Damn, yall trying to make me come back and post.


Thor Heyerdahl (October 6, 1914 – April 18, 2002) was a Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer with a background in biology, zoology, botany and geography. He became notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a self-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between apparently separate cultures. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development. Heyerdahl subsequently made other voyages designed to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.

Boats Ra and Ra II
In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (USA), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genoves (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experiences. After a number of weeks, Ra took on water after its crew made modifications to the vessel that caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 4000 miles. The crew was forced to abandon Ra some hundred miles before Caribbean islands and was saved by a yacht.

The following year, 1970, another similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio from totora, Juan and Jose Limachi from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco. The crew was mostly the same, only Djibrine had been replaced by Japanese Kei Ohara and Madani Ait Ouhanni (from Morocco). The boat successfully reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current.[22]

The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could cooperate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations.


[img]http://www.kon-tiki.no/Images/kon-tiki%20nye%20nett/ra/Ra1_373.4small.jpg[/img]
RA 1 (1969)
Thor Heyerdahl built this 45 foot long copy of an ancient Egyptian papyrus vessel in 1969 with the aid of members of the Burundi tribe from Chad in Central Africa. Constructed at the foot of the Pyramids and named after the sun god Ra, it was later transported to Safi in Morocco, from where it set sail for Barbados.After around 3,000 miles there were problems with the construction of the stern, which could not take the strain. Just a short distance from Barbados the ship had to be abandoned.
[img]http://www.kon-tiki.no/Images/kon-tiki%20nye%20nett/ra/ra1.jpg[/img]


[img]http://www.kon-tiki.no/Images/kon-tiki%20nye%20nett/ra/ra2.jpg[/img]
Ra 2 (1970)

On 17th May 1970, the reed boat Ra II set sail from Safi in Morocco on course for Barbados. With this expedition Thor Heyerdahl wanted to prove that one could have used this type of vessel to cross the Atlantic Ocean in ancient times. 57 days and 3,270 nautical miles, 6,100 km, later the 8-man crew could show the entire world that people of different cultures and religions, from different nations, had managed to work together under stressful, difficult conditions towards a common goal. A mere year earlier, the first Ra expedition had almost made it across the Atlantic Ocean. With only a week remaining a construction fault resulted in the expedition having to be abandoned.

Thor Heyerdahl had used wall paintings of papyrus vessels from ancient Egyptian burial sites and reliefs in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Central and South America as his starting points for the construction of his first reed boat, Ra. Thor Heyerdahl also believed as early as the expedition to Easter Island in 1955-1956 that he had discovered reliefs of reed boats with masts and sails on statues and paintings on stone slabs. Could it be that not only balsa rafts, but also reed boats could have carried people over wide expanses of ocean? Ra and Ra II were named after the sun god Ra and sailed under the flag of the UN. Thor Heyerdahl also wrote a book about the Ra expeditions and the film was nominated for an Oscar.
[img]http://www.kon-tiki.no/Images/kon-tiki%20nye%20nett/ra/Ra1og2VoyageMapSmall.jpg[/img]


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEFWr5svgX8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JID--UJ7oMw

mazizi tonene: Lol....lmao.....cos u think say u see oyibo abi.....meanwhile na jst albino

Now that would be a funny mistake! haha

Andyblaze: Racist Pic! they censored white boob but left black boob open

oyibo abi to precious fo da worlds eyes seeing. How bout African woman bosom ...na, not much precious their.


Personally I think being ashamed of your unclad body is a stupid cultural trait introduced by European, Turk, and Arab religious nuts concerned with their silly religious dogma. But that's another topic for another day.

"Tourist undergoing Tamberma initiation rituals for women. By Los_Bernhayer"


I'm not even going to say anything.

*Kails*:


Lol u dont have to explain anything dear. Do ur thing. I dont come in this section anymore anyway. But when u come back, slide through so we can have a few debates and chop it up a bit. i would love to finish whee we picked off....

u too @ kid.

Considering I explicitly said "Further reply incoming..." I feel I should say something. Well, unless it was "incoming" from mars or something. Also I don't want the topic to drop off. I wanted to get back to this line of thought along with a tread phyicsQED & pleep were discussing about Jews, intelligence, and DNA. I feel people put to much stock in attempting to match character traits and DNA without focusing on the memes that are passed on.

Quick example:
My white friend has a trust fund through his parents. I don't.
He doesn't have a trust fund because his parents inherited good genes.
He has a trust fund because his parents inherited money investment tactics/literacy from their lawyer parents.
While my grandparents(moms side) were share croppers. Dads' side owned a bunch of homes so I did get that much.

This goes of into the topic of The difference between what's "genetically determined" V.S "heritable"
IE...

If this seems unintelligible, think of it this way: variation in these environmental properties is in part due to variation in heritable characteristics of the child, and so the environmental characteristics themselves are heritable. Readers of The Bell Curve often suppose that a heritable characteristic is one that is passed down in the genes, but this identification is importantly flawed. The number and variety of a child's toys is not passed down in the genes. Heritability is a matter of the causation of differences, not what is "passed down" ....

How Heritability Misleads about Race

Ned Block
Department of Philosophy
NYU

Bla bla bla ...bla bla bla. basicly stuff(both the topics that I was talking to you about and the one about intelligence & DNA) I don't have time for right now but definitely feel it's worth talking about. I didn't forget about cha

test


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mh4lrp8JReU

http://www.britishpathe.com/video/dr-hannes-lindemann-arrives-home-after-sailing-the

Sorry I've been away but life got & still is serious. That said, if I don't post this now I wont get around to it for a bit, lose the info, or simply forget.
.

Virgin island Fire burn Queens

1878 Labor Riot on St. Croix, also known as Fireburn

---

Traveling in Denmark for research, Sen. Wayne James has uncovered thousands of pages of 130 year old records of the 1878 Fireburn labor revolt in the Danish Provincial Archives and Danish Maritime museum, shedding new light on this significant but poorly documented events in Virgin Islands history.
According to a statement from James's office, the documents include images of the ship "Thea," which carried the four "queens" of the Fireburn: Susanna "Bottom Belly" Abrahamsen, Mary Thomas, Axeline Salomon and Mathilde McBean, to Copenhagen in 1882, where they would be imprisoned at the women's prison in Christianshavn for their roles in the revolt that set fire to much of the west end of the island before being violently suppressed by the Danish military.
The documents also reveal the long-forgotten fact that three men were also sent to Denmark for their roles in the insurrection; James Emanuel "Mannie" Benjamin, Joseph Bowel and Edward Lewis, all of whom served their sentences at Horsen's Men's Prison in Denmark, James said.
"The new find is invaluable," James said. "Many of the gaping holes in the Fireburn story are beginning to close. Finding new information leads to new questions and the new questions lead to new answers. The entire process is beautiful."
James first heard of the 1878 Fireburn story as a young boy when his father described the events as told to him by his paternal grandmother, who was born at Estate Annaly in 1861 and saw the Fireburn firsthand.
"From that day, the story entered my soul and has been a part of me ever since," James said.
In 2004, while also poring over original archival material in Denmark, James found there were four women organizers or "queens" of the Fireburn, not three as commonly believed. While combing through the archives at St. Paul's Anglican Church in Frederiksted, he found Thomas died in 1905 and was buried in the Williams Delight plantation cemetery.
Queen Mary Highway on St. Croix is named for Thomas.
The newly uncovered documents will have to be identified, catalogued, copied and translated - a time-consuming process, James said.
"From these documents we will glean the true history of Fireburn, not the myths, half truths and outright lies," James said. "The documents will bring us close to the real story. And when we find it we need to rewrite the history books."
Right now James' research is focused on uncovering photographs of the four queens,.
"When the queens arrived in Copenhagen in 1882 - four years after Fireburn, their arrival was noted by the Danish print media," James said. "I am convinced that some Danish photographer would have found four exotic black women who burned a Danish colony in 1878 to have been interesting subjects for a photograph. So the work continues and I don’t think it will end anytime soon."
James is still in Denmark, returning this Saturday and could not be reached for comment

---

Despite a rainy afternoon and a stormy evening sky, hundreds gathered in Frederiksted Friday celebrating the 132nd anniversary of the 1878 Fireburn labor revolt, an event which marked the beginning of the end of near serf-like legal status for black workers on St. Croix.

Ras Lumumba of St. Croix blew calls on the conch shell as the crowd slowly gathered after dusk inside and around the United Caribbean Association, adjacent to Buddhoe Park and Fort Frederik. UCA has been commemorating the day for the past 37 years. Once again, as he has for years now, radio host and historian Mario Moorhead retold some of the history leading up to the tragic but pivotal event in Virgin Islands' history and there was a performance of a short play about the events. Moorhead, a founder of UCA, recounted how from Emancipation in 1848 until after the Fireburn three decades later, the date Oct. 1 marked the end of a plantation laborer's contract, giving the laborer the ability to contract on a different plantation for the next year. The rest of the year, laborers were not allowed to leave their plantation without permission.

Many of those in the audience have been coming to the annual celebration for years, but there were plenty of first timers too.

"I've seen lots of new faces in the audience this year," said Elizabeth Pichardo, a psychology student at the University of the Virgin Islands. "There were ten or more Spanish speakers too, which is good to see. Everyone can use a bit more understanding of our history."

After Moorhead spoke, UCA members Wala, Asheba and others performed an original play by Richard Schrader Sr. entitled "1878: Queen Mary and Dem" that presents the events leading up to the Fireburn from the perspective of the several "queens" who are credited with instigating and organizing the uprising. The play is fast becoming a Fireburn tradition in Frederiksted. Dozens of young children and quite a few teenagers filled many of the chairs, listening raptly to the play, then to poetry and other original spoken performances recalling the struggles of their St. Croix forefathers. As many more children were running around outside, playing while their elders kept watch.

"The same problems we had back then are the ones we still face today," said Wala, after the play ended. "The injustices of the government continue and as a people we have to come together to change our situation."

Afterwards, the crowd marched to the beating of drums through the streets of Frederiksted with torches in hand in a peaceful reenactment of those fateful events of 1878.




Crucians march in Frederiksted to mark the Fireburn revolt.

Every year after 1848 employers promised better wages and working conditions but never delivered. Although technically no longer enslaved, workers' movements were highly restricted and in some respects working conditions were actually worse than before. In slave times, slaves were regularly punished by the cutting off of a foot or slicing off of a tongue, and work days were often 12 to 16 hours. But even after Emancipation, the working populace was heavily controlled and restricted and workers could not even leave their neighborhoods and go to Christiansted without a pass. Black workers could only leave the plantation once a year, on Oct. 1 - referred to as Contract Day, to enter into a new contract at a new plantation. The only exceptions to the restrictive labor laws, the only places blacks could live if they were not working on a plantation were areas called Free Gut in both Frederiksted and Christiansted, where some tradesmen and others eked out a living and a handful owned small shops, Moorhead said.

Tensions and frustrations rose over the decades after Emancipation and on Contract Day in 1878 four women on St. Croix, traditionally called queens, organized a revolt to demand all plantations pay the same or better than the St. Croix Central Factory and to repeal the Labor Act of 1849 that kept workers in serf-like conditions. These Virgin Islands heroines were: Queen Mary Thomas, Queen Mathilde Macbean, Susanna "Bottom Belly" Abrahamson and Axeline "Queen Agnes" Salomon.

For five days, much of the west end of the island burned. More than 120 black workers and 20 or more planters were killed before soldiers came in and crushed the revolt. Hundreds were arrested and ultimately the queens who were regarded as the ringleaders were sent off to prison in Denmark. But the die was cast, the labor acts repealed and wages and conditions improved a little, setting the stage for later V.I. labor heroes like D. Hamilton Jackson a few decades later.


[img]http://4.bp..com/-RhHkaUIYyIY/T5inxFqJ7cI/AAAAAAAAAvk/ZpahZW4uZJU/s640/SANY0100.JPG[/img]


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mh4lrp8JReU

My apologizes, the summer semester just recently started and I'm(was) trying to line up a job tutoring summer bridge students, set up a private tutoring hustle, deal with apartment paper work, etc. etc. etc. Basically I've been busy


I'm getting back to nairaland soon (couple of days) ...the "official" tutoring job doesn't start till July 8th

Side note
I also have a Big Big family reunion coming up (4th July weekend) with Moms side of my family that dispersed from Mississippi(Dad side moved out from south Carolina) and I'm trying to log family history stories, folk stories, folk remedies, good/bad luck actions/charms and other oddities that only the older people in the family remember. For instance my Ma telling us an old story about a "hairy lady" ?witch? chasing a boy up a tree and the boy calling his dogs to save him by singing out to them. She also spoke about "sour dirt" or clay people would dig up and eat(sounds like mostly pregnant women). I missed asking my great grandparents so I'm trying to catch my grandmas sister, aunts, and uncles. Sit them down and record it all. Hopefully I might have something to share with the folks here on nairaland.

Good, I didn't want to assume you were using **solely** PN2 as a delineator.

That's enough to work with. Further reply incoming...

As I always say "If I can't paraphrase it then I don't know it", but before I attempt a paraphrase ...

Given you've just stated your rational on why only a sub group of "Black people" are "African"
(The more I think about it I have an issue with the term African also for a similar reason but first things first).

What do you feel makes all the "black people" who live in Ghana, Ethiopia, T&T, Brazil, U.S., etc. "Black people"?


Given an answer to that I feel I'll have a full grasp of your position.
Thanks

Just to be clear, my position is more so the rejection(maybe aversion ...this is a fairly new position I'm feeling out) of the term "black" as a descriptor for a people. It's not really an assertion for an African replacement. They/we can call themselves gooba-de-woops or simply Trinidadians if it suits them, as long as it pertains to a discernible group of people and isn't ambiguous.

With the black vs African thing out of the way I'm curious... why do you seemingly have no problem calling Indians in Trinidad and Guyana Indians? Do you call Asians-Americans Asians? Even though they have been here since before the transcontinental railroad, WW2 internment camps, etc. ?



Note: I'm not trying to pull a "Gotcha!" or anything. As I said above this is a fairly new(like 2-3 months new) position I'm exploring. I never really gave a damn before. But the more a person learns & process the more that persons positions change. It just so happens that my position on the use of the term "black" has started to shift and I'm exploring that here with you and the crew



That said I have no real issues with the African Unions definition of the AFRICAN DIASPORA:

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa-union.org%2Forgans%2Fecossoc%2FReport-Expert-Diaspora%2520Defn%252013april2005-Clean%2520copy1.doc&ei=uDGMUZDcEuqD0QHZpoDADQ&usg=AFQjCNHnJtRaAk-FtnfyAfUQg9qIrKv5RA&sig2=LSOfnrYQpsfGWFW5p_fDnw

VIII. ADOPTION OF THE DEFINITION OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA

18. Following the discussion above, the meeting adopted the following definition by consensus as read by the Chairperson:

“The African Diaspora consists of peoples of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union.”



IX. CONCLUSION

19. In closing, the Chairperson thanked the Experts for their individual and collective input, and particularly, for the frank and fruitful discussion, which enabled the elaboration and adoption of a definition on the African Diaspora. The Delegate of Senegal took the floor, on behalf of all the Experts, and thanked the Chairperson for the able manner in which he conducted the meeting. The Delegate also expressed his appreciation of the efforts deployed by the Commission to implement the Diaspora initiative of the African Union and particularly, for bringing the process to fruition. He urged the Commission to continue to engage the Diaspora to seek their views on the definition adopted by the Experts and to mobilize Diaspora communities in other regions of the world as it has done effectively in the Americas and the Caribbean regions.

Please unhide my post in the following thread.
https://www.nairaland.com/1271792/african-genetics-thread-e-haplogroup/1


Thank you!

Hello, could you please ask the mod over in the culture section to un ban me(spam-bot hit me) and also un hide my post in https://www.nairaland.com/1271792/african-genetics-thread-e-haplogroup/1#1271792.50

The mod on duty right now is Odumchi
Thank you

*Kails*:
Lol why are you refering to black trinis as africans? I get you but they are afro. Trinidadians and have been for over 600 years. We gotta be careful not to mislabel ppl. I dont think they'd appreciate that..

As for the indians in those two countries, not all but the socalled elite ones behave as if those resective nations are "theirs"..there has been some racism...more so in guyana but its the attitude i dont like. The indians in jamrock know better lol they learned from the rasta vs. chinese riots

My apologies if that came off as weird but I was very self-conscious and deliberate about using the word "African". I get that they are all citizens of Trinidad & Tobago I just needed a means of differentiating the three groups of citizens and to be honest I've become more and more disillusioned with the term "black" after coming across the 1976 Brazilian census which takes using the term "black" closer to it's logical(IMO ridiculous) conclusion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Q5xqIUa-tE

1976 Brazilian census identifications

---

http://www.district158.org/baney/Classroom%20Information%20Files/World%20History/2nd%20Semester/Unit%202%20Diversity/Brazil/Brazil%201976%20Census%20Data.pdf

.......Because race is a cultural concept, beliefs about race vary dramatically from one culture to another. In this regard, America and Brazil are amazingly different in the categories they use. The United States has a small number of racial categories, based overwhelmingly on ancestry. Thus, it is possible for an American who "looks white" to "really be black" because he or she has "black blood."

In contrast, Brazilians classify people according to what they look like, using a large number of different terms. For example, one study in the Brazilian northeast conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)--the entity responsible for the census--asked people what color (cor) they were, and received 134 different answers! (Other studies have found even larger numbers; and the results vary regionally, with much fewer categories used in the south of the country.) In many Brazilian families different racial terms are used to refer to different children, while such distinctions are not possible in the United States because all the children--no matter what they look like--have the same ancestry.

Thus, I was fascinated to read that "For the first time, non-white people make up the majority of Brazil's population, according to preliminary results of the 2010 census.".......


Looking in the Cultural Mirror
How understanding race and culture helps us answer the question: "Who am I?"
by Jefferson M. Fish, Ph.D.

1.Acastanhada (cashewlike tint; caramel colored)
2.Agalegada
3.Alva (pure white)
4.Alva-escura (dark or off-white)
5.Alverenta (or aliviero, "shadow in the water"
6.Alvarinta (tinted or bleached white)
7.Alva-rosada (or jamote, roseate, white with pink highlights)
8.Alvinha (bleached; white-washed)
9.Amarela (yellow)
10.Amarelada (yellowish)
11.Amarela-quemada (burnt yellow or ochre)
12.Amarelosa (yellowed)
13.Amorenada (tannish)
14.Avermelhada (reddish, with blood vessels showing through the skin)
15.Azul (bluish)
16.Azul-marinho (deep bluish)
17.Baiano (ebony)
18.Bem-branca (very white)
19.Bem-clara (translucent)
20.Bem-morena (very dusky)
21.Branca (white)
22.Branca-avermelhada (peach white)
23.Branca-melada (honey toned)
24.Branca-morena (darkish white)
25.Branca-pálida (pallid)
26.Branca-queimada (sunburned white)
27.Branca-sardenta (white with brown spots)
28.Branca-suja (dirty white)
29.Branquiça (a white variation)
30.Branquinha (whitish)
31.Bronze (bronze)
32.Bronzeada (bronzed tan)
33.Bugrezinha-escura (Indian characteristics)
34.Burro-quanto-foge ("burro running away," implying racial mixture of unknown origin)
35.Cabocla (mixture of white, Negro and Indian)
36.Cabo-Verde (black; Cape Verdean)
37.Café (coffee)
38.Café-com-leite (coffee with milk)
39.Canela (cinnamon)
40.Canelada (tawny)
41.Castão (thistle colored)
42.Castanha (cashew)
43.Castanha-clara (clear, cashewlike)
44.Castanha-escura (dark, cashewlike)
45.Chocolate (chocolate brown)
46.Clara (light)
47.Clarinha (very light)
48.Cobre (copper hued)
49.Corado (ruddy)
50.Cor-de-café (tint of coffee)
51.Cor-de-canela (tint of cinnamon)
52.Cor-de-cuia (tea colored)
53.Cor-de-leite (milky)
54.Cor-de-oro (golden)
55.Cor-de-rosa (pink)
56.Cor-firma ("no doubt about it"
57.Crioula (little servant or slave; African)
58.Encerada (waxy)
59.Enxofrada (pallid yellow; jaundiced)
60.Esbranquecimento (mostly white)
61.Escura (dark)
62.Escurinha (semidark)
63.Fogoio (florid; flushed)
64.Galega (see agalegada above)
65.Galegada (see agalegada above)
66.Jambo (like a fruit the deep-red color of a blood orange)
67.Laranja (orange)
68.Lilás (lily)
69.Loira (blond hair and white skin)
70.Loira-clara (pale blond)
71.Loura (blond)
72.Lourinha (flaxen)
73.Malaia (from Malabar)
74.Marinheira (dark greyish)
75.Marrom (brown)
76.Meio-amerela (mid-yellow)
77.Meio-branca (mid-white)
78.Meio-morena (mid-tan)
79.Meio-preta (mid-Negro)
80.Melada (honey colored)
81.Mestiça (mixture of white and Indian)
82.Miscigenação (mixed --- literally "miscegenated"
83.Mista (mixed)
84.Morena (tan)
85.Morena-bem-chegada (very tan)
86.Morena-bronzeada (bronzed tan)
87.Morena-canelada (cinnamonlike brunette)
88.Morena-castanha (cashewlike tan)
89.Morena clara (light tan)
90.Morena-cor-de-canela (cinnamon-hued brunette)
91.Morena-jambo (dark red)
92.Morenada (mocha)
93.Morena-escura (dark tan)
94.Morena-fechada (very dark, almost mulatta)
95.Morenão (very dusky tan)
96.Morena-parda (brown-hued tan)
97.Morena-roxa (purplish-tan)
98.Morena-ruiva (reddish-tan)
99.Morena-trigueira (wheat colored)
100.Moreninha (toffeelike)
101.Mulatta (mixture of white and Negro)
102.Mulatinha (lighter-skinned white-Negro)
103.Negra (negro)
104.Negrota (Negro with a corpulent vody)
105.Pálida (pale)
106.Paraíba (like the color of marupa wood)
107.Parda (dark brown)
108.Parda-clara (lighter-skinned person of mixed race)
109.Polaca (Polish features; prostitute)
110.Pouco-clara (not very clear)
111.Pouco-morena (dusky)
112.Preta (black)
113.Pretinha (black of a lighter hue)
114.Puxa-para-branca (more like a white than a mulatta)
115.Quase-negra (almost Negro)
116.Queimada (burnt)
117.Queimada-de-praia (suntanned)
118.Queimada-de-sol (sunburned)
119.Regular (regular; nondescript)
120.Retinta ("layered" dark skin)
121.Rosa (roseate)
122.Rosada (high pink)
123.Rosa-queimada (burnished rose)
124.Roxa (purplish)
125.Ruiva (strawberry blond)
126.Russo (Russian; see also polaca)
127.Sapecada (burnished red)
128.Sarará (mulatta with reddish kinky hair, aquiline nose)
129.Saraúba (or saraiva: like a white meringue)
130.Tostada (toasted)
131.Trigueira (wheat colored)
132.Turva (opaque)
133.Verde (greenish)
134.Vermelha (reddish)

^
That sh*t right there is ri-donk-ulous

---

My take is that in an emigrant society the point of a census boils down to how many citizens do we have that originate from a given geographical region of the world(I.E were they emigrated from). Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, Europe, Americas(indigenous people). If through family admixture over time they can claim origins from more then one geographic region, state as much.

Now the next step up would be dealing in paternal/maternal ancestry, with general admixture coming next. Now I'm not asking for all that. I'm simply saying that I don't like going below geographical origins into the realm of phenotype. Especialy when you say "black" and they something silly like "not that kind of black".

So I don't beat around the bush. I just cut to the chase and say African. If I'm being specific African diaspora, continental African, African American, African Trini(Afro-trinidadian),etc. etc. I didn't state as much above because I felt it was already contextualized that I was referring to people from T&T. I just had to differentiate one group of "Black people" from the other group of "black people" cause they both fall in the same ranges and again I'm not playing the "not that kind of black people" terminology games.(not that you would go that rout, I'm speaking in generalities)


Side Question
Soooo ....am I "looking into this a bit too much" again :p

Oh!

Given that the article was investigating if Indians were predisposed to the particular illness or if it was due to living in a habitat for insects that transmit the illness. The tone of it all gave the impression that the two groups were largely separate with the military and police being run by Africans. Business being run by Europeans, Africans, and Indians. With the central government flip flopping between African and Indian (basic cronyism depending on who wins any given election).

Also read stories about Indian teachers being racist towards African students and the African population looking at Indians as perpetual others since they came to the island last. The island is considered a "developed nation" so they all are doing something right.

Side note: I follow the news in India at times and they have their own sack of problems that no one outside of India touches on **cough* rape culture, ramped inequality, child labor**cough** ...I assume because it's a growing economy.

i don't much care for the Indians in T&T and Guyana to be honest....but that's another issue.

Oh please, do tell ...I'm a knowledge junky on certain subjects. African diaspora and continental people being one of them. Besides this is the culture section what better place

On that note lets see some T&T

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=076eXb3Xx5c

clearly we know there is mixture.
however, ***where it comes from is not always certain***

Yes, I agree on the gun jumpers. "My great great great gran ma was part Cherokee" <-- Naw boo boo ...she wasn't

Hell I didn't even know so many people from India had moved to Trinidad & Tobago after Africans said screw this farming stuff upon emancipation(bad move BTW). I was reading a paper about Indians in T&T getting severely sick because they were positioned on the more rural/poor southern part of the island. Opposed to Africans in the urban northern side. They were trying to track the health inequality between the two groups.

I.E Someone from T&T who looks "Black" could be part Indian(Some pretty dark folks) and I would've never even known it. So as stated, yes I agree.

*Kails*:
^^moral of the story is assumptions are no good
when talking about our genes. esp. us black folks in the west.

Completely Agree.
Maybe it's just me but it's always been known that there are plenty of people mixed to varying degrees. It's only been with the internet and people who didn't know this that people are suddenly surprised. It's like a white person finding out that African people with bone straight hair is actually permed hair or weave then acting surprised at this new revelation. When everybody in the community already knew it.

The assumption for the diaspora has always been African people with varying degrees of admixture. which is why I threw out the **shrugs**. I completely agree with you ...I just don't think it's new info.

That said, HEY!! ***hugs 4U** for informing those who don't/didn't know.

^
A clearly and admittedly recently mixed man(on both sides of his family) ...who's surprised that he's mixed.
Hopefully he doesn't embrace the Arabism to hard.

Other then that **shrugs**

CHAPTER II: WHERE MAN CAME FROM, AND HOW DEATH CAME

---

The Chameleon

Most) if not all, of the Bantu have the legend of the chameleon-everywhere much the same, though differing in some not unimportant details-explaining how death came into the world, or, rather, how it was not prevented from coming. I will give it first as it was told to Dr Callaway by Fulatela Sitole, and afterwards mention some of the variations.

It is said he (Unkulunkulu) sent a chameleon; he said to it, "Go, chameleon (lunwaba), go and say, 'Let not men die!'" The chameleon set out; it went slowly, it loitered in the way; and as it went it ate of the fruit of a bush which is called

[1. The Baronga are a branch of the great Thonga nation (Amatonga). Father Bryant says that "the relationship between the Nguni (Zulu-Xosa), Sutu (Basuto), and Thonga Bantu families may be likened to that existing in Europe between the English, Germans, and Scandinavians of the Nordic race."]

Ubukwebezane. At length Uhkulunkulu sent a lizard [intulo, the blue-headed gecko] after the chameleon, when it had already set out for some time. The lizard went; it ran and made great haste, for Unkulunkulu had said, ****"Lizard, when you have arrived say, 'Let men die!'"**** So the lizard went, and said, "I tell you, it is said, 'Let men die!'" The lizard came back again to Unkulunkulu before the chameleon had reached his destination, the chameleon, which was sent first-which was sent and told to go and say, "Let not men die!" At length it arrived and shouted, saying, "It is said, 'Let not men die!'" But men answered, "Oh, we have accepted the word of the lizard; it has told us the word, 'It is said "Let men die!'" We cannot hear your word. Through the word of the lizard men will die." [1]

Here no reason is given for Unkulunkulu's sending the second messenger. I do not think any genuine native version suggests that he changed his mind on account of men's wickedness. Where this is said one suspects it to be a moralizing afterthought, due perhaps to European influence.

I don't think anything is inherently wrong with "Unclad girls" or na.ked girls/people at all. Nu.dity was/is religious European & Arab insecurities that was imparted on others. I have a problem with trying to market sex in an attempt to sell me something as though it's some kind of common denominator that goes with everything from Breakfast cereal to New cars.

Actually ...I don't have a problem with "Unclad girls" or sex. I have a problem with insulting lots of peoples intelligence by lazily pandering to the idea of ("Unclad girls" or sex) to sell stuff.

It's like Hollywood movies where everything has to have a love interest and a happy ending. It's just lazy, be adventurous and explore the world of ideas!

Came across more mentions of lizards(this time chameleon instead of gecko) while looking at bantu mythology


The High God

---

The High God, when thought of as having a definite dwelling-place at all-for usually they are rather vague about him-is supposed to live above the sky, which, of course, is believed to be a solid roof, meeting the earth at the point which no one can travel far enough to reach. People have got into this country by climbing trees, or, in some unexplained way, by a rope thrown up or let down; and, like Jack after climbing the beanstalk, find a country not so very different from the one they have left. In a Yao tale a poor woman, who had been tricked into drowning her

[1. The Swahili are a Bantu-speaking people, descended partly from Arab traders and colonists, and partly from the different African tribes with whom these Arabs intermarried. Their home is the strip of coast from Warsheikh to Cape Delgado, but they have travelled far and wide as traders, carriers, and Europeans' servants, and spread their language over a great part of the continent. The root -zimu, with different prefixes, is found in many Bantu languages, and sometimes means a mere ghost. sometimes a kind of monster or cannibal ogre.]

baby, climbed a tree into the Heaven country and appealed to Mulungu,[1] who gave her child back to her.

The High God is not always-perhaps not often-connected with creation. The earth is usually taken for granted, as having existed before all things. Human beings and animals are sometimes spoken of as made by him, but elsewhere as if they had originated quite independently. The Yaos say, " In the beginning man was not, only Mulungu and the beasts." But they do not say that God made the beasts, though they speak of them as " his people." The curious thing is that they think Mulungu in the beginning lived on earth, but went up into the sky because men[2] had taken to setting the bush on fire and killing "his people." The same or a similar idea (that God ceased to dwell on earth because of men's misconduct) is found to be held by other Bantu-speaking tribes, and also by the Ashanti people in West Africa and the 'Hamitic' Masai in the east. It may be connected with the older and cruder notion (still to be traced here and there) that the sky and the earth, which between them produced all living things, were once in contact, and only became separated later.

Whatever may once have been the case, prayers and sacrifices are addressed to the ancestral spirits far more frequently than to Mulungu or Leza. The High God is not, as a rule, thought of as interfering directly with the course of this world; but this must not be taken too absolutely. Mr C. W. Hobley, among the Akamba, and the Rev. D. R. Mackenzie, among the people of North Nyasaland,





[1. This word, which in some languages means 'the sky,' is used for 'God' by the Yaos, the Anyanja, the Swahili (who shorten it into Muungu), the Giryama, and some others. Other names are Chiuta, Leza, Kalunga (in Angola), Nzambe (on the Congo; American Negroes have made this into jumbi, mostly used in the plural, meaning ghosts or bogies of some sort), Katonda (in Uganda), and Unkulunku (among the Zulus). This last (which-is not, as some have thought, the same word as Mulungu) has sometimes been taken to mean the High God, sometimes the first ancestor of the tribe, who lived so long ago that no one can trace his descent from him.]

[2 For whom Mulungu was in no way responsible. ***The first human pair were found by the chameleon (a prominent character in African mythology) in his fish-trap!*** See Duff Macdonald, Africana, Vol i, p. 295.]

have recorded instances of direct prayer to the High God in times of distress or difficulty.

Understandable, Part of it is a lot of people not from the states focus on New York ...for god knows what reason( Saw it in movies & hip-hop ). Most African Americans reside in the black belt region(where I grew up) in the south and that's where you are more likely to find this kind of stuff but it's a needle in a hay stack depending on what it is.

According to the 2000 Census, New York City has the largest population of self-defined black residents of any U.S. city, with over 2 million within the city's boundaries ....

...New York City has the largest population of black immigrants (at 686,814) and descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean (especially from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Guyana, Belize, Grenada, and Haiti), and of sub-Saharan Africans...

There are two million Africans(of all backgrounds) in NYC and around 40 million in the US(mostly in the black belt region). I believe that's one reason why some people never see this kind of stuff. They come to the states and move to one of the most expensive cities in the country with a population of African Americans representative of only a tiny chunk of the total. That's like moving to Cape Verde(nice looking place BTW) and thinking you have an idea of all of West Africa.

[img]http://marxistleninist.files./2008/12/jamesallen-blackbelt1.jpg[/img]



{Here is one of the endangered instruments the guy mentioned in the above video)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDktYTkL384


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngQMhUOoL-8


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pSFUazsxnQ


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AdOEnwfiQQ


Before all the white people came in to money off of the family picnic back in the 1970's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwvGlBymhGs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0Re3YZXQ_c

ChinenyeN: Here's what makes me upset. It takes a high degree of specialized language in order to communicate these architectural ideas; language that involves terminology for the concepts of geometry, measurement and logistics. The lack of active written records also means that people had no choice but to really know what it was they were doing and also know how to communicate that knowledge to others that they were working with, because otherwise, they would not be able to produce these works. I wonder now how many people still have this knowledge and to the same specialized degree. The lexicon would be invaluable to language development.

Anyway, let me not break the flow here. I just felt like getting that out of my mind.

I figured most specilized craft was done by "secret societies". Most of the writing / pictographs i've seen in different ethnic groups was done by those societies. If you're in Nigeria how bout asking around to see if you could snoop out something? :\

pleep: We should have used these powers on the white man lol

.
Haven't you heard of the mosquito and tsese fly

Afar rock some of the most epic afros in the game ...FACT!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XUPZokMb6A

"A content analysis of the treatment of ancient Egypt in selected secondary level world history textbooks"
by Mostafa Hefny ( Book )
1 edition published in 1995 in English and held by 1 library worldwide


Author: Mostafa Hefny
Dissertation: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Wayne State University, 1995.
Edition/Format: Thesis/dissertation : Thesis/dissertation : Manuscript Archival Material : English
OCLC Number: 35154607
Notes: Typescript.
Description: x, 214 leaves ; 29 cm.
Responsibility: by Mostafa Hefny.


Library Held Formats Distance
1. Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202 United States Book *** miles

http://www.worldcat.org/title/content-analysis-of-the-treatment-of-ancient-egypt-in-selected-secondary-level-world-history-textbooks/oclc/035154607

Yes, I've heard about that also. There is a book or at least documentation on the statue. I've never seen a picture of the original though.

Stranglehold:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RZ-hYPAMFQ

Soliloqyofchaos: This was hard for me to watch. Somali9 got destroyed so terribly i actually feel embarrassed for him.You laid bait and he took it like a fool. Good job random.