Welcome, Guest: Register On Nairaland / LOGIN! / Trending / Recent / New
Stats: 3,171,349 members, 7,881,289 topics. Date: Friday, 05 July 2024 at 03:56 PM

Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc - Foreign Affairs (367) - Nairaland

Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Politics / Foreign Affairs / Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc (1007839 Views)

President Zuma Had Telephonic Discussions With President Trump / Photos: Heavy U.S Military Equipments Arrives Germany Against Russian. / @elbinawi Tweets On International Qudsday (2) (3) (4)

(1) (2) (3) ... (364) (365) (366) (367) (368) (369) (370) ... (668) (Reply) (Go Down)

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 5:05pm On Apr 05, 2018
Quad launcher for AAMs

Wonder at the aerodynamic penalty during combat manuvers, pretty heavy IMO.
Will have to loose them inorder to get into a merge otherwise will bleed energy like hell.

2 Likes

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 5:09pm On Apr 05, 2018
The external drop tanks of all capacities have different certification process as far as aerodynamic, flight control system, stores management system or store separation procedures are concerned. They pose different challenges. The fuel system ensures the integrity of these drop tanks from sequencing point of view keeping in view of the C.G management aspects. Even though the robust flight control system handles perturbations, it is the individual system designer's challenge to mitigate all possible risks involved in the process.
Especially necessary for unstable aircrafts with digital FBW, if done successfully then the troubles with unsymmetrical loading , departure from safe flight envelope etc will be the least of the worries for the pilots.

The pilots will be free to do do what he is meant to do ie fly without needing to bother on how the aircraft is configured for specific operational tasks.

1 Like

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by newafricaken254: 5:55pm On Apr 05, 2018
patches689:


Dude, its just Saudi incompetence. As usual.

They cant even beat the Huthis in a CONVENTIONAL WAR.

I would completely understand if they steam rolled Yemen and then got bogged down in an insurgency, the greatest militaries in human history have consistently struggled with insurgency.

But they cant even beat the Houthis conventionally... all that armor, all those jets, all that tech against some dudes who's most advanced tech is cold-war era atgms... and the Houthis still manage to hold ground and have stable front-line.

Saudi's are terrible when it comes to military affairs... even in the first Gulf war, they had to hire Pakistanis to do their fighting for them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments#Saudi_Arabia
which incompetence when a patriot missile explodes after malfunction after launch and another goes haywire and strike the ground.this video of iraq scud attack on Riyadh 1991 during gulf war 1 from 1:59,the first patriot missile malfunction and explodes after launch.tell me who were operating those patriot missile systems,if saudi are at fault for the recent malfunctions

 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXOQ9cDwxLY

3 Likes

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 5:58pm On Apr 05, 2018
The government prefers that the AMCA project, headed by scientist Dr. A.K. Ghosh, remains below the proverbial radar, but the secrecy with which the effort progresses has led many to wonder if the AMCA could actually be India's final indigenous manned fighter aircraft programme. (The question assumes huge importance considering that full-scale engineering development (FSED) of the platform has already been initiated.) That notion is supported by to facts: one, the aeronautical establishment will be investing majorly in unmanned combat aerial vehicles (specifically the Rustom-H and stealthy flying wing AURA) going with doctrine, and two, the fighter types that will be inducted in the next decade -- both Indian and foreign -- will be templates for improved variants that could be in use for at least the next half-century.

For now, however, the AMCA is a well-defined programme that looks to deliver tangible results in terms of a credible, potent combat aircraft platform on the lines of the Lockheed-Martin F-35 Lightning-II. It makes sense, therefore, for the Indian military-industrial complex to develop revolutionary technologies that will find a place both on manned and unmanned platforms.

On the AMCA, Indian scientists are looking to push the envelope further than they've ever tried to before. Every little bit makes a difference when a legacy leap is at play, which is why, from engine performance parameters to control surfaces to control laws to cockpit ergonomics, everything is up for change.

The obvious evolutions are clear: low-observable shape and airframe materials, extensive use of carbon composites, internal weapons bays, low bypass low-emission engines, modular internals etc. The deeper you go, the more complicated and revolutionary the plans actually become.

If AMCA project director Dr. Ghosh meets his objectives, then one of the most compelling aspects of the AMCA will be its cockpit and man-machine interface. To begin with, unlike the decidedly crowded, fourth-generation cockpit of the LCA Tejas, the AMCA cockpit is being developed with a panoramic active-matrix display, of the kind available on American fifth-generation aircraft. Switches, bezels, and keypads stand to be replaced with touchscreen interfaces and voice commands. What Dr. Ghosh's team wants is for the future IAF pilot to have a helmet-mounted display system that allows the dispensing of a head-up display (HUD) from the cockpit altogether, a revolutionary concept.

The Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADA), which oversees the AMCA programme, has asked private industry in the country to explore the feasibility of creating primary panoramic displays and other avionics displays that would befit a fifth-generation cockpit environment. The cockpit, however, is simply one of what is a hugely ambitious technology wishlist that Dr. Ghosh and his team are pinning their hopes on for the aircraft they ultimately produce.

The proposed evolutions begin at the lowest level -- system architecture -- and will attempt to build a triplex fly-by-light electro-optic architecture with fiber optic links for signal and data communications, unlike the electrical links on the Tejas platform.

Significantly, unlike centralized architecture on the Tejas, the AMCA proposes to sport a distributed architecture with smart sub-systems. Likewise, unlike the LCA's centralized digital flight control computer (DFCC), the AMCA is likely to have a distributed system with smart remote units for data communication with sensors and actuators, a system that will almost definitely require much faster onboard processors.

Sensors will be a proving ground for just how advanced the AMCA programme is, and will be in reality a test case for future applications on unmanned vehicles. Scientists will be working towards getting the mechanical gyros and accelerometers, standard on the Tejas, to evolve on the AMCA into fiber optic gyros, ring laser gyros, and MEMS gyros. The pressure probes and vanes that make up the air-data sensors will become an optical and flush air data system, and position sensors will be linear/rotary optical encoders. Importantly, actuators -- currently electro-hydraulic/direct drive -- could be electro-hydrostatic to accrue substantive weight savings on the AMCA. Sensor fusion for an overarching situation picture is something the ADA is already attempting to achieve on the Tejas suite, so one the AMCA it should be a standard requirement.

The AMCA should feature highly evolved integrated control laws for flight, propulsion, braking, nose wheel steer and fuel management and adaptive neural networks for fault detection, identification, and control law reconfiguration. All of this will cost the country much but will find valuable applications in the unmanned programmes, particularly AURA.

Unlike the Tejas, which features an avionics systems architecture based on functionality-based individual computer systems connected on MIL-STD-1553B buses and RS 422 links, the AMCA's avionics systems architecture, it is hoped, will feature a "central computational system connected internally and externally on an optic fiber channel by means of multiport connectivity switching modules". In such a system, functionality will be mapped on resources optimally and reallocated when faults occur. Data communications on the AMCA's processing modules will be through a high-speed fiber channel bus, IEEE-1394B-STD. The connectivities will be switched by means of a multiport switching matrix, with data speeds of 400MB/second. In literature made available on the programme, these facets reveal the stunning leap scientists are looking to make with this one manned aircraft programme.

The AMCA is almost certain to have integrated radio navigation systems, where all burdens earlier borne by analog circuits will be carried out by digital processors. Communication systems will be based on software radio ranging from UHF to K band, with data links for digital data/voice data and video.

One of the most exciting new area being exploited for the AMCA is algorithms. While the LCA suite no major decision aid to the pilot, the AMCA commander will have the ability to plan attack strategies, avoidance tactics, retreat strategies and evasive strategies for himself and his partners in the air. Each of these technologies, planned in a manned environment are being evolved and developed for an extension to an autonomous unmanned environment as well.

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 12:51am On Apr 06, 2018
LCA with 2 X 1000 lb Griffin LGBs, 2 X 800 ltr drop tanks, 2 X R-73 missiles and 1 Litening LDP.

1 Like

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by patches689: 4:09am On Apr 06, 2018
newafricaken254:
which incompetence when a patriot missile explodes after malfunction after launch and another goes haywire and strike the ground.this video of iraq scud attack on Riyadh 1991 during gulf war 1 from 1:59,the first patriot missile malfunction and explodes after launch.tell me who were operating those patriot missile systems,if saudi are at fault for the recent malfunctions

 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXOQ9cDwxLY



"the first usage of ballistic missile defense in warfare had teething issues"

No sh1t. But are you seriously comparing Gen 1 Patriots (PAC-1) that had never been operationally used, to the Gen 3 patriots (PAC-3) operated by Saudi?

In 1991, Patriots had an hit rate of 70% in Saudi and 40% in Isreal. Saudis are using Patriots that have been completely upgraded (twice) against the same generation of Scuds used in 1991 and are getting a lower hit rate.

Its nothing more than Saudi incompetence.

1 Like

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 4:38am On Apr 06, 2018
Some latest info on Akash sam guidence

it seems the Akash-1S RF seeker will work in conjunction with the command guided module of Akash mk1.

When the Akash is launched initially it will be command guided and if conditions permit , Akash will enter end game manuvers with command guidence only.

Again depending on real time operational requirements if the Rajendra radar is painted by airborne jammers/ECMs/fired on by ARMs etc , the radar will switch off just before command guidance inputs positions the missile within the zone where the onboard RF seeker can be activated to begin search for the target in its periphery.

Again even if the missile is not withen the optimal zone where the RF seeker can search and acquire the target and the Rajendra radar is forced to switch off, the onboard memory module preserves the previous command guidance inputs etc and algorithms calculates the trajectory based on them which will guide the missile close to the target where the RF seeker can be switched on to search and lock on its targets.

So basically we have 2 guidence modes for akash. One must realise onboard seeker must be within a predesignated distance from the target before it can successfully search locate and lock on its target.

Rough analogue will be mid course guidance which must be provided first to take the missile close to the target so that the onboard seeker can come into play.

Here command guidance comes into play both as the mid course guidance as well as for end game guidance, with the added benefit that the onboard RF seeker takes over the end game guidence if the command guidance is terminated after mid course guidance phase (even earlier but with drop in kill probability) due to adverse conditions or enemy countermeasures.

Nice touch I must add to increase the potency of Akash sam manifolds, really complicates things for enemy aircrafts because they have to detect and defeat 2 types of guidence.

And if that's not enough it seems portable decoy emitters matching the frequency of the radars are positioned to seduce ARMs.

Looking forward to capabilities of cannisterized Akash mk2 with dual pulse motors and range of around 50kms.

Also many don't know Akash sam is certified and tested to defeat PGMs. During tests it defeated Israeli and Russian PGMs.

Best part it costs less than 1/3rd of comparable systems, only disadvantage for me is it's large operational footprint but excusable considering it is DRDOs first Sam.

1 Like

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 5:11am On Apr 06, 2018
Off topic

grin grin grin

Well latest news is that iron brother has been giving some kung fu lessons to non iron brothers in their own country.

Police civilians everybody got the shiit kung fued by sex starved iron brothers.

I gonna visit Ur ladies and u gonna dare stop me, here come taste my pla training.

Hehehe grin grin grin

Damn funny

2 Likes

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 6:43am On Apr 06, 2018
Did turkey do a flip flop again ?

some guys telling they cancelled s400 deal and have opted for patriot.
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 6:48am On Apr 06, 2018
Afghanistan tucanos

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 6:50am On Apr 06, 2018
DRDO BMP 2 upgrade under development

Left side is commanders Panaromic sight

Right side can't identify , too low resolution to identify.

Edit : damn fuccck looks like the commanders Panaromic sight is mounted on an extendable telescopic mast shocked

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 6:58am On Apr 06, 2018
Gun shot detection system

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 6:59am On Apr 06, 2018
New air surveillance radar

Never saw it before

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by lionel4power(m): 7:13am On Apr 06, 2018
nemesis4u:
Afghanistan tucanos
notice the armor plating??
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 7:15am On Apr 06, 2018
lionel4power:
notice the armor plating??

Yeah for the pilots I presume
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by giles14(m): 7:18am On Apr 06, 2018
nemesis4u:
Did turkey do a flip flop again ?

some guys telling they cancelled s400 deal and have opted for patriot.
if dey did good for the russians
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by lionel4power(m): 7:19am On Apr 06, 2018
nemesis4u:

Yeah for the pilots I presume
yes..

1 Like

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 7:25am On Apr 06, 2018
giles14:
if dey did good for the russians

Putin is gonna come for u grin

Lost billions and u say good for the Russians grin

In this world everything from God to food to war to love is driven by dear old money wink
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by lionel4power(m): 7:27am On Apr 06, 2018
Nothing to read here.... just old friends banding together to give US headaches

----------------------------



CORNER POINT NEWS :- CHINA MILITARY TELLS RUSSIA 'WE'VE COME TO SUPPORT YOU' AGAINST U.S ::

China's military leadership has pledged its support to Russia as tensions between Moscow and the West further deteriorate into diplomatic isolation, economic sanctions and dueling defense drills.

In his first visit to Russia, newly appointed Chinese Defense Minister Wei Feng attended the seventh Moscow International Security Conference accompanied by a delegation of other high-level military officials. Emphasizing that his trip was coordinated directly with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Wei said that he had two major messages for Russia at a time when both nations were attempting to modernize their armed forces and strengthen their hands in global affairs in spite of U.S. fears.

"I am visiting Russia as a new defense minister of China to show the world a high level of development of our bilateral relations and firm determination of our armed forces to strengthen strategic cooperation," Wei said at a meeting with Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu, according to the state-run Tass Russian News Agency.

"Second, to support the Russian side in organizing the Moscow International Security Conference the Chinese side has come to show Americans the close ties between the armed forces of China and Russia, especially in this situation. We’ve come to support you," he added. "The Chinese side is ready to express with the Russian side our common concerns and common position on important international problems at international venues as well."

Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Chinese counterpart command what's often considered the world's second and third most powerful armed forces, respectively, behind the U.S. While the Pentagon has managed to retain a comfortable lead against its leading competitors, Moscow and Beijing have coordinated closely as they both aim to close this gap and check U.S. influence abroad.

As Russia showed off its military prowess by declaring victory in the Syrian conflict and boosting its military power across Europe, China has invested in international infrastructure projects—especially across Asia and Africa—and expanded its presence in the Pacific. Both countries argue they are looking to work with and not against the U.S., but Washington has viewed their rise with suspicion and has taken countermeasures against perceived challenges to the international order it has traditionally dominated for decades.

In addition to boosting its own military power in Europe and Asia, the U.S. has portrayed growing Russian and Chinese influence abroad as an assault on democracy. The West has singled out Russia especially, accusing it of interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential race and other foreign elections.
Washington has also charged Moscow with being behind cyber attacks and physical attacks, including the poisoning of ex-Soviet intelligence officer Sergei Skripal who was arrested for being a double agent for London before being released in a 2010 spy swap and moving to the U.K.

When asked about the global reaction to the Nerve agent attack case, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang urged "that the relevant parties shall sort out the facts behind the Skripal incident at an early date and properly resolve disputes based on mutual respect and equal-footed consultation," during a regular press conference Tuesday.

"The international community is challenged on so many fronts today. Cold War mentality and group confrontation is the last thing we need. We should all work together to preserve world peace, stability and security and build a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, equality, justice and win-win cooperation," he added.

Russia has also suggested that the U.S. or the U.K. may be the true culprit behind the attack against Skripal in a bid to frame the Kremlin. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Grushko told the Rossiya-24 station on Thursday that "the Skripal affair was used in order to tighten the ranks of the European Union and NATO, which loosened lately, and to inject another portion of Russophobia" ahead of the Western military alliance's Brussels summit in July, Tass reported.

In response to Wei's visit, his Russian counterpart also stressed better relations between the two countries, which once formed the world's largest and most powerful communist alliance before falling out in the 1960s. With both Putin and Xi having been re-elected last month, the two presidents have successfully consolidated power in their respective countries.

"Thanks to the efforts of the leaders of our countries, the ties between Russia and China are now reaching a new and unprecedented level, becoming an important factor in ensuring peace and international security," Shoigu said, according to the Russian Ministry of Defense.
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 7:34am On Apr 06, 2018
Old Friends ? grin grin grin

That came close to nuking one another and one sold the other down the drain to embrace the west cool

I tire o undecided undecided undecided

2 powerful neighbours can never be friends, there can be temporary alliances that too untill it suits both of them or one of them.

Who said this peace is the time when we prepare for war grin

And by the way what is the need for a friend to station tactical and strategic missiles , long range radar stations facing multiple widely spaced sectors along the borders of a friendly country ?

2 Likes

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by newafricaken254: 7:36am On Apr 06, 2018
patches689:


"the first usage of ballistic missile defense in warfare had teething issues"

No sh1t. But are you seriously comparing Gen 1 Patriots (PAC-1) that had never been operationally used, to the Gen 3 patriots (PAC-3) operated by Saudi?

In 1991, Patriots had an hit rate of 70% in Saudi and 40% in Isreal. Saudis are using Patriots that have been completely upgraded (twice) against the same generation of Scuds used in 1991 and are getting a lower hit rate.

Its nothing more than Saudi incompetence.

when did i critic Gen 3 patriots (PAC-3) which still hasn't had its Baptism by fire to shoot down a tactical ballistic, we have seen multiple targeting of tactical ballistic missiles and malfunction of patriot missile.clearly showing lack of confidence on the PAC-2 missile or are you insinuating they don't know the procedural manual fire control mode of engaging with a patriot SAM system,they can find saudis who can fly typhoon and F-15 Jets but not ones who can operate patriot SAM systems !?

2 Likes

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 7:52am On Apr 06, 2018
Many might know or may not know weapon system requires periodic on site or off site tests to ensure they r in working condition and no fault has creeped in.

Even before firing they r certain mandatory tests to be performed via bite before enabling fire controls. Failure to do so will result in spectacular failures grin

The world is so big and and so little we know and yet we argue lol humans grin

2 Likes

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by newafricaken254: 8:06am On Apr 06, 2018
nemesis4u:
Many might know or may not know weapon system requires periodic on site or off site tests to ensure they r in working condition and no fault has creeped in.

Even before firing they r certain mandatory tests to be performed via bite before enabling fire controls. Failure to do so will result in spectacular failures grin

The world is so big and and so little we know and yet we argue lol humans grin
running a diagnostic program and physically checking for damage "defective" parts and components

 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gn9OVv9yHqY
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by newafricaken254: 8:35am On Apr 06, 2018
a destroyed Houthi D-30 Howitzer gun, after a precision strike by saudi coalition jet

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by patches689: 9:18am On Apr 06, 2018
newafricaken254:
when did i critic Gen 3 patriots (PAC-3) which still hasn't had its Baptism by fire to shoot down a tactical ballistic, we have seen multiple targeting of tactical ballistic missiles and malfunction of patriot missile.clearly showing lack of confidence on the PAC-2 missile or are you insinuating they don't know the procedural manual fire control mode of engaging with a patriot SAM system,they can find saudis who can fly typhoon and F-15 Jets but not ones who can operate patriot SAM systems !?

Saudi incompetence is well documented.

The Patriot has performed well over the last 40 years - despite a handful of errors, most resulting from its very first deployment.

So, we have a trend: Patriot works.

Now we have a deviation: Saudi patriots dont work.

We have a trend, and we have a deviation from the trend. Thus the question is what variable has changed to result in the variation.

So is the variable:

a. The missile
b. The user

1 Like

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by giles14(m): 9:19am On Apr 06, 2018
nemesis4u:


Putin is gonna come for u grin

Lost billions and u say good for the Russians grin

In this world everything from God to food to war to love is driven by dear old money wink
whom is Putin ? the dog that only barks.
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by patches689: 9:24am On Apr 06, 2018
newafricaken254:
are you insinuating they don't know the procedural manual fire control mode of engaging with a patriot SAM system,they can find saudis who can fly typhoon and F-15 Jets but not ones who can operate patriot SAM systems !?

Yes, Saudi pilots are generally terrible (with exceptions) and they hire Western personel to do equipment maintenance. Nepotism and tribalism greatly reduce the effectiveness of their armed forces.
https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htmurph/20110317.aspx#foo
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by newafricaken254: 9:32am On Apr 06, 2018
patches689:


Yes, Saudi pilots are generally terrible (with exceptions) and they hire Western personel to do equipment maintenance. Nepotism and tribalism greatly reduce the effectiveness of their armed forces.
https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htmurph/20110317.aspx#foo
i am always pessimistic when i read those fairy tales written by western reporters,analyst,academics e.t.c,what ever their field of occupation

 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uo7F7cbb6bA
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by newafricaken254: 1:19pm On Apr 06, 2018
the three Turkish T129 ATAK helicopters that took part in Pakistan day parade 2018

Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by Nobody: 2:52pm On Apr 06, 2018
giles14:
whom is Putin ? the dog that only barks.

embarassed embarassed embarassed

The return of the clones is real undecided

Our Giles got replaced lipsrsealed
Re: Technical Discussions On International Military Equipments Doctrines Tactics Etc by kikuyu1(m): 2:59pm On Apr 06, 2018
nemesis4u:
Gun shot detection system

The US has an operation system working on acoustics- mics are arranged in a circle on a vehicle and track incoming fire by the bullet trajectory. It can't be spoofed or jammed and is very easy to use giving real time data. How does this work?

(1) (2) (3) ... (364) (365) (366) (367) (368) (369) (370) ... (668) (Reply)

American Politics Thread - 2024 Elections — Biden’s Presidency! / Battle Field Discussion (picture/video) Of African Military . / Who Has The Strongest Military In Africa?

Viewing this topic: 1 guest(s)

(Go Up)

Sections: politics (1) business autos (1) jobs (1) career education (1) romance computers phones travel sports fashion health
religion celebs tv-movies music-radio literature webmasters programming techmarket

Links: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Nairaland - Copyright © 2005 - 2024 Oluwaseun Osewa. All rights reserved. See How To Advertise. 78
Disclaimer: Every Nairaland member is solely responsible for anything that he/she posts or uploads on Nairaland.