Here is some more talk.

The Street lights of Benin city.
https://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/3575/street-lights-benin-city

African Writing
https://historum.com/t/african-writing.114962/

Did Sub-Saharan Africa ever have Indigenous writing?
https://historum.com/t/did-sub-saharan-africa-ever-have-indigenous-writing.192241/

Oh check this out.
Facial Reconstruction of Amenhotep III
https://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/3521/facial-reconstruction-amenhotep-iii?page=1
https://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/3521/facial-reconstruction-amenhotep-iii?page=2

Timbuktu Manuscripts
Timbuktu Manuscripts, or Tombouctou Manuscripts, is a blanket term for the large number of historically significant manuscripts that have been preserved for centuries in private households in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali. The collections include manuscripts about art, medicine, philosophy, and science, as well as copies of the Quran. Timbuktu manuscripts are the most well known set of West African manuscripts.

The manuscripts are written in Arabic and several African languages, in the Ajami script; this includes, but is not limited to, Fula, Songhay, Tamasheq, Bambara, and Soninke. The dates of the manuscripts range between the late 13th and the early 20th centuries (i.e., from the Islamisation of the Mali Empire until the decline of traditional education in French Sudan). Their subject matter ranges from scholarly works to short letters.

After the decline of the Mali Empire, the manuscripts were kept in the homes of Timbuktu locals, before research and digitisation efforts began in the 20th and 21st century.

The manuscripts, and other cultural heritage in Mali, were imperilled during the Mali War. 4,203 of Timbuktu's manuscripts were burned or stolen following between 2012 and 2013. Some 350,000 manuscripts were transported to safety, and 300,000 of them were still in Bamako in 2022.
Source wikipedia

Wadaad's writing
Wadaad's writing, also known as wadaad's Arabic (Somali: Far Wadaad, lit. 'clergyman's handwriting'), is the traditional Somali adaptation of written Arabic as well as the Arabic script as historically used to transcribe the Somali language. Originally, it referred to an ungrammatical Arabic featuring some words in Somali, with the proportion of Somali vocabulary terms varying depending on the context. Alongside standard Arabic, wadaad's writing was used by Somali religious men (wadaado) to record xeer (customary law) petitions and to write qasidas. It was also used by merchants for business and letter writing.Over the years, various Somali scholars improved and altered the use of the Arabic script for conveying Somali. This culminated in the 1930s with the work of Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil, standardizing vowel diacritics and orthographic conventions, and in 1950s with the controversial proposal of Musa Haji Ismail Galal which substantially modified letter values and introduced new letters for vowels.
History
The Arabic script was introduced to Somalia in the 13th century by Sheikh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (colloquially referred to as Aw Barkhadle or the "Blessed Father",a man described as "the most outstanding saint in Somalia." Of Somali descent, he sought to advance the teaching of the Qur'an.Al-Kawneyn devised a Somali nomenclature for the Arabic vowels, which enabled his pupils to read and write in Arabic. Sheikh Abi-Bakr Al Alawi, a Harari historian, states in his book that Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn was of native and local Dir (clan) extraction.
Though various Somali wadaads and scholars had used the Arabic script to write in Somali for centuries, it would not be until the 19th century when the Qadiriyyah saint Sheikh Uways al-Barawi of the Digil and Mirifle clan would improve the application of the Arabic script to represent Somali. He applied it to the Maay dialect of southern Somalia, which at the time was the closest to standardizing Somali with the Arabic script. Al-Barawi modeled his alphabet after the Arabic transcription adopted by the Amrani of Barawa (Brava) to write their Swahili dialect, Bravanese.
Source wikipedia

Ajami script
Ajami (Arabic: عجمي‎, ʿajamī) or Ajamiyya (Arabic: عجمية‎, ʿajamiyyah), which comes from the Arabic root for 'foreign' or 'stranger', is an Arabic-derived script used for writing African languages, particularly those of Songhai, Mandé, Hausa and Swahili, although many other African languages are written using the script, including Mooré, Pulaar, Wolof, and Yoruba. It is an adaptation of the Arabic script to write sounds not found in Standard Arabic. Rather than adding new letters, modifications usually consist of additional dots or lines added to pre-existing letters.

The script was first used between the 10th and the 16th centuries.It was likely originally created with the intent of promoting Islam in West Africa. The first languages written in the script were likely old Taseelhit or medieval Amazigh, Kanuri, or Songhay. Later, Fulfulde, Hausa, Wolof, and Yoruba would use the script.By the 17th century, the script was being used to publish religious texts and poetry.Guinean Fulani poetry was written in Ajami from the middle of the 18th century.

During the pre-colonial period, Qur'anic schools taught Muslim children Arabic and, by extension, Ajami.
After Western colonization, a Latin orthography for Hausa was adopted and the Ajami script declined in popularity. Some anti-colonial groups and movements continued to use Ajami. An Islamic revival in the 19th century led to a wave of Ajami written works.
Ajami remains in widespread use among Islamic circles but exists in digraphia among the broader populace. Ajami is used ceremonially and for specific purposes, such as for local herbal preparations in the Jula language.

Source wikipedia



Sorabe alphabet
Sorabe or Sora-be (سُرَبِ, Malagasy pronunciation: [suˈrabe]) is an alphabet based on Arabic, formerly used to transcribe the Malagasy language (belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family) and the Antemoro Malagasy dialect, dating from the 15th century.
History
Researchers are still hypothesizing about the origins of the Sorabe alphabet. "Sorabe" means literally "large writings" from Arabic "sura" (writing) and Malagasy "be" (large). This denomination might point to the existence of a previous writing system with smaller characters of Sanskrit origin used in South East Asia as it is evidenced in some Malagasy words.
Traditionally, researchers have speculated that this writing system was introduced through commercial contacts of the Malagasy with Arab Muslims. However, more recent studies claim that this writing scheme might have been introduced by Javanese Muslims.There are striking similarities between "Sorabe" and the "Pegon script", which is the Javanese variant of the Arabic script.
A couple of hundred old manuscripts written in the Sorabe alphabet have survived to this day, though the oldest manuscript may have been written no earlier than the 17th century. Those "Sorabe" are bound in leather and the texts are named after the colour of the skin. Most of the texts contain magical formulas, but there are also some historical texts concerning the origin of some of the southeastern tribes of the island of Madagascar. These origins are traced to Mecca or the Prophet Mohammed even though the practice of Islam is nowhere seen in the texts.[citation needed]
Sorabe eventually spread across the island beginning in the 17th century and, at the end of the 18th century, the Merina king Andrianampoinimerina called for Antemoro scribes to teach the children of his court to read and write. This was how the future king Radama I learned to read and write in Sorabe from his childhood.
Nowadays Malagasy is written using a Latin alphabet, introduced in 1823.
Source wikipedia

Writing systems of Africa
The writing systems of Africa refer to the current and historical practice of writing systems on the African continent, both indigenous and those introduced.

Today, the Latin script is commonly encountered across Africa, especially in the Western, Central and Southern Africa regions. Arabic script is mainly used in North Africa and Ge'ez script is widely used in the Horn of Africa. Regionally and in some localities, other scripts may be of significant importance.
Indigenous writing systems

Ancient African orthographies

Ancient Egyptian

Ancient Meroitic
The Meroitic language and its writing system was used in Meroë and the wider Kingdom of Kush (in modern day Sudan) during the Meroitic period. It was used from 300 BCE to 400 CE.

Tifinagh
The Tifinagh alphabet is still actively used to varying degrees in trade and modernized forms for writing of Berber languages (Tamazight, Tamashek, etc.) of the Maghreb, Sahara, and Sahel regions (Savage 2008).

Ge'ez
The Geʽez script is an abugida that was created in Horn of Africa in the 8th-9th century BC for writing the Geʽez language. The script is used today in Ethiopia and Eritrea for Amharic, Tigrinya, and several other languages. It is sometimes called Ethiopic, and is known in Eritrea and Ethiopia as the fidel or abugida.

Nsibidi
Nsibidi (also known as "nsibiri","nchibiddi", and "nchibiddy" is a system of symbols indigenous to what is now southeastern Nigeria that is apparently an ideographic script, though there have been suggestions that it includes logographic elements. The symbols are at least several centuries old: early forms appeared on excavated pottery as well as what are most likely ceramic stools and headrests from the Calabar region, with a range of dates from 400 (and possibly earlier, 2000 BC) to 1400 CE.

Adinkra
Adinkra is a set of symbols developed by the Akan, used to represent concepts and aphorisms. Oral tradition attributes the origin of adinkra to Gyaman in modern-day Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire.According to Kwame Anthony Appiah, they were one of the means for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".


Lusona
Lusona is a system of ideograms that functioned as mnemonic devices to record proverbs, fables, games, riddles and animals, and to transmit knowledge. They originate in what is now eastern Angola, northwestern Zambia and adjacent areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


West Africa
Bamum (Bamun; also Shumom), a system of pictographic writing invented beginning in the late 19th century by Sultan Ibrahim Njoya for writing the Bamun language in what is now Cameroon. It quickly developed into a syllabary. It is rarely used today, but a fair amount of material written in this script still exists.

The Vai syllabary invented by Mɔmɔlu Duwalu Bukɛlɛ for the Vai language in what is now Liberia during the early 19th century. It is still used today.

North Africa
Tifinagh (Tuareg Berber language: ⵜⴼⵏⵗ; Neo-Tifinagh: ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ; Berber Latin alphabet: Tifinaɣ; Berber pronunciation: [tifinaɣ]) is a script used to write the Berber languages. Tifinagh is descended from the ancient Libyco-Berber alphabet. The traditional Tifinagh, sometimes called Tuareg Tifinagh, is still favored by the Tuareg Berbers of the Sahara desert in southern Algeria, northeastern Mali, northern Niger and northern Burkina Faso for use writing the Tuareg Berber language. Neo-Tifinagh is an alphabet developed by Berber Academy to adopt Tuareg Tifinagh for use with Kabyle; it has been since modified for use across North Africa.



Introduced and adapted writing systems

Most written scripts, including Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, were based on previous written scripts and the origin of the history of the alphabet is ultimately Egyptian Hieroglyphs, through Proto-Sinaitic or Old Canaanite. Many other indigenous African scripts were similarly developed from previous scripts.

Phoenician/Punic
Additionally, the Proto-Sinaitic Wadi el-Hol inscriptions indicate the presence of an extremely early form of the script in central Egypt (near the modern city of Qena) in the early 2nd millennium BC.

Greek
The Greek alphabet was adapted in Egypt to the Coptic alphabet (with the addition of 7 letters derived from ancient Demotic) in order to write the language (which is today only a liturgical language of the Coptic Church). An uncial variant of the Coptic alphabet was used from the 8th to the 15th century for writing Old Nubian, an ancient variety of the Nubian language.

Arabic
The Arabic script was introduced into Africa by the spread of Islam and by trade. Apart from its obvious use for the Arabic language, it has been adapted for a number of other languages over the centuries. The Arabic script is still used in some of these cases, but not in others.
It was often necessary to modify the script to accommodate sounds not represented in the script as used for the Arabic language. The adapted form of the script is also called Ajami, especially in the Sahel, and sometimes by specific names for individual languages, such as Wolofal, Sorabe, and Wadaad's writing. Despite the existence of a widely known and well-established script in Ethiopia and Eritrea there are a few cases where Muslims in Ethiopia and Eritrea have used the Arabic script, instead, for reasons of religious identity.
Latin

Hebrew

Braille

Source wikipedia

Note- there are other writing systems in west africa.

capitalzero:

You are actually very stupid. Even before Christ, China, India, Japan, Europe and Arab had written books. Anyone in Benin empire?
None!
Which languages were used to write timbuktu manuscripts? Probably arab.
All nations and tribes experienced wars and were able to preserve their written history.

This is incorrect.
By the way not all early civilizations had written scripts.
When the first civilizations in egypt,sumer,nubia started by the way they did not even had writing and when they did it came later.
For nubia it came way later and caral–supe civilization that was a early civilization in south america never had writing.
Caral–Supe civilization developed around the same time as egypt and nubia 3500 b.c.

Inca Empire

The Incas were not known to develop a written form of language; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups (qirus). These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g. heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear. The Incas also kept records by using quipus.

Edo literature

Edo literature includes both written and oral works in the Edo language by the Edo people of Nigeria. It has its origins in precolonial times and has evolved over time. The literature is a reflection of Edo culture and it includes various periods, genres, and authors. It is rooted in traditional expressions such as brass-casting, wood carving, and pictorial writing. The written form became more prominent during the colonial era with the adoption of the Roman script. Folk songs are a part of Edo literature and are a part of Edo cultural heritage. These songs serve as repositories of historical narratives, moral teachings, and cultural expressions.

It looks like the benin empire had writing but it was not as widespread as the yoruba civilization for example. It looks like they had Nsibidi but it's use was not as widespread.

Topic: New facial reconstruction of the egyptian mummy "shep-en-Isis"
I'm so sick of kemet!
byTRUTHTEACHER2007

Why is it that so many so-called conscious and Afrocentric people pay
so much attention to Kemet, yet ignore the rest of Africa, especially
the regions where their ancestors came from, which is Central and
Western Africa?

Why is it they can talk to you for days on end about
the blackness of Kemet, yet not be able to name you even one
civilization in West Africa? Or if they can, they have the need to
invent history and claim these people are Egyptian immigrants when
there is absolutely no hard evidence to support such a notion?

Why is it so outrageous to accept the fact that Egypt was only one of
many civilizations and cultures on the African Continent and that
peoples in the other regions had their own unique cultures and
achievements?

Why can't we as people of African descent have just as
much reverence for the ancestors of our own bloodline as we do for
people who are most likely not related to us at all?

Yes, they were fellow Africans, but they were not of our direct bloodline.
Pay homage to your own house first before pat homage to your neighbor's.
Take care of the children of your own house before you try to take care of some other child in the neighborhood.
[/QUOTE]by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova
[QUOTE]
Sure. I've said the same thing for years, and disputed those
who see Kemet as some sort of "central headquarters"
of civilization or advanced culture in Africa. To the contrary,
the opposite seems more appropriate- Africa itself is the "headquarters"
and Egypt is a "branch office" thereof. To rework the title
of Van Sertima's book- "Egypt- Child of Africa," Kemet is is a very
important child to be sure, but ultimately just one of the many
offspring Africa gave birth to.

I agree with many parts of the critique in the video but
would point out that African people do not seem to
be any more obsessed with Egypt compared to white people,
who are the biggest appropriators and users of Kemet's cultural
iconography, art and much else. Many white people are the biggest
hypocrites in this area- they themselves being massively obsessed
with Kemet while presumptuously lecturing black folk bout how they
should "focus" on Nubia and elsewhere, as if only white people
are "qualified" to study and comment on things in the field.
White people even appropriated and consumed the dead flesh
of Egyptian mummies at one time for their medicinal systems.

And black popular culture in the US on a whole is
not that heavy into Kemet. Most cultural linkups focus
on West Africa or East Africa (the Swahili cultural orbit)
not Kemet. Kwanza is an example, as are black baby names.
When the last time you run into some black kid named "Tutankhamen"
compared to the much larger number of "sub-Saharan"
or Islamic origin names? It was not Kareem Amenhotep, but
Kareem Abdul Jabbar, or Malcolm El Shabazz.

In the 1960s the inspiration was mostly West African-
with dashikis and NATURAL "Afro" hair styles not wigs
as in popular Kemet. So-called "black militants" were
not running much to Egypt compared to West Africa-
as Stokely Carmichael, aka Kwame Ture can attest.

Do SOME black people go overboard with Kemet? YEs. Is there
an almost cultish obsession with SOME "Afrocentric" types?
Certainly. But viewed in larger context, let's not overplay
things. White obsession is miles ahead of what black folk are doing.
And Kemet does not really resonate in black popular culture,
compared to West/East African/Islamic influences. Among a small
minority? Sure but overall there does not appear to be an "Kemetic"
movement. Hell its sometimes hard to get some among that small minority
to update their knowledge with modern data. Some are still
preaching Chancellor Williams 1970, or Diop 1964-
good foundational background to be sure with the data
available at the time, but the field has since moved on.
And that plays into the hands of assorted dishonest enemies
who go around acting as of every black student in the country
is a "disciple" of George James circa 1959. My critique of the
bogus strawman book "White Athena" on Amazon makes this very point.
The same critique can be applied to the Arabist hypocrites
desperately trying to "distance" themselves from "anything too African"
when hard data shows that the foundation of Kemet is precisely that
which is "African".
The above being said there is a need to of course learn more
about ALL parts of the continent.
[/QUOTE]by Nodnarb
[QUOTE]

Along with the obvious fact that ancient Egypt receives more
mainstream media exposure than other African cultures, I believe it
has a special attraction to "Afrocentric" types because it's perceived
as a major influence on the development of so-called Western
civilization (through the proxies of Greece and then Rome of course).
Not to mention the irony of an advanced civilization thriving in
Africa when most of northern Europe was still at a "tribal" level of
organization. It would be the ultimate rebuttal to the white
supremacist narrative that Africans are naturally less capable of
civilization than Europeans. So that's probably why Egypt is more
contentious territory than, say, Mali or Zimbabwe.
[/QUOTE]by Oshun
[QUOTE]
Egypt given lots of attention cause the discoveries and science and
math were the foundation for a lot of progress in those field for
ancient Europe. Much of their ideas are still directly relevant today
in technology, science and mathematics. While we know now by a few
resources that West African civilizations contemporary to Egypt
existed, it's not really known like it is with Egypt what they were
like, let alone what they could've been accomplishin still relevant
today (see Tichitt)
[/QUOTE]by Nodnarb
[QUOTE]
I agree with this as well. The African quality of Kush, Mali, or
Zimbabwe doesn't get ignored or denied as much as Egypt's. Instead
it's pretty much taken for granted. So yeah, even people who don't
necessarily gravitate towards Egypt more than other African
civilizations might still find themselves arguing about it more since
it's more contested territory.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XC4s0_IsSc

Topic: New facial reconstruction of the egyptian mummy "shep-en-Isis"
http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=010533;p=3


Topic: Ethiopians, Somalis
http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=010910

Topic: Kushites were NOT the same as Nubians
http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=004208;p=1#000034

Topic: Skin color in the Horn
http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=010788;p=1

Topic: Light skinned ethiopians
http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=15;t=013373;p=1

Mogadishu7:
Somali people are the most attractive people in the whole Africa continent without a doubt.


Someone who has never seen the beauty of Somali women before may be amazed at their extraordinary features at first sight.

More non-sense incorrect talk.

alanmwene:

What wrong with being black?Black is color like any other color and it is the most beautiful color of skin.The funny thing is that,it is always Africans who are into this obsession with light skin.When you date a white girl she never care whether you are dark-skinned or light-skinned.Actually they prefer very dark-skinned Africans!But black boys and girls are the most light-skin obsessed people in the world.It boils down to insecurities:They don't feel comfortable with their own skin!
The fulanis who are light-skinned are the ones who are descendants of arabs.The same goes for Somalis coz the original Somalis are among the darkest people you can get in Africa.

Fulanis could be light skin and not have admixture from arabs.
Oh and their are dark skin arabs too.

Then there is this.
quote-
African peoples are the most diverse in the world whether analyzed by
DNA or skeletal or cranial methods. The peoples of the Nile Valley
quote-
Simplistic "race percentage" models are dubious in Africa which has
the highest genetic diversity in the world. That diversity proceeded
from deeper sub-Saharan Africa, to East and N.E. Africa, then to the
rest of the globe. All other populations, including Europeans and
"Middle easterners" carry this diversity which was built into Africa
to begin with. Africans thus don't need any "race mix" to look
different. Their diversity is built-in and supplied the whole globe.
Any returnees or "backflow" to Africa looked like Africans, including
Europeans. (Brace 2005, Hanihara 1996, Holliday 2003).
and quote-
African people have a range of physical variation and don't need
inspiration or mixes from cold-climate/light skinned Europeans or
Asiatics to explain why. Features like narrow noses, thin lips, height
etc are all indigenous to Africa. Africa has both the highest
phenotypic diversity and the highest genetic diversity in the world
and don’t need cold-climate/light skin inspiration for that
established fact. All cold-climate/light skinned Europeans and
Asiatics are SUBSETS of original African diversity. Modern DNA studies
find even though some African peoples look different, they are
genetically related through the PN2 transition clade of the
Y-chromosome. Thus light-skinned African Libyans and dark-skinned
Zulus are all genetically related Africans, even though they don't
look exactly the same. (Keita 2004; Tishkoff 2002, Ely et al, 2006,
Stevanovitch 2004)

Somalia18:


You negroids are ex slaves.

White men raped your grandmothers.

You lot are low life slaves.

Ugly black bantu people with wide nose, thick lips , hard fufu hair

This is non-sense incorrect talk.
Oh not every woman who waa slave was raped.
For example in the u.s. while large numer was raped it was a minority,a large minority but still minority.

Somalia007:
I don't mean to be racist. But the Horners such as Amahara's, Tigre, Somali, Afar, Oromo, Beja, Nubians are not Negro at all. We don't even speak Niger-congo langauge, our langauge family is in the same classification as Arabic, Hebrew, and Berber.

Many Afrocentrics will talk about Egypt or the Horn before they even talk about their West African ancestry. The only history that Horners had with Bantus, is enslaving them. It was not untill the Italians outlawed Slavery in Ethiopia and Somalia in the 1930's that Bantus were freed.

If Afrocentrics want to claim anyone in Africa why don't they claim North Africas (they already claim ancient Egypt as Black). If they want to claim anyone with Brown skin, why don't they claim Indians?


How do you feel about this?

All these people above are black/afrociod.
Oh and nubians are not horners.

The kingdom of kush
Dental trait analysis of fossils dating from the Meroitic period in Semna, in northern Nubia near Egypt, found that they displayed traits similar to those of populations inhabiting the Nile, Horn of Africa, and Maghreb. Traits from mesolithic and southern Nubia around Meroe however indicated a closer affinity with other sub-Saharan dental records. It is indicative of a north–south gradient along the Nile river.[28]
Source wikipedia,

By the way other believe or say that kushites and nubians noba look more nilotics then horn of african types.keep in mind nubians art varied.
Some of art look more horn of africans and some look more nilotic etc.. So saying most of it look like horn of africa types is not correct.


Here is another view on what they look like.
Kandakes of Kush
Nilotic quote-
The Kasu and the Nubae (Nubians) were very much likely similar to populations in Darfur today, minus the recent Arab admixture that reach Darfur as well in the last 400 years.Kush was an empire and Nilotics played some role -- unless the depictions are somehow wrong and should (strangely) only be dismissed in relation to this specific population.

Here's what we know:
The Nubians have their origins in Darfur and like Darfurian populations, they are a composite of Nilotic and indigenous North African ancestry -- marked by E-M35 lineages; Nubians experienced recent Eurasian introgression -- especially during the Arab expansion into Sudan; the specific Kulubnarti population are not ancestral to modern Nubians and have entirely different admixture composites, from a different admixture event.
I don't know why you want to dismiss the genetic studies showing that the Nubians were the products of recent admixture, and why you want to present them as having always been Beja-like, when these studies say otherwise.
E1b1b is African. What great authority says otherwise?
Do you honestly believe that the Kasu (Kush), the Nubians and other groups (minus the Beja) were more similar to Cushitic populations in the Horn rather than other Saharan populations in Darfur prior to the Arab expansion?
Nilotics and Saharans are separate but related groups, and they dominated Sudan; it wasn't the Beja type people.
source somalispot.com/threads/kandakes-of-kush.120012/page-2

Mace quote-
Keep in mind that some nubians do not have euro-asian dna or mixed with other races etc.. THere are nubians chad and in darfur and hill nubians by the way in the noba hills and they do not have outside admixture from other races. Even some in nile valley as well do not have any other race admixture.

OfoIgbo:


No they are not.

It is estimated that over 60% of AA have Igbo blood in them.

Even looks-wise, AA resemble Igbos more than they resemble Ghanaians and Gambians.
I am aware that there is also some European DNA in AAs which will more than likely, make Ghanaians and Gambians to start assuming Igbo looks, but the over 60% Igbo DNA in AA remains a very strong factor.

It clear that african americans look like the africans they come from.Blacks or African blacks are the most diverse looking folks on the planet anyway.

The average admixture rate for african americans looking at the some studies above is lower then 20%,it is around 12%,and i have seen studies that said the average was 10% and others say 15 to 17% on average depending on who is doing the study,so clearly the admixture study varies,but 12% to 10% is more accurate to me.I just wanted to mention this or be clear about this,because from what i read recently and got from some dna experts is that some african americans by the way do not have european admixture at all,and for those that do, the admixture levels on average is lower then folks think looking at the study above, just saying.Most african americans do not have any form of native american dna by the way looking at that study.

​Not all african americans have european dna.It's about 80's or less.If you include other black americans it's even less than that.Most other black americans who are not african american by the way are unmixed blacks.Anyway some folks believe most ethnic african americans do not have any european dna at all and most really unmixed blacks.
Note-in fantasy superhero comics like dc,marvel etc..most african/black americans and most whites americans are unmixed anyway.Keep mind those are alternate universe where in dc for example earth 2 south africa was free earlier and in one alternate universe in marvel for example there is a earth that is still all black.

Most african americans have some form european admixture(most do not have european admixture in comics,cartoons and characters that are played in live action movies and shows however).
There are questions if most have some form of admixture or not in real life(our universe).Most that have admixture is not a huge admixture anyway(so the recent european admixture had no impact on the phenotype of most african americans) and they look or most look like the ethnic groups they come from in africa anyway.
Africans vary from all types of looks.In africa you could see africans(depending on the ethnic group and individuals) that look more like african americans.I should say african americans look more like the africans they come from.
Africans have the most diverse look on earth from phenotype to skin tone and size..Some folks forget that.
There are unmixed black africans with varied skin tones and some are brown skin to light skin who are unmixed.
Note-when i say european admixture,i am talking from those that look white.Not from first pre-historic europeans were originally black anyway since they further you go back the only humans on earth were black africans.

This was written from someone else.
quote-

The facial composites look well within the range of what can be seen
among African-Americans and Nigerians.
Not even a 10% white nordic influence would affect
affect any average.
Any type of admixture is only noticeable at the >25% range.

So it is not 20%
So it seems that 25% and up recent european admixture is needed to change the phenotype of blacks,but not always of course.Of course unmixed blacks with more of a european look it would be the same for them too.

African people have a range of physical variation and don't need any inspiration or mixes from cold-climate/light skinned Europeans or Asiatics to explain why. Features like narrow noses, thin lips, height etc are all indigenous to Africa. Africa has both the highest phenotypic diversity and the highest genetic diversity in the world and don’t need cold-climate/light skin inspiration for that established fact. All cold-climate/light skinned Europeans and Asiatics are SUBSETS of original African diversity.
(Keita 2004; Tishkoff 2002, Ely et al, 2006, Stevanovitch 2004)

African peoples are the most diverse in the world whether analyzed by DNA or skeletal or cranial methods. (Keita 1996;Rethelford, 2001; Bianchi 2004, Yurco 1989; Godde 2009)

Note-in superhero sci-fi- fantasy comics most african americans are unmixed blacks, racism is less then in the real world and alot more blacks live in north africa then they do in the real world but those are different universes,with alot of different history,more advance technological achievements etc..
Of course writers jobs is to focus on superhero stories and not bring in to much real world stories,politics,dna stuff etc.. in comics.Besides the comic industry and many of the characters were created before most folks knew anything about dna etc..,so writers in the past and today still keep simple as possible when it comes to background, history etc..
Of course alot of blacks still live in north africa today,they just the not majority anymore like they were in the past and at one time they were the only population in north africa.

Alot of white americans have recent african admixture and some have native american/asian.I wonder why this not mention often.Hmmm.
Most or close to a majority of white americans would have admixture as well if you add latino/hispanic white americans but if it is over 50% of white american(including latinos) it will be barely a majority.
I read recently most do have outside other race admixture.
Even in comics most white americans do not have admixture or not even close to a majority even if most do real life.

For the african americans that do have admixture the admixture rate is low on average like 10 to 18% i think.
Or 10 to 12 /14%.
So it is clear that european dna did not change phenotype or skin tone for the average african american.For european dna to change phenotype of blacks it must be 25% european dna or more and sometimes that not enough.

DC-Africana-Appreciation-Vol-2
https://community.cbr.com/showthread.php?137180-DC-Africana-Appreciation-Vol-2/page15


Note-most northern nigerians are unmixed blacks by the way or let me put it this way, most do not have admixture from other races.

Outstrip: LOL. No. I am saying that the look is more pronounced in her mother. It might just be in her genes. There are some native americans that could pass for asians. Maybe that is why you look at Brandy and see blasian

I DISAGREE.
I don't see any native american features in brandy's mother or brandy.They look pure black.
Black come in varied features.Just look at the nigerian pics above.
BYE.

I don't see any native america features in brandy's mother or brandy.They look pure black.

I think you are misinformed.The nile valley faiths have written text for thier religions.Ancient egypt has written scriptures,so do the nubian,the axumites,and i think berber as well.
later african culture too like yoruba,and some others but those are more recent or early modern.

Here is one example.

http://wildhunt.org/2008/01/yoruba-sacred-texts.html

The land of saba in yemen had text of course they are black,of course southwest asia is not africa but folks living there were blacks and some still are today and that land is close to africa.
Coptic sudanese,nubians,ethiopians and some other older christians had/have writtn text.So do african Islam.coptic christian and african islam is a traditional african religion.
It true that is not has native but it's been in africa for along time and it's africanized,so it's traditional.

in is a reply to another thread that was close,if someone could post my reply that will be find. i wanted to correct BigSis (f)

from this topic
How Are Interracial Relationships Viewed In Nigeria?

https://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-54935.0.html


quote

A half caste in the states is called a half breed, a mut, a mongrel, which means someone who isn't a pure bred. The political correct term to someone's face is biracial/mixed. To use any of these terms is considred an insult. It is funny the terms we come up with for things that have existed for ages. Black Americans have been mixed for almost 400 years, yet we are well aware that we are the descendents of Africans. You can be high, high yellow to blue black in black American society.

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there is some recent evidencefrom dna test that most black americans do not have any admixture with other races,and even if most do,it's not all.second,on the census,africans,those from the islands ect, are included in the black american census,so i think you mean african americans,and even some are not mixed either,maybe most but not all.