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Thank you all for the interest shown and the lashes we recieved from others. it is true few of us don't understand what the post has. anyway we thought of discontinue search for investors in the project, so we can atleast begin production first then with a clear record of what we've been doing, and how we've been doing it, we are sure getting far investors wouldnt be difficult. But a better explanation of this project will be up soon, as a different thread :-

Olayimikami:
I am expecting those that have seen the projection sto do a financial analysis here.

What location or state is your intended farm to be situated?

Who are you competitors?

Price projections seem shaky given Dangote's interest in the sector.

Will await analysis from those who have copies of the business plan for a healthy brainstorming session

Am sorry nobody including me can publicly give you these details, as everyone who's got the financial plan, had legally signed a Non-Disclosure Agreement, so I oblige you to follow suit and sign the NDA to qualify to get a copy and carryout the analysis with your lawyer or business adviser.

obstead200:

I thank God for both of u above.
At last some people with real business sense have entered this thread. Not all these "send the biz plan to my mail" group of people.
U guys have asked the promoter basic and strategic questions that he needs to answer in order to justify his claims.
I asked him my questions privately by email. His answers did not convince me so I just ignored the whole deal and his business plan. I do the thing "jump and pass"
Cash is hard. U don't just earn it and throw it into the Bush based on someone's promises.

Am sorry Mr, we would preferably not take questions regarding this project from outside investors, loyal customers and staffs, if we would, then there would be no need for us to ask interested persons to sign the Non Disclosure Agreement (NDA) before getting a copy of the financial or business plan. We can publicly address questions about the company. Thank you.
Mind you, we gave you answers according to the questions you asked which where basically about the company, especially the reputation and location and we told you this company is still at it startup stage and we are sure you might not want to invest in a startup as ours. Please if you desire to know more about the project, you need to sign NDA before we can mail you a copy. Thank you

Mykellio:


At Pavore9 and the OP... do we really have an idea of how many tons per hectare (t/ha) can be gotten from Nigerian rice plantations. Even 4 t/ha from a paddy field will be a lofty achievement considering the existing varieties and agronomic practices by local rice growers.

Second, do we have an idea of the milling preservation rate of the milling equipment to be used? Because, paddy will normally lose between 25 - 30% of its weight during processing as chaff, sediments, broken rice etc. to emerge as polished, destoned rice.

These are some questions OP needs to frankly answer to be sure the projections made are realisable.

Just my humble opinion.

Every point you highlighted is the undisputed truth, but the question as to how we intend to beat the mark? that answer will and shall remain with the company for competitive reasons. Thanks for your opinions we really appreciate them

Productivity in global rice environments

Rice is grown in more than a hundred countries, with a total harvested area of approximately 158 million hectares, producing more than 700 million tons annually (470 million tons of milled rice). Nearly 640 million tons of rice are grown in Asia, representing 90% of global production. Sub-Saharan Africa produces about 19 million tons and Latin America some 25 million tons. In Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, almost all rice is grown on small farms of 0.5−3 ha.

Yields range from less than 1 t/ha under very poor rainfed conditions to more than 10 t/ha in intensive temperate irrigated systems. Small, and in many areas shrinking, farm sizes account for the low incomes of rice farm families. Rice grows in a wide range of environments and is productive in many situations where other crops would fail.

The highest rice yields have traditionally been obtained from plantings in high-latitude areas that have long day length and where intensive farming techniques are practiced, or in low-latitude desert areas that have very high solar energy. Southwestern Australia, Hokkaido in Japan, Spain, Italy, northern California, and the Nile Delta provide the best examples.
Global rice production and consumption

Global-rice-production
More than anywhere else in the world, rice dominates overall crop production (measured by the share of crop area harvested of rice) and overall food consumption (measured by the share of rice in total caloric intake) in rice-producing Asia.

The world’s largest rice producers by far are China and India. Although its area harvested is lower than India’s, China’s rice production is greater due to higher yields because nearly all of China’s rice area is irrigated, whereas less than half of India’s rice area is irrigated. After China and India, the next largest rice producers are Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. These seven countries all had average production in 2006-08 of more than 30 million tons of paddy and together account for more than 80% of world production.

Despite Asia’s dominance in rice production and consumption, rice is also very important in other parts of the world. In Africa, for example, rice has been the main staple food – defined as the food, among the three main crops, that supplies the largest amount of calories – for at least 50 years in parts of western Africa and for some countries in the Indian Ocean. In these countries, the share of calories from rice has generally not increased substantially over time. In other African countries, however, rice has displaced other staple foods because of the availability of affordable imports from Asia and rice’s easier preparation, which is especially important in urban areas. On balance, in Africa, production has grown rapidly, but rice consumption has grown even faster, with the balance being met by increasing quantities of imports. Western Africa is the main producing subregion, accounting for more than 40% of African production in 2006-08. In terms of individual countries, the leading producers of paddy (2006-08) are Egypt (7.0 million t), Nigeria (3.8 million t), and Madagascar (3.2 million t).

In Latin America and the Caribbean, rice was a preferred pioneer crop in the first half of the 20th century in the savannas of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and in forest margins throughout the region. Today, rice is the most important source of calories in many Latin American countries, including Ecuador and Peru, Costa Rica and Panama, Guyana and Suriname, and the Caribbean nations of Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Haiti. It is less dominant in consumption than in Asia, however, because of the importance of wheat, maize, and beans in regional diets. Brazil is by far the largest producer, and it accounts for nearly half (46% in 2006-08) of paddy production in the region. After Brazil (11.6 million t), the largest producers are Peru and Colombia (2.5 million t each in 2006-08), followed by Ecuador (1.6 million t).

Elsewhere, the most important production centers are in the United States (California and the southern states near the Mississippi River), which produced 9.0 million t of paddy on average in 2006-08. The leading European producers are Italy, Spain, and Russia. Australia used to be an important producer, but its output has declined substantially in recent years because of recurring drought. Rice consumption in the Pacific islands has increased rapidly over the past two decades. Rice, which is all imported apart from a small amount grown in Papua New Guinea, is displacing traditional starchy root crops as a major staple due to changing tastes, ease of storage and preparation, and sometimes cost.
Yield improvement practices
high-yieldingDevelopment of high-yielding varieties: The Green Revolution

The ‘Green Revolution’ is the name given to the dramatic increase in cereal crop yields through modern agricultural inputs – irrigation, fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides – in the 1960s. For rice, the revolution began with the release by IRRI of the high- yielding semidwarf variety IR8 in 1966. The world average rice yield in 1960, the product of thousands of years of experience, was about 2 t/ha. Astonishingly, in only 40 more years, as the Green Revolution spread, it doubled, reaching 4 t/ha in 2000. The rice varieties and technologies developed during the Green Revolution have increased yields in some areas to 6–10 t/ha.

Widespread hunger and malnutrition, especially in Asia, made it clear that production of wheat and rice needed to increase to avoid famine.

The crisis led directly to the establishment of IRRI in 1960 and later its sister institutions in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system.
Fine-tuning the technologies

Irrigation and fertilizer helped raise cereal yields, but their full impact was realized only after the development of high-yielding varieties (HYVs). These semi-dwarf rice varieties were more responsive to plant nutrients and had shorter and stiffer straw that would not fall over under the weight of heavier heads of grain. They also could mature more quickly and were insensitive to daylight length, thereby permitting more crops to be grown each year on the same land.

The first of these HYVs, named IR8, was released in 1966. Adoption of HYVs occurred quickly and about 40% of the total cereal area in Asia was planted to modern varieties by 1980. This increased to about 80% of the cropped area by 2000.

Although many of the initial HYV rice varieties dramatically raised yields, they were susceptible to pests and diseases and had cooking traits that were less appealing to consumers. Continuing investments in agricultural research led to the eventual development of second- and third-generation varieties that successfully combined high yield potential with good pest and disease resistance and preferred consumption traits.
technologiesPolicy framework

Although the Green Revolution was mainly a technology revolution, it required strong public support and policies to develop the technologies, build the required infrastructure, ensure that markets, finance, and input systems worked and that farmers had enough knowledge and economic incentive to adopt the new practices. Public interventions were especially crucial in Asia for ensuring that small farmers were not left behind, and without which the Green Revolution would have been much less pro- poor. On average, Asian countries were spending 15.4% of their total government spending on agriculture by 1972 and they doubled the real value of their agricultural expenditure by 1985.

Governments also shored up farm credit systems, subsidized key inputs – especially fertilizer, power, and water – and intervened in markets to ensure that farmers received adequate prices each year to make the technologies profitable. Many governments used their interventions to ensure that small farms did not get left behind. Substantial empirical evidence at the time showed that small farms were the more efficient producers in Asia and land reform and small farm development programs were implemented to create and support large numbers of small farms. Small farm–led agricultural growth proved to be not only more efficient but also more pro-poor, a win-win proposition for growth and poverty reduction.
Impact of the Green Revolution

The Green Revolution not only increased yields, it also reduced the production costs per kg of cereal harvested. This enabled a win-win outcome in which cereal prices could decline to the benefit of consumers even while farmers and agricultural workers increased their earnings.

However, the relationship between the Green Revolution and poverty alleviation is complex, and this has led to a large and contentious debate in the literature. Village and household studies conducted soon after the release of Green Revolution technologies raised concern that large farms were the main beneficiaries of the technologies and that poor farmers were either unaffected or made worse off.

However, some studies have found favorable longer-term impacts on inequality.
Production, area, and yield trends over time

Global rice production more than tripled between 1961 and 2010, with a compound growth rate of 2.24% per year (2.21% in rice- producing Asia). Most of the increase in rice production was due to higher yields, which increased at an annual average rate of 1.74%, compared with an annual average growth rate of 0.49% for area harvested. In absolute terms, paddy yields increased at an annual average rate of 51.1 kg/ha per year, although this rate of increase has declined in both percentage and absolute terms.
The recent slowdown in rice area and yield growth

production-challengesCereal yields have continued to rise on average across Asia since the Green Revolution era, but annual growth rates are slowing. Moreover, total factor productivity has been declining, meaning that farmers now have to use higher amounts of inputs to obtain the same yields as before. Fortunately, as the figure shows, population growth in rice-producing Asia has been steadily declining for even longer. Since population growth has been the main source of rice demand growth, this trend helped to keep rice prices in check for a time. But, since the mid-1990s, population growth has exceeded rice yield growth and the gap has been growing steadily larger, creating a significant imbalance between supply and demand. This trend is evident for Asia as a whole, but also separately for East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Stagnation in area harvested further contributed to the problem, and prices eventually began to rise. Indeed, world market rice prices rose steadily by a cumulative 67% between April 2001 and September 2007, even before the world price crisis.

There are several possible reasons for the slowdown in rice yield growth and production: displacement of cereals on better lands by more profitable crops such as groundnuts, diminishing returns to modern varieties when irrigation and fertilizer use are already high, and the fact that cereal prices have fallen relative to input costs, making additional intensification less profitable. There is also concern that pest and disease resistance to modern pesticides now slows yield growth, and that breeders have largely exploited the yield potential of major Green Revolution crops.

Environmental problems that have arisen in different areas include excessive and inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute waterways and kill beneficial insects and other wildlife, irrigation practices that lead to salt buildup and eventual abandonment of some of the best farming lands, increasing water scarcities in major river basins, and retreating groundwater levels in areas where more water is being pumped for irrigation than can be replenished. Some of these outcomes were inevitable as millions of largely illiterate farmers began to use modern inputs for the first time, but the problem was exacerbated by inadequate extension and training, an absence of effective regulation of water use and quality, and input pricing and subsidy policies that made modern inputs too cheap and encouraged their excessive use.
Production challenges

Global rice consumption remains strong, driven by both population and economic growth in many Asian and African countries. But, in some developing Asian nations, including India, Vietnam, and Indonesia, per capita consumption in recent years has started to decline at a rather slow pace with rising income. In other middle- to low-income Asian countries, including the Philippines, Myanmar, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and Laos, rice consumption per capita continues to rise over time.

Despite this variation in the Asian per capita rice consumption trend, it is widely expected that per capita consumption in a majority of Asian countries will start or continue to decline in the future with rising income as people diversify their diets. But there are exceptions, such as India with its large population of ovo-vegetarians, where rice consumption patterns may not change dramatically even as income rises and a rapid increase in urbanization influences food habits.

production-challenges1

Outside Asia, where rice is not a staple yet, per capita consumption continues to grow. This is particularly true for most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where high population growth with changing consumer preferences is causing rapid expansion in rice consumption. In the least developed countries such as Nigeria, Tanzania, and Niger, people are moving away from tubers and cassava to rice as their income rises. Similar strong consumption growth has been evident among Middle Eastern countries with almost doubling of rice consumption in the last two decades and even more rapid increases in some Pacific island countries. Along with strong population growth, the rapid rise in per capita consumption also contributed to such rapid growth in rice demand. Rice consumption also continues to grow in Latin America and the Caribbean region with a 40% increase in the last two decades as a combination of both population growth and the steady rise in per capita consumption. Even in developed countries/regions, such as the United States and the European Union, per capita consumption continues to grow, partly because of switching from protein to more fibers in the diet and also immigration from Asian countries.

Using the population projections from the United Nations and income projections from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI), global rice demand is estimated to rise from 439 million tons (milled rice) in 2010 to 496 million tons in 2020 and further increase to 555 million tons in 2035. This is an overall increase of 26% in the next 25 years, but the rate of growth will decline from 13% for the first 10 years to 12% in the next 15 years as population growth drops and people diversify from rice to other foods. Among the various rice-consuming regions, Asian rice consumption is projected to account for 67% of the total increase, rising from 388 million tons in 2010 to 465 million tons in 2035 despite a continuing decline in per capita consumption in China and India. In addition, 30 million tons more rice will be needed by Africa, an increase of 130% from 2010 rice consumption. In the Americas, total rice consumption is projected to rise by 33% over the next 25 years.

With further area expansion likely to be slow, global rice yields must rise faster than in the recent past if world market prices are to be stabilized at affordable levels for the billions of consumers. Globally, farmers need to produce at least 8–10 million tons more paddy rice each year—an annual increase of 1.2–1.5% over the coming decade, equivalent to an average yield increase of 0.6 t/ha during the next decade. Over the longer run, global rice consumption growth is expected to slow down but yields will have to continue to grow faster than at present because of pressure on rice lands in the developing world from urbanization, climate change, and competition from other, high-value agriculture. Rice yield growth of 1.0–1.2% annually beyond 2020 will be needed to feed the still-growing world and keep prices affordable.

Supported.
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Ricepedia

Did you know that women make up half of Africa’s agricultural workforce overall, and more than half in several countries? And did you know that these African women, depending on where they’re from, produce up to two-thirds less per unit of land than men?

It’s not because they’re less able than men. It’s not because they’re less resourceful. And it’s certainly not because they’re less motivated.

According to the upcoming joint report with the World Bank’s Gender Innovation Lab, “Leveling the Field: Improving Opportunities for Women Farmers in Africa,” it’s because they don’t benefit equally from things like fertilizer, training or labour.

This gap is making it impossible for African women to become the thriving farmers they need to be to pull themselves out of poverty and give their children a better life.

The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization has said that if women worldwide had the same access to productive resources as men, they could boost agricultural production and help lift 100 to 150 million people out of hunger.

Women farmers who do have access to these resources, like Maria, Anne and Liberata whose stories you can read in this post, have found real success. Not only are these women farmers and working mothers, they are community leaders, parents of university students and landowners. They exemplify the promise that Africa’s women farmers can improve the well-being of Africa’s next generation.

Every African woman farmer should have an incredible story like Maria, Anne and Liberata. Although many African policy-makers and donor governments have turned their attention to women farmers, their efforts could be enhanced by a better understanding of the actual challenges these women face and the policies that can be effectively employed to support them. Unfortunately, for too long, they have lacked high-quality, detailed data on agriculture necessary for these insights.

“Leveling the Field,” which is released on 18 March, strives to change this. It brings forward fresh, new evidence measuring the gender gap in African agriculture.

The report profiles six countries: Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda, which together comprise more than 40 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s population. It presents the clearest evidence to date of the breadth and depth of the gender gap in African agriculture. It offers several illuminating findings, which the full report will explore further:

1. Women farmers consistently produce less per hectare than their male counterparts, and the drivers of this gap vary by country.

2. The gender gap is caused by more than just unequal access to resources like labor and fertilizer; women farmers don’t get as many benefits out of the resources they have.

3. Policy priorities like securing women’s land rights and improving their access to hired labor emerge as critical to reducing the gender gap.

Check back on 18 March for the full report. In the meantime, join us in celebrating International Women’s Day, by sharing the secret of three successful African women farmers.

Original Author

Arathi Rao

peperempe:
nice write-up but what you have written don't seem to be visible in reality. In practice, most farmers in Nigeria produces an average of 2.5 to 3tons per hecter. On d point dat 7.5tons of produces 150bags of rice is not true either as paddy rice or processed rice. 7.5tons of paddy rice is equivalent to 75bags of paddy at 100kg per bag. 100kg of paddy rice produces an average of 70kg of processed rice, 20kg of husk and abt 10kg of bran if d milling machine is of high efficiency. Some machines even process less than 70kg of milled rice per 100kg of paddy rice. So, i wonder how u did ur calculation to arrive at 150bags of rice. In as much as u are trying to introduce people to rice farming/milling biz, pls try to also do a thorough research bfor u come to d public wit ur plans. God bless you.

Thank you.
All that i note from what you said was 'most farmers' but another point you should note from us, is the fact that we are not most farmers, and we do not plan to be, we are Gazeco Spurt. All that was written, will, can and must be executed by our team, you know why? Because anything, everything is possible. I trust you will be notified when that time comes. Thanks so much for your contributions

Hunger concepts and definitions

Hunger is a term which has three meanings (Oxford English Dictionary 1971)

The uneasy or painful sensation caused by want of food; craving appetite. Also the exhausted condition caused by want of food.
The want or scarcity of food in a country.
A strong desire or craving.

World hunger refers to the second definition, aggregated to the world level. The related technical term (in this case operationalized in medicine) is either malnutrition, or, if malnutrition is taken to refer to both undernutrition and overnutrition (obesity, overweight) as it increasingly is, undernutrition. Both malnutrition and undernutrition refer to the effects on people of not having enough food.

There are two basic types of malnutrition/undernutrition. The first and most important is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). It is basically a lack of calories and protein. Food is converted into energy by humans, and the energy contained in food is measured by calories. Protein is necessary for key body functions including provision of essential amino acids and development and maintenance of muscles. Protein-energy malnutriton is the more lethal form of malnutrition/hunger and is the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed. This leads to growth failure. Principal types of growth failure are:

The two types of acute malnutrition are wasting (also called marasmus) or nutritional edema, (also called kwashiorkor). Wasting is characterised by rapid weight loss and in its severe form can lead to death. Nutritional edema is caused by insufficient protein in the diet. See visual illustrations here.
Stunting is a slow, cumulative process and is caused by insufficient intake of some nutrients. It is estimated by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to affect 161 million children world wide (UNICEF Nutrition). Stunted children may have normal body proportions but look younger than their actual age. Stunting develops over a long period as a result of inadequate nutrition or repeated infections, or both.

The second type of malnutrition, also very important, is micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiency. This is not the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed, though it is certainly very important. Specific examples of micronutrient deficiency such as Vitamin A are discussed below. (For more examples see UNICEF Nutrition in Emergencies Lesson 2.1 p 11 and for a good overview of malnutriton topics see all of Lesson 2.)

Take a two-question hunger quiz on this section
Number of hungry people in the world

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that about 795 million people of the 7.3 billion people in the world, or one in nine, were suffering from chronic undernourishment in 2014-2016. Almost all the hungry people, 780 million, live in developing countries, representing 12.9 percent, or one in eight, of the population of developing counties. There are 11 million people undernourished in developed countries (FAO 2014; for individual country estimates, see Annex 1. For other valuable sources, especially if interested in particular countries or regions, see IFPRI 2015and Rosen 2014).

Undernourishment around the world, 1990-2 to 2012-4


Number of undernourished and prevalence (%) of undernourishment

1990-2 No. 1990-2 % 2014-6 No. 2014-6 %
World 1,010.6 18.6 794.6
10.9
Developed regions 20.0 <5 14.7 <5
Developing regions 990.7 23.3 779.9 12.9
Africa 181.7 27.6 232.5 20.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 175.7 33.2 220.0 23.2
Asia 741.9 23.6 511.7 12.1
Eastern Asia 295.4 23.2 145.1 9.6
South-Eastern Asia 137.5 30.6 60.5 9.6
Southern Asia 291.2 23.9 281.4 15.7
Latin America & Carib. 66.1 14.7 34.3 5.5
Oceana 1.0 15.7 1.4 14.2

Source: FAO The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015 p. 8
Progress in reducing the number of hungry people

The vast majority of hungry people live in developing regions, which saw a 42 percent reduction in the prevalence of undernourished people between 1990–92 and 2012–14. Despite this progress, about one in eight people, or 13.5 percent of the overall population, remain chronically undernourished in these regions, down from 23.4 percent in 1990–92. As the most populous region in the world, Asia is home to two out of three of the world’s undernourished people.

There has been the least progress in the sub- Saharan region, where more than one in four people remain undernourished – the highest prevalence of any region in the world. Nevertheless, the prevalence of undernourishment in sub-Saharan Africa has declined from 33.2 percent in 1990– 92 to 23.2 percent in 2014–16, although the number of undernourished people has actually increased.
Hunger continues to take its largest toll in Southern Asia, which includes the countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The estimate of 276 million chronically undernourished people in 2014–16 is only marginally lower than the number in 1990– 92. Eastern Asia (where China is by far the largest country) and South-eastern Asia (including Indonesia, Philippines, Mynamar, Vietnam and others) have reduced undernutriton substantially.
Latin America has the most successful developing region record in increasing food security.

2015 marks the end of the monitoring period for the two internationally agreed targets for hunger reduction. The target for the Millennium Development Goals for developing countries as a whole was to halve the proportion of hungry people by 2015 from the base year(s) of 1990-2, or from 23.2% to ll.6%. As the proportion in 2014-16 is 12.9%, the goal has almost been met. As can be seen from the table, East Asia, South East Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean regions have met the goal.

World Food Summit target. The target set at the 1996 World Food Summit was to halve the number of undernourished people by 2015 from their number in 1990-92. Since 1990–92, the number of hungry people in developing regions has fallen by over 200 million, from 991 million to 790.7 million. However the goal is 495 million (1/2 of 991 million), which means that the target will not be reached.

(Source: FAO et al, 2015 pp 8-12)
Children and hunger

Children are the most visible victims of undernutrition. Black et al (2013) estimate that undernutrition in the aggregate—including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding—is a cause of 3·1 million child deaths annually or 45% of all child deaths in 2011 (Black et al. 2013). Undernutrition magnifies the effect of every disease, including measles and malaria. The estimated proportions of deaths in which undernutrition is an underlying cause are roughly similar for diarrhea (61%), malaria (57%), pneumonia (52%), and measles (45%) (Black 2003, Bryce 2005). Malnutrition can also be caused by diseases, such as the diseases that cause diarrhea, by reducing the body’s ability to convert food into usable nutrients.

Stunting

Globally 161 million under-five year olds were estimated to be stunted in 2013.
The global trend in stunting prevalence and numbers affected is decreasing. Between 2000 and 2013 stunting prevalence declined from 33% to 25% and numbers declined from 199 million to 161 million.
In 2013, about half of all stunted children lived in Asia and over one third in Africa. (UNICEF et al. 2014b)

Wasting and severe wasting

Globally, 51 million under-five year olds were wasted and 17 million were severely wasted in 2013.
Globally, wasting prevalence in 2013 was estimated at almost 8% and nearly a third of that was for severe wasting, totaling 3%.
In 2013, approximately two thirds of all wasted children lived in Asia and almost one third in Africa, with similar proportions for severely wasted children. (UNICEF et al. 2014b)

Take a three-question hunger quiz on this section
Micronutrients

Quite a few trace elements or micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—are important for health. Three very important micronutrient deficiencies in terms of health consequences for poor people in developing countries are:

Iron

In developing countries every second pregnant woman and about 40% of preschool children are estimated to be anemic.
In many developing countries, iron deficiency anemia is aggravated by worm infections, malaria and other infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis.
The major health consequences include poor pregnancy outcome, impaired physical and cognitive development, increased risk of morbidity in children and reduced work productivity in adults. Anemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths. (WHO Iron Deficiency Anemia)

Vitamin A

Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and reduces the body’s resistance to disease. In children Vitamin A deficiency can also cause growth retardation.
An estimated 250 million preschool children are vitamin A deficient. An estimated 250,000 to 500 000 vitamin A-deficient children become blind every year, half of them dying within 12 months of losing their sight. (WHO Vitamin A Deficiencies)

Iodine

Iodine deficiency is one of the main cause of impaired cognitive development in children.
Serious iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and congenital abnormalities such as cretinism, a grave, irreversible form of mental retardation that affects people living in iodine-deficient areas of Africa and Asia.
Iodine deficiency has a simple solution: iodized salt. Thanks to this intervention, the number of countries where iodine deficiency is a public health problem has halved over the past decade. However 54 countries still have a serious iodine deficiency problem. (WHO Iodine Deficiencies)

Does the world produce enough food to feed everyone?

The world produces enough food to feed everyone. For the world as a whole, per capita food availability has risen from about 2220 kcal/person/day in the early 1960s to 2790 kcal/person/day in 2006-08, while developing countries even recorded a leap from 1850 kcal/person/day to over 2640 kcal/person/day. This growth in food availability in conjunction with improved access to food helped reduce the percentage of chronically undernourished people in developing countries from 34 percent in the mid 1970s to just 15 percent three decades later. (FAO 2012, p. 4) The principal problem is that many people in the world still do not have sufficient income to purchase (or land to grow) enough food.
What are the causes of hunger?

What are the causes of hunger is a fundamental question, with varied answers.

Poverty is the principal cause of hunger. The causes of poverty include poor people’s lack of resources, an extremely unequal income distribution in the world and within specific countries, conflict, and hunger itself. As of 2015 (2011 statistics), the World Bank has estimated that there were just over 1 billion poor people in developing countries who live on $1.25 a day or less. This compares with compared with 1.91 billion in 1990, and 1.93 billion in 1981. This means that 17 percent of people in the developing world lived at or below $1.25 a day in 2011, down from 43 percent in 1990 and 52 percent in 1981. (This compares with the FAO estimate above of 791 million people living in chronic undernourishment in developing countries.) Progress has been slower at higher poverty lines. In all, 2.2 billion people lived on less than US $2 a day in 2011, the average poverty line in developing countries and another common measurement of deep deprivation. That is only a slight decline from 2.59 billion in 1981. (World Bank Poverty Overview, World Bank 2013). Progress in poverty reduction has been concentrated in Asia, and especially, East Asia, with the major improvement occurring in China. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people in extreme poverty has increased. The statement that ‘poverty is the principal cause of hunger’ is, though correct, unsatisfying. Why then are (so many) people poor? The next sections summarize Hunger Notes’ answer.

Harmful economic systems. Hunger Notes believes that a principal underlying cause of poverty and hunger is the ordinary operation of the economic and political systems in the world. Essentially control over resources and income is based on military, political, and economic power that typically ends up in the hands of a minority, who live well, while those at the bottom barely survive, if they do. We have described the operation of this system in more detail in our special section on Harmful economic systems.

Conflict. For 2012, the first and latest year for which its estimates are available, the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) estimates that more than 172 million people were affected by conflict worldwide. Of this total 149 million or 87 percent were conflict-affected residents (CARs). Internally displaced persons (IDPs) accounted for another 18 million and refugees for five million. CRED says that the global total is higher because its figures only include 24 countries for which comparable and validated data are available. CRED observes

Pakistan with 28 million and Nigeria with nearly 19 million had the largest numbers of people affected by conflict.
Libya and Somalia had the highest proportion of their populations affected by violence and insecurity at about 90 percent each.
IDPs suffer the worst health impacts of conflict. They and their children are almost twice as likely as refugees to die from conflict-related causes, particularly disease and starvation.
Conflict-affected residents also suffer significantly higher death rates than refugees (CRED 2013).

The estimated number of conflict-affected residents (172 million) represents 21 percent of the estimated number of undernourished people (805 million), which gives an approximate idea of the importance of conflict as a cause of hunger.

Hunger is also a cause of poverty, and thus of hunger. By causing poor health, small body size, low levels of energy, and reductions in mental functioning, hunger can lead to even greater poverty by reducing people’s ability to work and learn, thus leading to even greater hunger. See Victoria et al. 2008.

World population A large world population does make it more difficult to provide a decent standard of living for all. Population growth rates have dropped substantially over the last 50 years. See Population Reference Bureau 2014 for analysis of population trends.

Food and agricultural policy. There certainly have been questions raised about the adequacy of food and agricultural policy throughout the world, especially their (lack of) benefit to poor farmers. For two souces that discuss these issues, see IFPRI 2014a and Institute for Development Studies HANCI.

Climate change. Climate change is increasingly viewed as a current and future cause of hunger and poverty. Increasing drought, flooding, and changing climatic patterns requiring a shift in crops and farming practices that may not be easily accomplished are three key issues. Another key issue is the future of industrialization and higher standards of living, as the principal cause of climate change appears carbon dioxide produced by high energy use with industrialization and higher standards of living. See the Hunger Notes special report: Hunger, the environment, and climate change for further information, especially articles in the section: Climate change, global warming and the effect on poor people such as Global warming causes 300,000 deaths a year, study says and Could food shortages bring down civilization?

obashiakpu:
I have not heard from you again. Reply me via my address, osaiguru@yahoo.com

Please check now

kanmifad:
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Nakedicome:
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myrates:
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Sent

I was having a conversation with a friend of mine, after a seminar last month, she made it open to me that she had a little sum, and she's out of ideas on what to do with it.... so i gallantly asked her if she would like to invest that sum, maybe on a lucrative business, then she replied sarcastically..... Yeah, but where and how? Quickly yeah this was a good time to pitch my company, whether she meant to listen or nah. So i went on and blah blah, but after all the Gazeco Spurt is this, is that, can bring you this, make you that, blah blah blah. Stunned, she turned and looked at me now and asked, what will be the benefits if i invest 750k in the business or project? I guess my elevator pitch's won her interest, so i explained to her that the ROI (Return on Investment) is 150% at the end of every year (Gazeco business calendar runs from February till February the following year) then she persistently pleaded i explained better, using common English terms and not business terms. So i succumbed and plainly explained to her that, if she invests her 750k in the project anytime before October 30th 2016, the money will be multiplied by 2 plus 50% of the 750k e.g. 750000 * 2 + 375000 = 1,875,000 will be her returns at the end of the year. But the term of my project states that, Investments can not be received at the end of every year for 2 years until the 3rd. So every year for 3 years, your investment grows by 150%. Thus at the end of year, you returns will be automatically reinvested. Eg, 1,875,000 * 2 + 937,500 = 4,687,500 wil be your return for year 2, which will be reinvested, thus. 4,687,500 * 2 + 2,343,750 = 11,718,750 is what you will finally get as returns in year 3, so you will now be given another option to reinvest or withdraw your returns. She was like wow thats huge, 11.7m from 750k? Of course yes. Was my reply, with a big smile. She frowned again and stared at me, and finally she spoke. But if i am saving my 750k every month for three years, i will get more than that, you know right? I chuckled and replied. Of course you will, because 750,000 * 36 = 27,000,000. And i continued, but if you invest your 750k in lucrative businesses with such terms as mine, every month for 3 years, you would have made 36 investments, which would soon fetch you about #421,875,000. Chisus was her response. Dear how do you think the bank survives, gets so wealthy, do you think its through the chicken change, they charge you for their services alone? Then dear you need to have a rethink. If this illustrations can not Educate you enough, then i think Donald Trump the real estate investment guru, might as well explain to you how he got his wealth. You see in Nigeria, almost everybody is looking for one business or the other that is lucrative so they can start, no wonder Emeka will have a spare part shop, when Chinedu sees Emeka making sales almost everyday, he too will decide to open a spare part shop, and so it goes on and on, 'ntil almost everyone in that neighborhood owns a Spare part shop, excuse me, what if Emeka, Chinedu and others invest that money on any one of them to start up? Imagine

Interestingly most people know in their heart of hearts that making gobs of money can't guarantee true happiness.

Then again, most would acknowledge that you need to have at least a minimum income for a shot at well-being - if only so you don't have to scrounge for every meal.

In between gobs and a bare minimum, of course, is where most of us live.

And it turns out many Americans don't think they need a CEO paycheck to be happy, or even six figures.

When asked how much would do the trick, just over half of people surveyed in CNNMoney's American Dream poll said it would take less than $100,000.

Nearly a quarter of the people who took the poll, conducted by ORC International, said between $50,000 and $74,999 would work. That calls to mind the results of a Princeton study, which found that emotional well being rose with income, but not much beyond $75,000.

In other words, past a certain income level, your happiness comes from other factors.

Interestingly, some people really don't care about money: 10% of those polled said somewhere north of a buck but south of $30,000 would be their minimum requirement.

And 6% said money can't buy happiness, period.

On the high end of the scale, 23% said they'd need between between $100,000 and $199,999.

What about how much it takes to be "rich?" A six-figure paycheck was a more typical answer when the same adults were asked that question. But even here, their answers didn't approach the stratosphere.

The most typical answers fell between $100,000 and $199,999. In fact, a full 60% thought incomes below $250,000 would be enough. And only 11% said they'd need to make $1 million or more to consider themselves rich.

The answers given tended to be higher from those who currently make more than $50,000 today.

Read the full CNN/ORC poll results

Of course, making a high (or higher) income doesn't guarantee you'll be rich. It all depends on what you do with your paychecks.

If you're interested in amassing wealth, and wondering when you'll be a millionaire or whether you can retire early, saving and investing a large chunk of your income will certainly help.

Certified financial planner Mari Adam of Boca Raton, Fla., works with a couple - a welder and a nurse - whose joint income is less than $75,000. But, Adam said, "they're very happy with what they have. And the irony is they have more saved than some people who make two or three times more than they do."

SuuperMoore:
Shinoharat4@gmail.com

oluwabamis:
Interested. oayorinde@gmail.com

corpROYAL:
Send your plan to stephen4course@gmail.com

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Moheat:
mosacra882@gmail.com

Sent

walex34:
am interested pls send the plan to my mail raji_ola34@yahoo. com

Salas4oru:
Pls send to salaserin@gmail.com
Thanks

ogene007:
Please send to okwudiliogbuefi@yahoo.com
Thanks.

Sent

kodelee:


PLs send me the investment plan. me email is kode.lee@yahoo.com

farmgate:
Agriculture is the way forward kindly send it to me and let do something together but don't you think or forcast in your budgeted plan that the price of rice will surely drop. Samuelsolomon96@yahoo.com

jidowu84:
AM A STUNT BELIEVER OF RICE FARMING/INVESTMENT. ITS A MIRACLE CROP. IF NOT FOR TIME , I WUDA V BN A FULL TIME PLAYER. @OP PLS LET ME UR INV. PLAN INCLUDIN UR CONTACT. jidowu84@gmail.com

udochyk:
kindly send to udochyk@yahoo.com

pluto09:
send to olanoah2002@yahoo.com

diamond990:

pls can I get a copy. ndulue. chinedu@gmail.com

Raymep:
Interested.... Obasuyi_r@yahoo.com

jstemmanex:
emmanex_don@yahoo.co.uk

enilove:
I am interested . oridamisi@gmail.com

enilove:
I am interested . oridamisi@gmail.com

grace2all:
Send to grace2ally2k@yahoo.com

Sent

obiakorEmmanuel:
Obiakorchukwunenye@gmail.com. Please send me soft copy.

tufuuu:
pls send me that business plan :Ajaorasheed3@gmail.com

afolabit99:
afolabit99@yahoo.com

JODELL:
AM interest you can send the details to jodellgroup@gmail.com

Kuljoe:
Am interested, send to martynstemi@gmail.com

Sent

TheUnbeatable:
bsaidealfarm@gmail

Your mail address's not correct

yomie040:
sokoaya040@yahoo.com

Not sure you will get the mail

eji1979:
Let me check out the business plan,send to my email: eeejindu@yahoo.com

yomie040:
sokoaya040@yahoo.com

MCastle:
Let's see the business plan send to deejaycwitch@gmail.com

pat077:
send to jbpat2002@gmail.com

joesir:
Pls send to jonathanobiegba@gmail.com.
Thanks

Slip:
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Dreamstarr:
Dreamstarr300@yahoo.com.am interested. Send to dreamstarr300@yahoo.com

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bunmita:
bunmita@gmail.com

Sent

Sunnysteve009:
Am intrested pls send the bussiness plan to sunnysteve009@gmail.com

Sent

obstead200:
I am interested. Send me the plan.

obstead2003@gmail.com

Pls include ur whatsapp number, cos I will likely PM u to confirm some details.

Sent. whatsapp? check your pm

tufuuu:
pls send me that business plan :Ajaorasheed3@gmail.com

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Olibee:
Pls send the report to, olibeyoji@gmail.com

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mashnino:
send plan to umarmash2@gmail.com

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Weedcrusher:
Send to jamescrusher66@yahoo.com

sent

Danoluwa:
please i didnt get any mail. Resend to danfad04@yahoo.com. Thanks.

Sent now

I laugh at most youth then, i wouldn't say now because the government and economy has made the industry a prospective goldmine, so every youth wants to travel back home to reclaim what was willed to them by their late father, grandfather etc (plots of farmland). Its a good development i guess, but this might be a problem, 'EXPERIENCE'

I was 11 when my parent finally decided to take us (my siblings included) to the village, to spend Christmas and New year holidays. Finally i was going to see and know my people, especially that white shaft stuff that taste sour and brittle.... Yes garri, finally i am going to learn how it is made. It took us about 7-8 hours travelling from Abuja to Edo state, when we finally got to our destination, it was dusk so every woman was busy raising and hitting a long kind of stick into a wooden pot, later i knew its maiden name was 'OKO' the wooden Mortar. Wow everybody was happy and looked at us strangely. When we finally got to our family compound, behold the place was filled with happy people, some set where busy swallowing lumps of pounded yam, few where pounding the yam, some made the soup, while the elderly.... Well i can't possibly state everything here, as it will not serve the purpose of this post.

Two weeks later, somehow somehow i broke my mums rule and went with my uncle to the farm (though i paid darely, but it was worth it) my maternal grandfather's cocoa farm, was as big as half of the whole village, it is cited some distance away from the main village. When i got to the farm, i was baffled to see how big a cocoa farm could be, i asked my uncle several questions, and he was always happy to provide answers, but there was a particular question, he couldn't answer, as i can remember, i asked him 'Why would papa have such a big farm and several others and yet, he doesn't have a car, a big house in the city? Well till date i still don't have that answer. Well at the farm, it was late in the morning, so i was asked to sit in a farm house and wait, i watched every activity though i didn't understand what they were actually doing, but my love for agriculture began right from my elementary days, whenever i went for Agricultural science, i would seriously want to carefully listen to my teacher has she teaches, we would learn about cultivation, plants, soil and crops, my favourite then was the practical aspect, we would bring loamy or clay soil into a tin, then plant our bean seed or corn, imagine how i would keep close watch, i would wait patiently for 5 to 7 days, immediately i see the sprout, eh eh eh its like winning a lottery. So while i waited patiently in the farm, i remembered how the labourers would keep bringing the cocoa pods on large baskets and empty the basket, beside the farm house. In amusement, i would stare at the pods, touching them and i finally i broke one, with my heart beating fast, i made to taste the cocoa, wow its sweeeeet, but i was toooooo scared to take more. My uncle came back after awhile and told me everything i needed to know at that time about cocoa. Wow so cocoa is used to produce chocolate? I'ld say to myself all day. When we finally got back to the city, i told my friends and classmates with every sense of pride that i would one day be a FARMER. Even though my first time wasn't the last, i did own a farm here in Abuja, 7 years later.... Though it was substantially small, i love it very much when i visit my farm.