Self-help groups are small informal groups of homogeneous people who help each other solve their problems. Self-help groups brings about mutual support for people with common concerns and problems to obtain information, address issues, take control and provide solutions to their shared concerns. Most Self-help groups (SHGs) are voluntary and nonprofit groups which is open to people of similar need, problems and interest.

Self-help groups (SHGs) can serve many purposes depending on the situation or condition. For example; microcredit, education, health care, mental health rehabilitation, finance and so on.

Who helps to form Self-help groups (SHGs):
A reasonably educated and well known person in the community can initially help people to form group. Such person is called an Animator or Facilitator. The facilitator enlightens people on the importance of forming groups. He or she assists in organising programs and meetings till the group picks a group leader and further guides the leader and group members.

Which agencies can help the Animator/Facilitator in organising the group?
A facilitator cannot handle and organise the group alone as he/she would need fundings, trainings, reading materials, guidance etc. the following agencies can be of help:
* Government’s development ministry
* Banks
* Non-governmental organisations
Community/village head and authorities.

CONTINUE HERE >>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT >>> PROJECT MATERIALS

schoolproject:

Students who are in their final year in the University or Polytechnics are always required to work on a project before the end of their degree and also defend it. Most students are always challenged with getting topics for their projects and also materials/solutions for their projects. Delay in getting topics and materials can lead to delay in submitting projects or even failing to submit at due time which means project failure. Yes, you can fail a project if you don't submit in due time.

In this article, we'd be listing out platforms where you can get project topics, ideas and materials/solutions.

PLATFORMS YOU CAN GET PROJECT MATERIALS
1. Final Year Project (@https://www.finalyearproject.zyz):
Final year project (FYP) is a platform where you can get detailed project materials at best/low prices. You can project materials for as low as two thousand naira (#2500) only. Final year project also has a community (a facebook group) where you can reach out to them in case you have issues while editing or making corrections.
Website: https://www.finalyearproject.zyz
Community (Facebook Group): @final year project
Hotline: 07080741776

When you buy your project materials from us here at final year project (FYP) what do you get?
In addition to getting your materials from us, we give you a community of fellow final year students and attend to your corrections on our community. We also give you journals as part of your two thousand five hundred naira (#2500). You don't have to pay extra for this.

You can earn with us as an ambassador!! If you want to opt in for this, kindly chat us up on whatsapp 07080741776 and we'd set you up to earn four hundred naira (#400) per project purchase from your campus.

How long does it take to get your project topics, materials and support?
In a minimum of 24 hours and maximum of 72 hours depending on the demand for the period.

Did you notice our platform is a platform where you get extras for your money? As a final year student, here should be your plug and a reference plug from you to your colleagues.

CONTINUE READING HERE >>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT MATERIALS

YOU CAN ADD YOURS TOO.

schoolproject:
The origin of Cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions can be traced down to the year 1952, when Wole Soyinka (now a professor), Oluwamuyiwa Awe, Ralph Opera, Tunji Rubi, Daigh Imokuhede, Pius Oleghe and Olu Agunloye who were students of the University of Ibadan formed a cult group "Pyrates" (now Seadogs confraternity).

The aim of the cult group then was to fight (though non-violently) against tribalism, elitism and the imposition of foreign conventions. Their activities then were not secretive. Their aims then were to make positive impact on their members and the society.
Two decades later, in the 1980's, cult activities in schools started degenerating and involved intimidating other students, killing and maiming. They began to have in their possessions guns, axes, cutlasses and every instrument of violence. They began to forcefully initiate students and their initiations were dangerous and sometimes involved blood or oath taking. Their activities became secretive and they became a threat to tertiary institutions as their activities affected students and lectures alike. Most students today join cults because of their quest for power, academic weakness, want to get any girl they want, etc. Now we arrive at the meaning of Cults, cultism and a cultist.

Cults are group whose activities are performed secretly. The act of belonging to a cult group is referred to as Cultism. A cultist is a member of a cult group.

As a result of the high rate of cultism activities in tertiary institutions, this article is to guide you on particular colors, slangs not to be said, insignia not to be associated with in order not to be on target.

CONTINUE READING HERE>>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT MATERIALS

Do you have experience on this topic?

why not share...

The origin of Cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions can be traced down to the year 1952, when Wole Soyinka (now a professor), Oluwamuyiwa Awe, Ralph Opera, Tunji Rubi, Daigh Imokuhede, Pius Oleghe and Olu Agunloye who were students of the University of Ibadan formed a cult group "Pyrates" (now Seadogs confraternity).

The aim of the cult group then was to fight (though non-violently) against tribalism, elitism and the imposition of foreign conventions. Their activities then were not secretive. Their aims then were to make positive impact on their members and the society.
Two decades later, in the 1980's, cult activities in schools started degenerating and involved intimidating other students, killing and maiming. They began to have in their possessions guns, axes, cutlasses and every instrument of violence. They began to forcefully initiate students and their initiations were dangerous and sometimes involved blood or oath taking. Their activities became secretive and they became a threat to tertiary institutions as their activities affected students and lectures alike. Most students today join cults because of their quest for power, academic weakness, want to get any girl they want, etc. Now we arrive at the meaning of Cults, cultism and a cultist.

Cults are group whose activities are performed secretly. The act of belonging to a cult group is referred to as Cultism. A cultist is a member of a cult group.

As a result of the high rate of cultism activities in tertiary institutions, this article is to guide you on particular colors, slangs not to be said, insignia not to be associated with in order not to be on target.

CONTINUE READING HERE>>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT MATERIALS

schoolproject:
As transitioning from primary school to high school, from high school to university has its changes, so does transitioning from the University to life after university has its changes. Life after university changes incredibly. Students face a lot of changes and challenges and some are not able to handle these challenges

What next after university is always a question in student's minds. Are they to search for jobs, further their studies or start a business?
Fresh graduates face a lot of challenges in the search for jobs. Some graduates who are able to get a job after school might not be able to keep it because they don't have much experience in that work field. Fresh graduates would actually believe that their years in the University would cover as experience for the jobs they are searching for but some employers or companies want more experience than just what graduates have been able to learn from school. Some who are able to get jobs too might not get what they want. They might not get their dream jobs or get jobs they have no interest in or the jobs they get might not be paying enough. Some graduates don't even get jobs immediately or find it hard to get jobs even years after graduating from the University. These set of graduates find it even harder to cope as they tend to be under pressures from parents, friends and even societal pressures. These people might even avoid family gatherings, reunions with their friends because of this reason. Now, it is fair to say getting into the labour market after university is hard.

Balancing their professional and personal life can also be challenging. Some works are time consuming and this can take a toll on their personal life if they are not so good in time management. Also, relationships in the professional level are also differs from relationships in one's personal life. Having to balance relating in these two different levels can also be challenging for fresh graduates.

As a graduate going into the business world or a graduate going on to be an entrepreneur in today's society might be challenging but to sail through, you have to be creative, different and industrious. You have to unleash your potentials.

CONTINUE READING HERE>>> FINAL YEAR PROJECTS

YOU CAN ALSO ADD YOURS HERE LET THE WORLD KNOW WHAT GRADUATES FACE AFTER SCHOOL FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE

As transitioning from primary school to high school, from high school to university has its changes, so does transitioning from the University to life after university has its changes. Life after university changes incredibly. Students face a lot of changes and challenges and some are not able to handle these challenges

What next after university is always a question in student's minds. Are they to search for jobs, further their studies or start a business?
Fresh graduates face a lot of challenges in the search for jobs. Some graduates who are able to get a job after school might not be able to keep it because they don't have much experience in that work field. Fresh graduates would actually believe that their years in the University would cover as experience for the jobs they are searching for but some employers or companies want more experience than just what graduates have been able to learn from school. Some who are able to get jobs too might not get what they want. They might not get their dream jobs or get jobs they have no interest in or the jobs they get might not be paying enough. Some graduates don't even get jobs immediately or find it hard to get jobs even years after graduating from the University. These set of graduates find it even harder to cope as they tend to be under pressures from parents, friends and even societal pressures. These people might even avoid family gatherings, reunions with their friends because of this reason. Now, it is fair to say getting into the labour market after university is hard.

Balancing their professional and personal life can also be challenging. Some works are time consuming and this can take a toll on their personal life if they are not so good in time management. Also, relationships in the professional level are also differs from relationships in one's personal life. Having to balance relating in these two different levels can also be challenging for fresh graduates.

As a graduate going into the business world or a graduate going on to be an entrepreneur in today's society might be challenging but to sail through, you have to be creative, different and industrious. You have to unleash your potentials.

CONTINUE READING HERE>>> FINAL YEAR PROJECTS

schoolproject:
THE IMPACT OF BRANDING ON CONSUMER’S BEHAVIOUR
(A CASE STUDY OF PZ CUSSONS NIGERIA PLC)


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


ABSTRACT

The product centered on the impact of Branding on consumer behaviour among competition brand and how good product packing can stimulate favourable attitudes toward a brand, communicate product benefits, attribute, usage etc as a communicative vehicle or promotional mix. Different attributes and functions of packing like protection, containment, continence. Communication, identification, product information etc. were considered. 90 respondents were sampled from the employee strength of PZ Cussons Plc only 82 were carried out. The study revealatal that good branding helps consumer from or develop a favourable response toward a product/brand; help position and organization and its product offerings before its target market (s) and as a promotional mix for product information dissemination. The study was summarized, concluded, recommendations and suggestions for further study were also given.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi- vii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1-2
1.2 Statement of Problem 2-3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 3-4
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Research Hypothesis 5
1.6 Operational Definition of Terms 5-7
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study 7-9
1.8 Significance of the Study 9
1.9 Historical Background of PZ Cussions Plc 9-12
References 13-14

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 15
2.1 Introduction 15-16
2.2 Conceptual Definition of Packaging and
Consumer Choice 16-18
2.3 Models of Production Packaging and
Consumer Choice 19-24
2.4 Production Packaging Development and Strategies 24-26
2.5 Functions and Attributes of a Good Package 26-27
2.6 Importance /Benefits of Packaging to Consumers
Choice Patronage 27-28
2.7 Consumer Behavior 28-29
2.8 Importance of Consumer Behaviour to
Product packages 29-30
2.9 Packaging Criticism 31 -32
2.10 Summary of the Chapter 32-33
References 34-35


CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Restatement of Research Questions 36-37
3.3 Research Methods and Design 37
3.4 Population Characteristic 37
3.5 Sample Technique and Size 38
3.6 Data Collection Methods 38
3.7 Description of the Research Instrument 38
3.8 Statistical Techniques and Procedures 39
3.9 Limitations of the Methodology 39-40
References 41

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation and Data Analysis 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Respondents Characteristic and Classification 42-46
4.3 Presentation and Data Analysis
According to Research Question 46
4.4 Presentation and analysis of Data
According to Research Hypothesis 61-64
References 65

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 66
5.1 Summary of Findings 66-67
5.2 Conclusion 67
5.3 Recommendation 67-68
5.4 Suggested areas for Further Study 68
Bibliography 69-70
Appendix 71
Questionnaire 72-75



CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is difficult, if not impossible, to find anyone who doubts the prime importance of product appeal. The need for product quality is universally acknowledged among companies. Consumers buy product benefits, not advertising or promotions, and sometimes the easiest, route to corporate growth is through product superiority.

All the other factors of the marketing mix; advertising, promotions, pricing and branding – respond most amiably to a superior product and will work hardest on its behalf (Davidson, 1987)

The purpose of branding according to Davidson (1987) has changed greatly in the past twenty years. Its origin function was to protect the product contents and it discharged this function in a utilitarian way. With the advent of self-service shopping, packaging became an important selling vehicle in its own right.

In addition to its more basic purpose, it was used to create impact for the brand on the shelf and to make the product look attractive to the consumer. The packaging is also an appropriate and inexpensive device for carrying promotional messages.

Hiebing Jr. and Cooper (2004) were of the view that an important element of every product, which serves as a vehicle for the brand, is the branding and that the packaging bears the responsibility of holding or maintaining the product and communicating the essence of the brand.

Onah and Thomas (2004) assert that the use of branding as an attractive presentation of the article have become of vital importance for selling food and other consumables products particularly in industrialized countries.

Consumers are the reason why businesses are established. The need to study consumer behaviour in relations to their buying decision becomes imperative in order to know what stimulate their buying behaviour or decision with particular reference to how packaging of product affect their buying or purchase decisions.

Oniku (2004) define consumer behaviour as “an articulate studying and explanation of a market or a product buyers in order to harmonize both consumers’ and marketers’ objectives that would result in needs satisfying and goals satisfying marketing environment.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been a well known problem with manufacturing organization most especially those producing or manufacturing consumables as they find it difficult to know the importance of good branding as a means of promoting the organizational image as well as the brand image. In the contemporary Nigerian economy, most container or packaging fail to communicate the product benefits or offerings, discourage repeat patronage due to poor packaging and unable to generate the product awareness among others. In summary, the problems necessitating the study are:

1. Poor branding
2. The inability of a product package to disseminate product features, benefits and offerings to the target market.
3. The inability of the manufacturers to use the packaging as an inexpensive device for communicating product awareness and offerings.
4. The inability to provide the primary functions to the product i.e protection, communication etc.
5. The inability to build the corporate and brand image with the use of packaging in brand positioning.

1.3 OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The objectives pursued in the course of the study are to unveil the relationship that exist between branding and consumers’ choice among available brands offerings. The relationship between product branding and brand positioning or organizational image as well as the encouragement of repeat business or patronage. In summary the objectives pursue in this study are:
1. The relationship that exist between good product branding and consumers choice among alternatives.
2. To determine relationship between product branding and repeat business/patronage and profitability.
3. To use good product branding in positioning a product to enhance developing a favorable attitude towards a product offering.
4. To examine good product packaging as a means of branding a product for market acceptance and patronage.
5. To ascertain product branding as a means of communicating a product offering, benefits, usage and features to the target market.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated to gain insight into the study of the impact of branding on consumer’s choice of products.

1. Does branding facilitate consumers choice for product?
2. Does branding stimulate a favourable market response?
3. Does socio economic affect the branding of consumer’s product?
4. Does branding serves as a promotional tool in disseminating information about product to the target market?
5. Can branding be used to communicate product offerings to the target markets?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following statements stated tentatively for the study were used to validate the study with respect to the relationship that exist between branding and consumers choice.

Ho: There is no relationship between branding and repeat patronage/business.
Hi: There is relationship between branding and repeat patronage/business.
Ho: branding has no influence on consumer’s choice among competing brands.
Hi: branding has influence on consumers’ choice among competing brands.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between product positioning and brand image.
Ho: There is significant relationship between product positioning and brand image.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Appeal: The ability of a branding to fraud consumers’ attention for patronage/consumption.
Brand: A name that identifies and differentiates a product from competition.
Cognition: Consumption response to satisfaction usually dissatisfaction.
Container: The package that contains or protects a product and carries a product label
Consumer: A person or group of persons that buys and uses a product of an organization either for personal sue or for the family use or consumption.
Consumer Behaviour: The behaviours that consumers display towards the acquisition and sue of production.
Corporate Image: The position of an organization and its product package or offerings before the general public or the target market.
Labeling: The label or information detailing the use of product, product contents and other information legally required to be provided by the manufacturer usually on the package.
Product Packaging: The act of providing containment or container for a product for safety etc.
Promotion: The promotional messages conveyed by the attractiveness of a package to appeal to consumer for patronage and good product quality.

BENEFITS: The advantages which consumers seek from buying a particular brand or products.

BRAND: A product category with a differentiated name, logo, sign or a combination of these that distinguishes a product from other competitors/competing product. i.e. the distinctive identities of a product.

MARKETING POSITIONING: The strategy by which an organization studies the market that is underserved by other firms.

MARKET SHARE: The percentage measure of the share obtained by an organization or individual firm from the total market available.
PRODUCT: A good/services offered or performed by an organization or individual which is capable of satisfying customers’ needs.

STRATEGY: The fundamental marketing logic or marketing game plan in which business units intends to achieve their marketing objectives in an organization.

CONSUMER MARKET: The set of individuals and households that buys products intended for personal consumption.

ENVIRONMENTALISM/ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: An organized social movement seeking to minimize the harm done by marketing practices to the environment and quality of life.

CHOICE: The various attributes (and benefits) people seeking when buying a product/services.


1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study centered on how to effectively brand a product to influence consumers’ choice. It focused on how to develop effective brand as well as its significance on the corporate image and consumers’ perception. The study lays emphasis on why manufacturer need to give priority to branding the same way it gives priority to good product quality or Total Quality Management.

The study also focused on the product package of PZ business particularly PZ Cussion Industries Nigeria Plc. It focused attention on the attractiveness of a good package to effectively communicate product benefits and enhance sales turnover.

Consumes choice was also considered in the study as criteria for the developing of good branding and packaging technique/strategies. Environmental factors as well as economic factors such as pollution and cost of fabrication respectively were considered in the study.

The scope of the study is limited to the branding activities in PZ Cussons Nigeria Plc and the packaging style adopted for its various brands.

The limitations of the study were on the following:
1. Time Constraint: The time allotted for the study is short taking into consideration the time to complete the study for submission and the constraint due to other academic activities like examination that shocked the full attention given to the study to complete the study within the short time frame allotted.
2. Financial Constraint: The budgeted expenditure to carryout the study was not enough and more fund had to be sourced. The availability of the fund needed for the study was relatively scarce which delay the project completion somehow.
3. Respondents Attitude: The ways and manners respondent view the in security of their response contributed a lot in restraining the study. The respondents have to be approach on a several occasion to explain personally the intention of the study and the security of their response.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is significant to every manufacturing concern for the need to develop effective package that communicate value and benefits to the consumers for patronage and revenue generation.

The study is also relevant to the consumers in their choice of product selection based on nutrient requirement, mineral contents etc for good health. The consumers need this for good product judgment.

The study is also relevant to the government in ensuring that manufacturer display good ethics in providing consumers with the necessary nutritional contents as well as control environmental pollution.

Finally, the study is relevant/significant to PZ Cussons Industries Nigerian Plc in designing good branding that is economical and environmental friendly as well as legally complying with governmental regulations.



Get the complete project here>>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT

USE THE LINK ABOVE TO MAKE PURCHASE

Projects are always required of students before they can graduate from a school. A project is not something a student can avoid in school, in the universities, students are only required to work on projects once while in the polytechnics, students are required to work on projects twice (one for their OND and another for their HND).

Writing projects in your final year can be somewhat stressful because you'd be combining studying for school and working on your project. To ease the stress, we have identified some ways for you to reduce the stress that comes with writing a project to the barest minimum.
1. CHOOSE A TOPIC:
You might be required to choose three or more topics to present to your supervisor for approval. When choosing a topic, choose a topic that interests you, a topic you are familiar. Don't go on the internet and just search for topics that you feel might gain momentum and you utterly know nothing about and remember once your supervisor approves a topic for you, you might not be able to change it. So pick a topic that interests you and it is relevant to your society.

2. RESEARCH ON YOUR TOPIC:
Whatever topics you might be picking make sure you research on the and see if you can do them so you wouldn't start what you can't finish or when you realise its too complex for you, you start to beg your supervisor to change your topic for you after his/her approval (which might be difficult to do).

3. READ PAST PROJECTS:
Read past projects that have been done on the topics you're choosing. This gives you an idea on what you're going into and also might give you an idea on how to write yours but do not plagiarize them. You can be sanctioned if you plagiarize other projects people have worked on.

CONTINUE READING HERE>>> FINAL PROJECT TOPIC AND MATERIALS[url][/url]

Students who are in their final year in the University or Polytechnics are always required to work on a project before the end of their degree and also defend it. Most students are always challenged with getting topics for their projects and also materials/solutions for their projects. Delay in getting topics and materials can lead to delay in submitting projects or even failing to submit at due time which means project failure. Yes, you can fail a project if you don't submit in due time.

In this article, we'd be listing out platforms where you can get project topics, ideas and materials/solutions.

PLATFORMS YOU CAN GET PROJECT MATERIALS
1. Final Year Project (@https://www.finalyearproject.zyz):
Final year project (FYP) is a platform where you can get detailed project materials at best/low prices. You can project materials for as low as two thousand naira (#2500) only. Final year project also has a community (a facebook group) where you can reach out to them in case you have issues while editing or making corrections.
Website: https://www.finalyearproject.zyz
Community (Facebook Group): @final year project
Hotline: 07080741776

When you buy your project materials from us here at final year project (FYP) what do you get?
In addition to getting your materials from us, we give you a community of fellow final year students and attend to your corrections on our community. We also give you journals as part of your two thousand five hundred naira (#2500). You don't have to pay extra for this.

You can earn with us as an ambassador!! If you want to opt in for this, kindly chat us up on whatsapp 07080741776 and we'd set you up to earn four hundred naira (#400) per project purchase from your campus.

How long does it take to get your project topics, materials and support?
In a minimum of 24 hours and maximum of 72 hours depending on the demand for the period.

Did you notice our platform is a platform where you get extras for your money? As a final year student, here should be your plug and a reference plug from you to your colleagues.

CONTINUE READING HERE >>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT MATERIALS

CHOSE THE RIGHT SCHOOL AND THE RIGHT COURSE AFTER READING THIS:
Picking the right institution to study your preferred course is very important. In this article, we'd be going through several reasons to be considered when picking an institution before taking the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) exam and after taking the exam.


BEFORE THE EXAM:
When registering for the Jamb exam, you'd be required to fill in four different choices of institution and course. In your first, second and third choices, you can fill in universities/polytechnics/monotechnics and in your fourth choice you can fill in a college of education. But before making a decision for your choice of institutions, what should you place in consideration?


1. WHY ARE YOU PICKING THE SCHOOL?
Are you picking the school because of the prestige attached to its name? Are you picking because you love the beauty of the school? Or you are picking the school because of its educational quality?

The educational quality of a school should be a strong factor to be considered before picking the school as your choice of institution. Always consider the rating of your school on your preferred course. Also, the certificate the school would be giving to you after you have completed your course, is it respected in the country/society? If yes, go ahead and make it your choice. If no, reconsider and check other schools.

2. ACCREDITATION OF YOUR PREFERRED COURSE IN THE SCHOOL?
This is a factor you should put into consideration and research upon before choosing your preferred institution. Has the school been accredited to lecture your preferred course? If yes, go and ahead and make it your choice. If no, reconsider. There have been cases of schools who lectured courses they weren't accredited for and the students who are studying the courses in these schools would have to forgo it and start all over again in a new school no matter how far they have gone. In other not be in a situation like this, check out other institutions that has been accredited to lecture your preferred course before making your decision.

3. LOCATION OF THE SCHOOL VS YOUR ADAPTIVE SKILLS:
You should consider the location of the school and your adaptive skills before making a decision. Are you the type that enjoys travelling long distances? Does the distance of your school to your place of residence matter to you? Are going to be in a rural/suburban/urban area? Is the area well secured? Check all these before making your decision.

4. SCHOOL'S REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION:
What's the school's requirements for admission? You should also consider this before making your choice. Some schools demand a minimum mark of 160, some demand 180 while some demand 200 in jamb as their cut-off. Also check their departmental UTME (also JAMB) and POST UTME cut off. How good is your O'level result? Some schools accept a maximum of two sittings. Check if the institution you want to pick accepts two sittings if your results requires combination. If you've checked the O'level requirements and the departmental cut-off for UTME and POST-UTME and you feel it's achievable for you, go ahead and make them your choice. If it's not achievable, reconsider and check other schools with lesser requirements.

CONTINUE READING HERE>>>FINAL YEAR PROJECT MATERIALS

CHOSE THE RIGHT SCHOOL AND THE RIGHT COURSE AFTER READING THIS:
Picking the right institution to study your preferred course is very important. In this article, we'd be going through several reasons to be considered when picking an institution before taking the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) exam and after taking the exam.


BEFORE THE EXAM:
When registering for the Jamb exam, you'd be required to fill in four different choices of institution and course. In your first, second and third choices, you can fill in universities/polytechnics/monotechnics and in your fourth choice you can fill in a college of education. But before making a decision for your choice of institutions, what should you place in consideration?


1. WHY ARE YOU PICKING THE SCHOOL?
Are you picking the school because of the prestige attached to its name? Are you picking because you love the beauty of the school? Or you are picking the school because of its educational quality?

The educational quality of a school should be a strong factor to be considered before picking the school as your choice of institution. Always consider the rating of your school on your preferred course. Also, the certificate the school would be giving to you after you have completed your course, is it respected in the country/society? If yes, go ahead and make it your choice. If no, reconsider and check other schools.

2. ACCREDITATION OF YOUR PREFERRED COURSE IN THE SCHOOL?
This is a factor you should put into consideration and research upon before choosing your preferred institution. Has the school been accredited to lecture your preferred course? If yes, go and ahead and make it your choice. If no, reconsider. There have been cases of schools who lectured courses they weren't accredited for and the students who are studying the courses in these schools would have to forgo it and start all over again in a new school no matter how far they have gone. In other not be in a situation like this, check out other institutions that has been accredited to lecture your preferred course before making your decision.

3. LOCATION OF THE SCHOOL VS YOUR ADAPTIVE SKILLS:
You should consider the location of the school and your adaptive skills before making a decision. Are you the type that enjoys travelling long distances? Does the distance of your school to your place of residence matter to you? Are going to be in a rural/suburban/urban area? Is the area well secured? Check all these before making your decision.

4. SCHOOL'S REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION:
What's the school's requirements for admission? You should also consider this before making your choice. Some schools demand a minimum mark of 160, some demand 180 while some demand 200 in jamb as their cut-off. Also check their departmental UTME (also JAMB) and POST UTME cut off. How good is your O'level result? Some schools accept a maximum of two sittings. Check if the institution you want to pick accepts two sittings if your results requires combination. If you've checked the O'level requirements and the departmental cut-off for UTME and POST-UTME and you feel it's achievable for you, go ahead and make them your choice. If it's not achievable, reconsider and check other schools with lesser requirements.

5. SCHOOL'S INFRASTRUCTURE:
This also is a very important factor to consider. Does the school have the right facilities to lecture your preferred course? Are the lecture areas friendly enough to study in? If yes, go ahead. If no, do reconsider.

CONTINUE READING HERE >>> FINAL YEAR PROJECT MATERIALS

THE IMPACT OF BRANDING ON CONSUMER’S BEHAVIOUR
(A CASE STUDY OF PZ CUSSONS NIGERIA PLC)


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


ABSTRACT

The product centered on the impact of Branding on consumer behaviour among competition brand and how good product packing can stimulate favourable attitudes toward a brand, communicate product benefits, attribute, usage etc as a communicative vehicle or promotional mix. Different attributes and functions of packing like protection, containment, continence. Communication, identification, product information etc. were considered. 90 respondents were sampled from the employee strength of PZ Cussons Plc only 82 were carried out. The study revealatal that good branding helps consumer from or develop a favourable response toward a product/brand; help position and organization and its product offerings before its target market (s) and as a promotional mix for product information dissemination. The study was summarized, concluded, recommendations and suggestions for further study were also given.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi- vii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1-2
1.2 Statement of Problem 2-3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 3-4
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Research Hypothesis 5
1.6 Operational Definition of Terms 5-7
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study 7-9
1.8 Significance of the Study 9
1.9 Historical Background of PZ Cussions Plc 9-12
References 13-14

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 15
2.1 Introduction 15-16
2.2 Conceptual Definition of Packaging and
Consumer Choice 16-18
2.3 Models of Production Packaging and
Consumer Choice 19-24
2.4 Production Packaging Development and Strategies 24-26
2.5 Functions and Attributes of a Good Package 26-27
2.6 Importance /Benefits of Packaging to Consumers
Choice Patronage 27-28
2.7 Consumer Behavior 28-29
2.8 Importance of Consumer Behaviour to
Product packages 29-30
2.9 Packaging Criticism 31 -32
2.10 Summary of the Chapter 32-33
References 34-35


CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Restatement of Research Questions 36-37
3.3 Research Methods and Design 37
3.4 Population Characteristic 37
3.5 Sample Technique and Size 38
3.6 Data Collection Methods 38
3.7 Description of the Research Instrument 38
3.8 Statistical Techniques and Procedures 39
3.9 Limitations of the Methodology 39-40
References 41

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation and Data Analysis 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Respondents Characteristic and Classification 42-46
4.3 Presentation and Data Analysis
According to Research Question 46
4.4 Presentation and analysis of Data
According to Research Hypothesis 61-64
References 65

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 66
5.1 Summary of Findings 66-67
5.2 Conclusion 67
5.3 Recommendation 67-68
5.4 Suggested areas for Further Study 68
Bibliography 69-70
Appendix 71
Questionnaire 72-75



CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is difficult, if not impossible, to find anyone who doubts the prime importance of product appeal. The need for product quality is universally acknowledged among companies. Consumers buy product benefits, not advertising or promotions, and sometimes the easiest, route to corporate growth is through product superiority.

All the other factors of the marketing mix; advertising, promotions, pricing and branding – respond most amiably to a superior product and will work hardest on its behalf (Davidson, 1987)

The purpose of branding according to Davidson (1987) has changed greatly in the past twenty years. Its origin function was to protect the product contents and it discharged this function in a utilitarian way. With the advent of self-service shopping, packaging became an important selling vehicle in its own right.

In addition to its more basic purpose, it was used to create impact for the brand on the shelf and to make the product look attractive to the consumer. The packaging is also an appropriate and inexpensive device for carrying promotional messages.

Hiebing Jr. and Cooper (2004) were of the view that an important element of every product, which serves as a vehicle for the brand, is the branding and that the packaging bears the responsibility of holding or maintaining the product and communicating the essence of the brand.

Onah and Thomas (2004) assert that the use of branding as an attractive presentation of the article have become of vital importance for selling food and other consumables products particularly in industrialized countries.

Consumers are the reason why businesses are established. The need to study consumer behaviour in relations to their buying decision becomes imperative in order to know what stimulate their buying behaviour or decision with particular reference to how packaging of product affect their buying or purchase decisions.

Oniku (2004) define consumer behaviour as “an articulate studying and explanation of a market or a product buyers in order to harmonize both consumers’ and marketers’ objectives that would result in needs satisfying and goals satisfying marketing environment.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been a well known problem with manufacturing organization most especially those producing or manufacturing consumables as they find it difficult to know the importance of good branding as a means of promoting the organizational image as well as the brand image. In the contemporary Nigerian economy, most container or packaging fail to communicate the product benefits or offerings, discourage repeat patronage due to poor packaging and unable to generate the product awareness among others. In summary, the problems necessitating the study are:

1. Poor branding
2. The inability of a product package to disseminate product features, benefits and offerings to the target market.
3. The inability of the manufacturers to use the packaging as an inexpensive device for communicating product awareness and offerings.
4. The inability to provide the primary functions to the product i.e protection, communication etc.
5. The inability to build the corporate and brand image with the use of packaging in brand positioning.

1.3 OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The objectives pursued in the course of the study are to unveil the relationship that exist between branding and consumers’ choice among available brands offerings. The relationship between product branding and brand positioning or organizational image as well as the encouragement of repeat business or patronage. In summary the objectives pursue in this study are:
1. The relationship that exist between good product branding and consumers choice among alternatives.
2. To determine relationship between product branding and repeat business/patronage and profitability.
3. To use good product branding in positioning a product to enhance developing a favorable attitude towards a product offering.
4. To examine good product packaging as a means of branding a product for market acceptance and patronage.
5. To ascertain product branding as a means of communicating a product offering, benefits, usage and features to the target market.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated to gain insight into the study of the impact of branding on consumer’s choice of products.

1. Does branding facilitate consumers choice for product?
2. Does branding stimulate a favourable market response?
3. Does socio economic affect the branding of consumer’s product?
4. Does branding serves as a promotional tool in disseminating information about product to the target market?
5. Can branding be used to communicate product offerings to the target markets?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following statements stated tentatively for the study were used to validate the study with respect to the relationship that exist between branding and consumers choice.

Ho: There is no relationship between branding and repeat patronage/business.
Hi: There is relationship between branding and repeat patronage/business.
Ho: branding has no influence on consumer’s choice among competing brands.
Hi: branding has influence on consumers’ choice among competing brands.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between product positioning and brand image.
Ho: There is significant relationship between product positioning and brand image.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Appeal: The ability of a branding to fraud consumers’ attention for patronage/consumption.
Brand: A name that identifies and differentiates a product from competition.
Cognition: Consumption response to satisfaction usually dissatisfaction.
Container: The package that contains or protects a product and carries a product label
Consumer: A person or group of persons that buys and uses a product of an organization either for personal sue or for the family use or consumption.
Consumer Behaviour: The behaviours that consumers display towards the acquisition and sue of production.
Corporate Image: The position of an organization and its product package or offerings before the general public or the target market.
Labeling: The label or information detailing the use of product, product contents and other information legally required to be provided by the manufacturer usually on the package.
Product Packaging: The act of providing containment or container for a product for safety etc.
Promotion: The promotional messages conveyed by the attractiveness of a package to appeal to consumer for patronage and good product quality.

BENEFITS: The advantages which consumers seek from buying a particular brand or products.

BRAND: A product category with a differentiated name, logo, sign or a combination of these that distinguishes a product from other competitors/competing product. i.e. the distinctive identities of a product.

MARKETING POSITIONING: The strategy by which an organization studies the market that is underserved by other firms.

MARKET SHARE: The percentage measure of the share obtained by an organization or individual firm from the total market available.
PRODUCT: A good/services offered or performed by an organization or individual which is capable of satisfying customers’ needs.

STRATEGY: The fundamental marketing logic or marketing game plan in which business units intends to achieve their marketing objectives in an organization.

CONSUMER MARKET: The set of individuals and households that buys products intended for personal consumption.

ENVIRONMENTALISM/ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: An organized social movement seeking to minimize the harm done by marketing practices to the environment and quality of life.

CHOICE: The various attributes (and benefits) people seeking when buying a product/services.


1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study centered on how to effectively brand a product to influence consumers’ choice. It focused on how to develop effective brand as well as its significance on the corporate image and consumers’ perception. The study lays emphasis on why manufacturer need to give priority to branding the same way it gives priority to good product quality or Total Quality Management.

The study also focused on the product package of PZ business particularly PZ Cussion Industries Nigeria Plc. It focused attention on the attractiveness of a good package to effectively communicate product benefits and enhance sales turnover.

Consumes choice was also considered in the study as criteria for the developing of good branding and packaging technique/strategies. Environmental factors as well as economic factors such as pollution and cost of fabrication respectively were considered in the study.

The scope of the study is limited to the branding activities in PZ Cussons Nigeria Plc and the packaging style adopted for its various brands.

The limitations of the study were on the following:
1. Time Constraint: The time allotted for the study is short taking into consideration the time to complete the study for submission and the constraint due to other academic activities like examination that shocked the full attention given to the study to complete the study within the short time frame allotted.
2. Financial Constraint: The budgeted expenditure to carryout the study was not enough and more fund had to be sourced. The availability of the fund needed for the study was relatively scarce which delay the project completion somehow.
3. Respondents Attitude: The ways and manners respondent view the in security of their response contributed a lot in restraining the study. The respondents have to be approach on a several occasion to explain personally the intention of the study and the security of their response.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is significant to every manufacturing concern for the need to develop effective package that communicate value and benefits to the consumers for patronage and revenue generation.

The study is also relevant to the consumers in their choice of product selection based on nutrient requirement, mineral contents etc for good health. The consumers need this for good product judgment.

The study is also relevant to the government in ensuring that manufacturer display good ethics in providing consumers with the necessary nutritional contents as well as control environmental pollution.

Finally, the study is relevant/significant to PZ Cussons Industries Nigerian Plc in designing good branding that is economical and environmental friendly as well as legally complying with governmental regulations.



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THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION OF ACCOUNTING FUNCTIONS AS RELATED TO ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY
(A CASE STUDY OF FLOUR MILLS OF NIGERIA PLC.)

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ABSTRACT
This project focuses on the impact of computerization of accounting functions as related to organizational productivity and their being technological inclined using flour mills of Nigeria – A manufacturing company as a case study.

Essentially, this write up is aimed to provide a simplified, but thorough approach of understanding computer utilization as a tool for enhancing effective and efficient accounting functions which leads to an overall improvement of organizational productivity.

Acknowledging the fact that we are in the computer and information age, the volume of activities in our organizations has been on the increase which manual data processing operation cannot cope with or handle. Hence, the need for more effective and efficient means of data processing, which the advent of computer simply steps in to address.


TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page ii
Certificate iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of content vi-viii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem statement 2
1.2 Objective of the study 3
1.3 Relevance of the study 3-6
1.4 Research question and hypothesis 6
1.5 Scope and limitation 6
1.6 Definition of terms 7-9

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction 10
2.1 Brief History of the organization 10-12
2.2 Conceptual frame work 12-24
2.3 Computer and the accountant 24-26
2.4 Manual Book keeping compared with EDP system 27-31
2.5 Internal controls and computerization 31-34
2.6 Effect of computerization on productivity 34-36


CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 36
3.1 Nature and sources of data 36
3.2 Research population/sampling plan 36-37
3.3 Sampling procedure and administration of data 38
collection instrument
3.4 Data collection instrument 39
3.5 Choice of data analysis 40
3.6 Constraint in data collection 41-42

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA AND INTERPRETATIONS
4.0 Analysis of data 43
4.1 Interview 43-42
4.2 Questionnaire 46-60

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, conclusion and recommendation 61
5.1 Summary 61
5.2 Conclusion 62
5.3 Recommendation 63-64
References 65
Questionnaires 66-69


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The various technology developments in many countries is providing different scientific ideas, one of such is the invention of the computer system for information processing in both private and public organization environments.

The demand for computer usage has been on the increase, there is hardly no organization that is not involved in computerization so as to meet up globally, because the world(s) fast becoming a global village system. This is an attestation that we are in the computer age.

The modern day business organization atmosphere can compete effectively and efficiently to optimize its objectives by having its system and its integral component computerized.

Hence, the need for computerizing the accounting system which form apart of these components functions such as recording, classifying, summarizing financial transactions and interpreting the result thereof to various uses, as well as establishing internal control system 6 as to safe guard and protect the assets of the business is quite obvious.

The computer is designed to receive input (raw data) process and transform it to useful and desirable output (information) has gain credibility in the various aspect of human activities, especially in the developed and developing countries. Therefore, the computerization of accounting functions has become on indispensable tool by which organizations attain productivity objectives. This is arrived at by doing away with the cumbersome manual processing and time wasting associated with manual methods of accounting processes.

The use of the computer is beneficial to all and sundry. It saves time and drudgery, it enlightens and educate. The list of the advantages of computer usage seem endless yet it is not without some short comings ranging from health and environmental hazards as a result of toxic dumps emanating from computer production to retardation effect on human thinking faculty, thereby making many genius dummy.

In all, when we weight the advantages and disadvantages of computerization, the use of computer is justified.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
It is a generally agreed statement that output is a function of input. The efficiently and effectiveness of and system depends solely on the method of operation and approach adopted. So considering the significance benefits of computerization and its expanded advantages over manual operations, one can raise an opinion whether computerization of operations has any impact on the efficiency of the way tasks are carried out. That is, does computerization has impact on the organizational functions, precisely accounting functions?

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study can conveniently be classified into two primarily, to fulfill the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) certificate being a graduating student of Lagos State Polytechnic, while it’s secondary aim is to contribute to scientific knowledge. The project will be much informing as to understanding computerization as a tool in enhancing efficient and effective practice of accounting functions to improve organizational productivity.

1.3 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
The main significance of the study is to enlighten companies and organizations on the benefit associated with proper computerization of their accounting system. And to also assist those that have already computerized their system to improve effectively and efficiently on the accounting system of such organization.

The importance of having the accounting activities of an organization computerized are numerous to mention but for the limit of this study could be briefly discussed as follows:-

1.3.1 Cost benefit
The main objective of any business organization is to maximize profit, which could be easily done through cost minimization. The use of computer has helped a lot in minimizing and eliminating completely some cost which are peculiar to manual process of accounting. Costs such as labour cost are reduced drastically as many personnel are not required when computing or computer operations are adopted. The cost associated with the use of a ledger as a means of entries and recording transactions may also be eliminated and such like.

Therefore, the aggregate of these reductions in cost invariably boost the profitability and increase of the shareholders fund.

13.ii. Social benefit
Computer usage is the order of the day, the therefore everybody is aspiring to be computer literature because this is one of the factors considered at the point of employment as it gives the employee an edge over other seeking employment. The organization has leas work to do I retraining their employees on computer soft ware uses. This will go an extra mile in motivating them to perform their duty effectively and efficiently.

Furthermore, computer eliminates fatigue, saves time and helps uses learn more about their job requirement as information are easily derived.

1.3.iii. Information processing
Information processing is common to both manual and computer base system of accounting, but when the process of these two methods are compared, obviously the computer base system enhance quick and easier information processing. As a mater of fact it eliminates errors associated with manual processing due to human defect.

1.3.iv System control
Computerization of accounting activities gives room for establishing different type of control on accounting principle and entries. Such control includes the application or procedural control and the system control.

The procedural control system is established to ensure completeness, accuracy, correctives and validity of input, while the latter ensure that the activities on the system development are authorized, approved and amended if necessary.
13.v Centralization of activities
Computerization also brings about integration of the operations and accounting system so as to achieve better cohesion in registration of data and in reporting.

1.3.vi Flow of information
Information is easily disseminated in computer base system and delay in flow of information is highly abided. Therefore promoting prompt and easy exchange of information within the accounting department as well as to and from connected department.

1.3vii. Utilization of capacity
Optimal utilization of available capacity is achievable through the application of distributed data processing techniques, hence ensuring efficient use of facilities.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
Research question
Does computerization of accounting functions improve organization productivity?

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This project is centered mainly on knowing the impact of computerization of accounting functions on organizational productivity. It covers procedure taking in developing a system, the control and precautions to the system, the various methods to be adopted and how best to handle computer to achieve organizational goals.

The major constraint of this project work are none availability of sufficient material resources to carryout a more in-depth research and the time to do so. However, in spite of these constraints, an attempt has been made to maximize the usage of the available resources I order to come out with tangible findings and useful recommendation.



1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
There is need for this section of the project to enable the users of this work understand certain technical terms which need to be defined and thereby appreciating the value of the whole exercise. The terms associated with this work are so numerous; hence effort was made to define some vital terms here.

i. Computer: The is a large electronic machine that is capable of storing and processing large amounts of information and of performing calculations according to the instructions given it. Computer – input (data) process – output (processed information).
ii. Instruction: This is a set of direction which defines a basic operation to be performed. Thus, it is what the computer has been instructed to do that is performed, otherwise were has been instructed to do that is performed, otherwise we have what is known as “GIGO” that is Garbage in Garbage out. Therefore the computer must be fed with the right data in order to process the right data.
iii. Computer Program: This is a sequence of information instructions put into a computer
iv. Computer operator: This is a person that has been trained to work with a computer such a person has an in-depth knowledge on how to operate a computer.
v. Computer operator: This is a person that has been trained to work with a computer. Such a person has an in-depth knowledge on how to operate a computer.
v. Programmer: This is person who writes a set of program of instructions for the computer to act on. Software and hard ware programme.
vi. Data: These are raw facts or information given to the computer to process so as to generate other information.
vii. Information: This refers to processed or unprocessed data that can be used.
viii. Hardware: These are the physical units or components of the computer system. Such as the central Processing units (CPU) the computer system. Such as the central processing units (CPU)
ix. Software: These are set of programs written to be processed by the hardware.
x. On line: This is a situation whereby information’s are processed directly from the computer memory under the control of the control of the Central Processing Lenit (CUP) bringing about a direct communication between the computer and its various users.
xi. Off-line: This is a situation whereby information is not being processed directly from the computer memory as a result of a disconnection.


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THE IMPACT OF BANK OF INDUSTRIES IN INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND ECONOMY

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The impact of development banks as catalysts for growth and development explains the global recognition of their significance particularly in the developing nations. They have in various countries been the prime movers of the development with their activities spanning through various sectors of the economy.

The government of most developing countries said the need to raise the pace of economic development and industrial development for the simple fact that outside Agriculture, private sector activity was weak or non-existence.

Developing financial institution was seen as a vehicle to promote and finance the growth of private. It is pertinent to note that the main stream business of banking. Comprises: Retail banking as practised by commercial comprises banks and developing banking as practiced by development financial such as the Nigeria Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), National Mortgage Bank (FMB), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) amongst others.

Although, these categories of banks share a common impact in facilitating the mobilization and conversion of resources into investable funds.
However, they differ in their economic objectives and investment policies, whereas the commercial and Merchant Banks are propelled and sustained in their investment activities by the drive towards maximization for the benefit of a social sub-group like shareholders, business community. Etc the development banks are designed to facilitate a broader objective of accelerated economic and industrial development for the benefit of the entire nation.

The development financial institutions like the bank of industry (BOI), NARCDB are major players in the Nigerian Financial industry as an integral part of the country’s financial system. they have a critical share of the systems all important intermediation roles in the saving investment, process a major variable for increase in investment production capacity, natural output and employment.

Development banks have contributed immensely to industrial development in Nigeria. There has taken various forms which include financing of short, medium and long term investment project, acquisition and domestication of foreign technology through joint venture agreement, identification and training of potential entrepreneurs, mobilization of funds for one lending operation amongst others.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The poor economic performance has become particularly noticeable in the 80’s despite the high priority given to industrial developments as a vehicle for economic self reliance and various problems that crops up in the 90’s till date. A critical look at the Nigeria’s industrial scene portrays a number of factors militating against Nigeria’s industrializatioin efforts.

These factors include:
a. The cost of promoting entrepreneurship has been rather too high as compared to foreign controlled enterprises.
b. The country is saddled with kind of problems generated by technology dependence, which little or no research is carried out into developing local engineering and encouraging adaptive technology.
c. The shortage of finance and foreign competitions or domination are also some of the limiting factors in industrial growth.
d. Sanctions placed on the country by the international community.
e. Poor managerial ability of the applicants and inadequate socio-economic infrastructures:

All these factors stated above, form the subject of mitigation of this project.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the study aimed to examine how the development banks enhance industrial and economic development.

And other specific objective of the study includes:
a. To evaluate the role of bank of industry in financing industrialization
in Nigeria.
b. To evaluate the extent of bank of industry contribute to the industrial growth and development in the Nigerian economy.
c. To evaluate the need for development bank in Nigeria.
d. To evaluate the problems of industrialization and efforts that are being put in place by government and development banks in solving them.
e. Finally, to examine industrial and economic development.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
a. What are the effects of adequacy or otherwise of industrial finance?
b. Is finance the only factor to be considered in the industrialization efforts of BOI?
c. How far have development bank i.e Bank of Industries (BOI) been able to bridge the gap sector of the economy?
d. What are the strategies to adopt and efforts to intensify to achieve the above
e. What is the relationship of BOI’s disbursement of funds compare to its company clients project cost?
f. What prospects are there for industrial financing and development?

1.5 Statement of hypothesis
Hypothesis is a conjugal statement postulate or a proposition about an assumed relationship between two variables.

Null hypothesis (Ho), is stated in a negative assertion, while the alternative hypothesis (Hi)

(Hi) is stated in a positive assertion
The rejection of the null hypothesis signals an acceptance of the alternative hypothesis and vice-versa.

Having considered the form of hypothesis to be used, this study shall test for the following hypothesis.

HYPOTHESIS 1
Ho: Finance is not one of factor to be considered in the
industrializations efforts of BOI.

Hi: Finance is one of the factors to be considered in the
industrialization efforts of BOI.

HYPOTHESIS 2
Ho: Bank of industries (BOI) has not been able to bridge the gap sector of the economy.
Hi: Bank of Industries (BOI) has been able to bridge the gap sector of the economy.

HYPOTHESIS 3
Ho: There is no prospect for industrial financing and development.
Hi: There is prospect for industrial financing and development.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY
This research work will focus attention on the role of bank of industries (BOT) in industrial growth effects and economic development in Nigeria and measures adopted by financial sectors in developing human skills.

Never – the –less, it was noticed that most human endeavours are subjected to some limiting factors, the research effort of this nature is therefore met an exemption considering the duration of this research work and limited resources in terms of fund and time available to the research personnel, it is impossible for the study to be exhaustive.

1.7 Definition of terms
In the course of the research, terms that will be seen in the context of writing is defined as follows:

a. Financial institutions: These are banks and other institutions that land out money and carry out banking and non-banking functions.
b. Network Branch: These are outlets or offices extension spread over different regions.
c. Investment funds: This is the money supplied to the development banks regularly out intervals for efficient implementation of development lending. All other terms that will be used in the research study will be clearly stated and defined.


1.8 Plan of the study
The first chapter of this research work entails the background of the study, statement of problems, objective of the study, justificatioin for the study, research questions. Etc while chapter two, literature review entails the definition of development banking, financial sector and economic development, rationale for development banking evolution of development finance institutions in Nigeria, development finance institution in Nigeria, functions of development banks etc.

Also, chapter three look into research methodology and while chapter four of the research study include data analysis and results.

Finally chapter five shows the summary of the research, conclusion and recommendation.


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THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL MARKET ON THE ECONOMY

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE LAGOS)

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ABSTRACT

A country cannot accumulate or maintain real assets without mobilizing capital (savings). A country with a high savings rate is likely to record high investment level. How then can savings be efficiently accumulated and channelled into productive investments?

By virtue of the above statement, the best way for a country to get rid of persistence misfortune and mismanagement of public enterprise could be achieved through an efficient capital market operation. The capital market is responsible for mobilizing and channelling medium and long term funds are held for a minimum of five years to perpetuity. For medium-term funds into a productive investment such as fixed assets, typically, long term funds are held for a minimum of five years to perpetuity. For medium-term funds, corporate entities and governments hold funds, having maturity of more than one year but less than five years. While shot-term funds are held for a maturity less than a year.



TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi-vii

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1-5
1.2 Statement of Study 5
1.3 Purpose of Study 6
1.4 Research question 7
1.5 Statement Hypothesis 8
1.6 Significance of the study 8
1.7 Scope and limitation of the study 8
1.8 Definition of terms 9

CHAPTER TWO
Review of Literature
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 The role of operations of security market on the economy 11-14
2.3 The Stock Broking Firms 15
2.4 Issuing Houses 16
2.5 Share Register 17
2.6 Commercial Banks 17-19
2.7 Merchant Banks 20
2.8 Central Bank of Nigerian 21-22
2.9 Benefits of public Quotation 23-24


CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Restatement of research questions 25
3.3 Methods of data collection 26
3.4 Sampling Selection and size 26
3.5 Analytical tools 27
3.6 Conduct of Field Work
3.7 Method of Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation


CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation an analysis
4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Data Presentation 28-30
4.3 Test of Hypothesis 30-37


CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Recommendations and Conclusions
5.1 Summary 39
5.2 Recommendation 40
5.3 Conclusion 40-42
Bibliography 43-45
Proposal 46-49




CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Industrialization and the provision of social and economic infrastructure process requires heavy investment by both the public and the private sectors.

Investment in this context refers to the accumulation of real (Asset) physical, assets, which are vital in the production process as distinct form financial asset. Investment is an essential element in the industrialization process and ultimately in economic development. Evidently, countries with high private domestic investment level exhibit faster growth rate.

A nation cannot accumulate to maintain real asset without mobilization of capital (saving). A country with high saving rate is very likely to record high investment level. How then can savings be efficiently accumulated and channelled into productive investment? This is a question which economy policy makers are saddled with from time to time. It is generally accepted that fostering of efficient financial markets should be paid off the encourage savings and investment.

By the virtue of the statement, the best way for a country to get rid of persistence misfortune and management of public enterprises could be achieved through an efficacy capital market operation.

Before we go further in the definition of capital market as the case study of this project, let us discuss the financial market which gives rise of the capital market and money market.

The financial market may be defined as a market for the financial resources and funds required by companies and organizations involved in productive processes. It can also be defined as a medium through which funds are mobilize and transferred efficiently from surplus unit to the users f funds. It functions through the interplay of individuals, institutions and instruments. By this singular function of mobilizing and transferring funds, the financial market bridges the saving and investment gap and stimulates capital formation in economic development.

The money market which is the first segment of the financial market, the market for short term funds and short term financial transaction. By its nature, the types of funds sourced in the money market are largely debt or loan funds.

To facilitate the transfer of funds in this market, a number of instrument universally used have been created the years. These include Treasury Bill, Certificate of Deposits, Commercial Papers, bankers acceptance and other short-term bank credit facilitates (i.e. overdraft).

Institutions which are peculiar to the money markets are commercial banks, finance and discount houses, central bank, Nigerian deposit Insurance market. The operators in the money bridge the gap between cash receipts and cash payments of companies through the usage of financial instruments.

CAPITAL MARKET:- Is responsible for mobilizing and channelling medium and long-term funds into productive investment such as Fixed Assets.

Typically, long-term funds are held for a period of five years to perpetuity. The capital market is regarded as the sustaining end of the financial markets. This because users of funds operates on a going concern basis, i.e. with the intention to remain in business and produce indefinitely and so such should be sustained through long term funding from the capital market. For medium term funds, corporate entities and governments hold funds having maturity of more than one year but less than five years.
In 1977, the Lagos Stock Exchange had its name changed to the Nigerian Stock Exchange with additional trading floors opened at Kaduna and Port-Harcourt.


CAPITAL MARKET IN NIGERIA
There are several ‘places’ for raising long-term capital market in Nigeria.

1. The Stock Exchange
The stock exchange is the market where:
i. Quoted companies can raise new funds by issuing new shares or loan stock; (this is the concept of the PRIMARY MARKET).
ii. Investors can pull up and sell ‘second hand’ stocks and shares (this is the fundamental concept of the SECONDARY MARKET).

iii. The Nigerian stock exchange (NSE) was incorporated in 1960 as Lagos Stock Exchange (LSE) which changed its name to NSE in 1977.
The functions of the NSE include:
- Facilitates the buying and selling of new and existing securities.
- It provides channels for long-term funds to commercial and industrial sectors.
- It enables those with surplus funds to invest in public limited liability companies on long-term bases.
- It facilitates attraction of foreign capital or investment into the Nigerian Economy.
- It serves as a referee between the investors and the dealers (stockbrokers)


2. THE SECOND – TIER SECURITY MARKET (SSM)
The SSM is a market for ‘second-hand’ shares. The SSM is regulated by the stock exchange.
3. THE ‘GILTS’ OR GILT EDGED MARKET
This is the market for the government’s long-term debt securities.
4. BANKS
Banks are approached directly by firms and individuals for medium term loans as well as short-term loan or overdraft.
5. MORTGAGE BANK
This is also a market where individuals obtain capital to buy or renovate their homes or real estate with mortgage facilities from mortgage banks.
6. INSURANCE COMPANIES
Insurance companies can lead directly to business entitles. They are a stable source of long-term capital. The impact of the capital market and be examined from various perspectives of the economy the issue and the investor. They include:
§ Capital Formation for Production
§ Capital Allocation
§ Creation of Employment Opportunities
§ A Measure of Economic Performance
§ A Safe Deposit for Investor
§ Benefits to Government

The companies in the capital market pay a certain percentage of their net profit on corporate tax. The investors in the companies also pay on dividends; in fact, the tax or divided is deducted at source.
The capital market, through its pricing mechanism, provided industrial management with some idea of the current cost of capital and this can be important in determining the level and rate of investment.


1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
One important issue as far as the survival of any country is concerned, is capital formation, i.e. investment that will increase the productive capacity of the country. As the economy grows and productive resource becomes fully employed, the necessity to reduce current consumption in order to increase capital formation becomes stronger.
1. The question does not limit supply of securities on the hand and the hand general weakness and insufficient demand for term on the other hand coupled with consequent “buying and holding” attitude towards portfolio investment not vigour well for any meaningful development of the Nigeria capital market.
2. Financial Assets: Securities exist because the saving (current income less expenditure) of various economic units in real asset while some sectors may save more than they invest, other may invest more than they save, over a period of time.
3. The exchange funds from saving: Surplus units to deflect unit one are evidence by the exchange of financial instrument which represent assets to the holder and liabilities to the issues.
4. How adequate is the level of awareness of investments in the Nigeria capital market about its operations and activities? Many investors still fail to claim their dividends and share certificates. Changes in address and other relevant information’s are not usually reported to the register.
5. Mis-management and misappropriate of funds are one of those problems confronting the capital market, by directors of companies quote on the stock exchange where funds were raised for their operations.

The growth and development of any capital market by directors of companies quote on the stock exchange, where funds were raised for their operations.

The growth and development of any capital market depends a lot on the trading system itself. Infrastructural inadequacies are major hindrances to such capital market development.

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
This research is set to achieve the following purpose:
i. To place on record the history background and institution characteristics of the Nigeria stock exchange with the hope that by so doing, many Nigeria existing and potential investors alike will be better informed about the benefits derivable from patronizing the capital market via the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE).

ii. Market recommendation to improve the operational efficiency of the capital market in general but with special reference to Nigerian stock exchange.
iii. To bring to limelight the nature of operation and impact of the capital market, and its contribution to the economic growth and development of the Nigeria economy.


1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The research questions would be tested on the hypothesis of this research work. These include:
§ Are the increase members of quoted companies on the exchange market a medium of capital mobilization?
§ Does the Nigeria Stock Exchange serve as an agent of capital formation in economic?
§ Can the federal government raise fund through the stock market?
§ Are both optional capital structure and cost of capital best achieved through public quotation on the stock exchange?

1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
H1: The Nigerian stock exchange serves as a medium of capital mobilization in the economy.
H2: That there is inadequate awareness of the activities of the capital market by the investigating public.
H3: That the delivery and transfer system used by the Nigerian stock exchange market operations are efficient and in pace with the development of information technology.
H4: That the federal government raise fund through the stock market.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The capital market as presented by the Nigerian Stock Exchange Market (NSE) constitutes a vital organ of our modern social-economic system, which is characterized by a large scale production requiring large capital.

Our economic has witnessed a substantial amount of turbulence resulting from the fluctuating fortunes of our sector and mono-cultural nature of the economy.

This study is significant in as much as it at least top achieve the purpose stated in section 1.5.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research covers the nature and operation of the capital market with particular reference to the Nigerian stock exchange and also it’s contribution and significant role in Nigeria economy.

The likely major limiting factors of this research study are as follows:
i. Finance: Due to the high cost of transportation, the research will not be able to visit all the branches of the stock exchange to see how trading activities are carried out ob their various floors and other relevant information.
ii. Lack of Assesses to some Vital Information: Due to pilferage and improper use, such as tearing off of relevant pages from textbooks, and any other such publication.
iii. Reluctance on the part of ht simple population to fill the questionnaire. The above limitation will be attended to by ensuring that the Lagos office of the stock exchanges and its library for the purpose of this research.



1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
In the course of this research study, some terms would be mentioned such as:
NSE: Nigerian Stock Exchange that is where the varicose operations meet to trade stocks.
SEC: Security and Exchange Commission that is the body that governs the operations of the stock exchange.
SSM: Second-Tier Securities Market


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