be linked with the bridge into Kogi East (servicing nearby communities such as Idah, Ayangba, Dekina and Ankpa).

Well, I heard there's a huge coal deposit in part of kogi east and ankpa. This line should take care a number of things here.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by rock003: 8:16am On Jul 29, 2018
sarrki:


You lack what they call economic common sense

Those cities are agricultural areas

Those cities are where most of the so called developed areas get taxes from

Know single city stands on its own , they are all Nigerians

It will also help in rural urban migration

They will also feel the sense of belonging

The list is endless

Mr economist

Those places were agricultural areas before Fulani herdsmen rendered them unproductive
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by rock003: 8:21am On Jul 29, 2018
TalkTalkTwins:
This is amazing!
The government is really trying, I wish they started these stuff since 2015, we might have considered them again.


Looking to travel soon, please check out how you can get the cheapest flights in Nigeria and all over. It is a must see.

They are only doing this because of election, not because they care about Nigeria's economy
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 6:22pm On Jul 29, 2018
alist:
the rail line connects our two steel producing plants together. This is another reason apart from the other good resons previous posts had mentioned.

Have you bought steel from them? Do we connect producer with customers or twin failed businesses? Will they buy from each other?
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by alist(m): 7:58pm On Jul 29, 2018
Ofodirinwa:


Have you bought steel for Ajeokuta? Where did you see ajeokuta produce steel? Wasn't putting ajeokuta in a dead, unproductive city away from customers the beginning of the problem?
well I can only tell u why the rail was proposed why the industries failed is another matter and I know u know why.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by COMPAQ(m): 8:19pm On Jul 29, 2018
Ofodirinwa:


What percentage of good brought into Nigeria is heading to Warri or Ajeokuta as a final destination? How about Agbor? Nna eh.

The article says that the line is supposed to join up with the Abuja kaduna line, which itself will be extended to kano. Surely a lot of imports into the country makes their way up north to kano and environs. It would also mean agricultural exports from the North can come down to warri port for export via that line.

I hope that helps?
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by COMPAQ(m): 8:21pm On Jul 29, 2018
LaudableXX:

Why is it a No-No, for passengers? shocked

That route is not high density for passenger traffic. Would you compare that with lagos Abuja or lagos onitsha??

It wouldn't sustain itself!! Except you want to introduce subsidy for train transport again?

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by LaudableXX: 11:48pm On Jul 29, 2018
COMPAQ:
That route is not high density for passenger traffic. Would you compare that with lagos Abuja or lagos onitsha??

It wouldn't sustain itself!! Except you want to introduce subsidy for train transport again?
Are you for real? shocked Ok, let me educate you further....no, on second thoughts, you are not going to pay for the tutorial, so why should I school you for free? undecided
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by LaudableXX: 12:26am On Jul 30, 2018
Ofodirinwa:
Have you bought steel for Ajeokuta? Where did you see ajeokuta produce steel? Wasn't putting ajeokuta in a dead, unproductive city away from customers the beginning of the problem?
Are you for real? In how many places are steel mills established, right within the centre of a city? undecided What usually happens, is that steel mills are located in areas where there is an abundance of raw materials called iron ore, which are the vital components for making steel.

When such steel mills are set up, other commercial ancillary businesses develop, to service the needs of the steel workers, customers, distributors and logistic teams, that patronise the place. sad In addition, rail lines are used to evacuate the finished products, or barges are used to freight the finished steel plates from the mills, if such a mill is located close to a sea port or waterway.

Over time, those commercial activities which sprout up around the mill, attract more people to the place and a mini-city or urbanised settlement develops, in proximity to such mills. sad

Have you ever been to Ajaokuta before? It has a huge deposit of iron ore, which is the raw material used as feedstock for steel mills. The iron mines at Itakpe, were meant to produce iron ore for the steel mill at Ajaokuta. undecided

Iron is currently being mined at Itakpe (Kogi State), which is more or less at the center of the region of crystalline iron deposits. The purest deposits are found within and around that area. Not only that, there are still over 3 billion tonnes of iron ore found in Kogi, Enugu, Niger, Zamfara and Kaduna States.

“Iron ores of diverse origin and quality are found in Nigeria, with the purest and largest reserve found in Itakpe, Kogi State, where proven Iron Ore reserves are in excess of 200 million tonnes, grading in ferrous (Fe) content from 25 – 50 percent, and could be up to 70 percent.

The true reserve of the deposit is yet to be quantified. In addition to Itakpe deposit, large reserves of sedimentary iron ore are exposed at Igbaja area in Kogi State, holding excess of 30.5 million tons of iron with an average assays of 50 per cent Fe (high of 85 per cent Fe) and economic percentage of phosphorous and alumina that can be processed as by-products.

The announcement in 2012, by Australian explorer, Dr. Ian Burston, Chairman of Energio of the discovery of huge Iron Ore deposits in Kogi State, should be an eye opener to Nigeria and investors considering the options of starching funds abroad or wanting to import products from other economies to look inwards

According to the company, the discovery of 488 million tons in its 100 percent-owned Igbaja Project, represents 9.2 percent of the company’s 151km2 landholding for Iron.

In a statement by Energio, the discovery was the first ever JORC Iron Ore resources discovery in Nigeria and is bound to change the pace of iron ore development in mineral rich West African country.Indeed, the Australian Stock Exchange -listed firm informed the Australian Securities that the resources update on the Agbaja project, would be released. https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/nigeria-investment-opportunities-in-iron-ore-mining/

In America, some of the largest and earliest steel mills were established in Pennsylvania, which had a large deposit of iron ore. sad The western part of the state was also located close to Minnesota and Wisconsin. Both areas also had coal in abundance, and the coal was used to remove the impurities in the iron ore. Apart from that,Pennsylvania was located close to waterways and railroads, so it was easy to evacuate the finished steel products by rail, or by by vessel. Rapid industrial development took place in this region, and till date the growth of the city owes much to the its earliest steel mills. undecided
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 12:35am On Jul 30, 2018
LaudableXX:

Are you for real? In how many places are steel mills established, right within the centre of a city? undecided What usually happens, is that steel mills are located in areas where there is an abundance of raw materials called iron ore, which are the vital components for making steel.

When such steel mills are set up, other commercial ancillary businesses develop, to service the needs of the steel workers, customers, distributors and logistic teams, that patronise the place. sad In addition, rail lines are used to evacuate the finished products, or barges are used to freight the finished steel plates from the mills, if such a mill is located close to a sea port or waterway.

Over time, those commercial activities which sprout up around the mill, attract more people to the place and a mini-city or urbanised settlement develops, in proximity to such mills. sad

Have you ever been to Ajaokuta before? It has a huge deposit of iron ore, which is the raw material used as feedstock for steel mills. The iron mines at Itakpe, were meant to produce iron ore for the steel mill at Ajaokuta. undecided

Iron is currently being mined at Itakpe (Kogi State), which is more or less at the center of the region of crystalline iron deposits. The purest deposits are found within and around that area. Not only that, there are still over 3 billion tonnes of iron ore found in Kogi, Enugu, Niger, Zamfara and Kaduna States.








putting a steel mill an Ajeokuta, which was geographically isolated for the major markets of the country (Lagos, Aba, PH, Onitsha, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano, Ibadan, Benin, (at the time) Jos, Calabar, Iilorin etc) was the first mistake among many. Then, instead of realizing this was a mistake, you build a railroad connecting Warri to this same dead place as if the DEMAND FOR STEEL exists in Warri.

AGAIN. When you build a RAILROAD, you connect PRODUCTS to MARKETS. When the colonists build the railroads they connected LAGOS and KANO, ENUGU to PORT HARCOURT. You're now connecting Ajaokuta to Warri. Why?



Why is this important: If I make a steel beam in Ajaokuta (which nobody ever will because it's a dead project), I will put it on a train, sent it to Warri. Put it on a boat, send it to Lagos, reach Lagos, drive to the destination. How much do you think Ajaokuta will have to sell this steel to make a profit?

think people.

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by LaudableXX: 12:48am On Jul 30, 2018
Ofodirinwa:
putting a steel mill an Ajeokuta, which was geographically isolated for the major markets of the country (Lagos, Aba, PH, Onitsha, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano, Ibadan, Benin, (at the time) Jos, Calabar, Iilorin etc) was the first mistake among many. Then, instead of realizing this was a mistake, you build a railroad connecting Warri to this same dead place as if the DEMAND FOR STEEL exists in Warri.

AGAIN. When you build a RAILROAD, you connect PRODUCTS to MARKETS. When the colonists build the railroads they connected LAGOS and KANO, ENUGU to PORT HARCOURT. You're now connecting Ajaokuta to Warri. Why?

Why is this important: If I make a steel beam in Ajaokuta (which nobody ever will because it's a dead project), I will put it on a train, sent it to Warri. Put it on a boat, send it to Lagos, reach Lagos, drive to the destination. How much do you think Ajaokuta will have to sell this steel to make a profit?

think people.

Oga, go back and read my previous post. I have added some more info to it. sad Study the history of industrialised places like Pennsylvania in the United States, and you will see that the points you made, are invalid. In most countries, steel mills are built close to where the iron ore deposits are located. Then the rail roads also spring up alongside such mills, in order to evacuate the product. undecided

A railway line was constructed from Ajaokuta to Warri simultaneously, when the steel mill was being built there. sad If the construction of Ajaokuta had not been stopped, that rail line would have been functional and used to evacuate the finished steel products from Ajaokuta, and also used to transport iron ore to Delta Steel, Aladja.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 1:08am On Jul 30, 2018
LaudableXX:


Oga, go back and read my previous post. I have added some more info to it. sad Study the history of industrialised places like Pennsylvania in the United States, and you will see that the points you made, are invalid. In most countries, steel mills are built close to where the iron ore deposits are located. Then the rail roads also spring up alongside such mills, in order to evacuate the product. undecided

A railway line was constructed from Ajaokuta to Warri simultaneously, when the steel mill was being built there. sad If the construction of Ajaokuta had not been stopped, that rail line would have been functional and used to evacuate the finished steel products from Ajaokuta, and also used to transport iron ore to Delta Steel, Aladja.


I have to put this simply. Steel mills are built near deposits. Then they are connected to markets using rail. Or you can build a rail road to the site, and put the plant where the market it as. Either way you have to FEED the supply chain, not connect one steel plant to another steel plant then connect them to Warri for no reason. Other than to say 'i built a railroad in the south-south' and other illiterate motivations

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by LaudableXX: 1:13am On Jul 30, 2018
Ofodirinwa:
I have to put this simply. Steel mills are built near deposits. Then they are connected to markets using rail. Or you can build a rail road to the site, and put the plant where the market it as. Either way you have to FEED the supply chain, not connect one steel plant to another steel plant then connect them to Warri for no reason. Other than to say 'i built a railroad in the south-south' and other illiterate motivations
Oga, go back and re-read my post then try to connect the dots. Until you do that, I cannot help you. Sorry. The rail line from Aladja to Warri was meant for....what? Are you saying Warri could not have been used as an evacuation point, that could be connected to the markets? Free your mind sir.
Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 3:11am On Jul 30, 2018
LaudableXX:

Oga, go back and re-read my post then try to connect the dots. Until you do that, I cannot help you. Sorry. The rail line from Aladja to Warri was meant for....what? Are you saying Warri could not have been used as an evacuation point, that could be connected to the markets? Free your mind sir.

If Warri is an evacuation point and lagos is the biggest market in Nigeria then

Refine Ore > Make Steel > Put on train > put on boat > Land at Apapa > drive to destination

If the rail road when connected Ajaokuta to Lagos then it's

Refine Ore > Make Steel > Put on Train > Drive to destination

which one of these chains produces cheaper faster steel?


If I make steel in Belgium and sell it to Lagos I will

Refine Ore > Make Steel > Put on boat > Land in Apapa > Drive to Destination

Meaning it's easier to buy steal from EUROPE for a Lagosian than useless Ajaokuta that will never succeed.

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by Ofodirinwa: 3:12am On Jul 30, 2018
Ok

Oke makes bread

Mary wants bread

David makes bread


Do you build a road between

a. Oke and David

or

b. Oke and Mary


Why are people failing to understand that?

1 Like

Re: Map Of The Itakpe - Ajaokuta - Warri Rail Line Corridors And Future Extensions by LaudableXX: 4:19pm On Jul 30, 2018
Ofodirinwa:
If Warri is an evacuation point and lagos is the biggest market in Nigeria then

Refine Ore > Make Steel > Put on train > put on boat > Land at Apapa > drive to destination

If the rail road when connected Ajaokuta to Lagos then it's

Refine Ore > Make Steel > Put on Train > Drive to destination

which one of these chains produces cheaper faster steel?

If I make steel in Belgium and sell it to Lagos I will

Refine Ore > Make Steel > Put on boat > Land in Apapa > Drive to Destination

Meaning it's easier to buy steal from EUROPE for a Lagosian than useless Ajaokuta that will never succeed.

If each of the previous military and civilian regimes, that ruled Nigeria over the past 20 years had completed Ajaokuta and made it functional, you would not be recycling this flatulent bad-belle, you have against Ajaokuta. Markets can be created, in different places. Who says Warri could not have become a thriving hub for steel if both Delta Steel & Ajaokuta, were allowed to operate?

What is wrong if Ajaokuta produces steel > transports finished steel products by rail to Warri > steel products then exported from Warri seaport directly overseas? Would it be a crime? Once the Warri port is properly dredged, this can be achieved.

Or if Ajaokuta produces steel > transports by rail to Warri > evacuated by barges/boat to domestic ports in Lagos, Port-harcourt, Onne for use in local markets & factories? Would this be wrong?

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (Reply)

Drive-through Pictures Of SPACEX Engineering Complex, In California, US. / Russian Jet Crash: Plane Carrying 71 'breaks Up' In Moscow Sky – 'no Survivors' / My Very Ugly Experience With Cross Country Transport. Pictures attached!!!

(Go Up)

Sections: politics (1) business autos (1) jobs (1) career education (1) romance computers phones travel sports fashion health
religion celebs tv-movies music-radio literature webmasters programming techmarket

Links: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Nairaland - Copyright © 2005 - 2024 Oluwaseun Osewa. All rights reserved. See How To Advertise. 99
Disclaimer: Every Nairaland member is solely responsible for anything that he/she posts or uploads on Nairaland.