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Education / How To Write A Literature Review by taiye4real2: 3:29pm On Feb 01, 2018
HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW
What is a literature review?
The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.
It is very important to note that your review should not be simply a description of what others have published in the form of a set of summaries, but should take the form of a critical discussion, showing insight and an awareness of differing arguments, theories and approaches. It should be a synthesis and analysis of the relevant published work, linked at all times to your own purpose and rationale.
According to Caulley (1992) of La Trobe University, the literature review should:
• compare and contrast different authors' views on an issue
• group authors who draw similar conclusions
• criticise aspects of methodology
• note areas in which authors are in disagreement
• highlight exemplary studies
• highlight gaps in research
• show how your study relates to previous studies
• show how your study relates to the literature in general
• conclude by summarising what the literature says
The purposes of the review are:
• to define and limit the problem you are working on
• to place your study in an historical perspective
• to avoid unnecessary duplication
• to evaluate promising research methods
• to relate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research
A good literature review, therefore, is critical of what has been written, identifies areas of controversy, raises questions and identifies areas which need further research.
Structure of the literature review
The overall structure of your review will depend largely on your own thesis or research area. What you will need to do is to group together and compare and contrast the varying opinions of different writers on certain topics. What you must not do is just describe what one writer says, and then go on to give a general overview of another writer, and then another, and so on. Your structure should be dictated instead by topic areas, controversial issues or by questions to which there are varying approaches and theories. Within each of these sections, you would then discuss what the different literature argues, remembering to link this to your own purpose.
Linking words are important. If you are grouping together writers with similar opinions, you would use words or phrases such as:
similarly, in addition, also, again
More importantly, if there is disagreement, you need to indicate clearly that you are aware of this by the use of linkers such as:
however, on the other hand, conversely, nevertheless
At the end of the review you should include a summary of what the literature implies, which again links to your hypothesis or main question.

Writing the review
You first need to decide what you need to read. In many cases you will be given a booklist or directed towards areas of useful published work. Make sure you use this help. With dissertations, and particularly theses, it will be more down to you to decide. It is important, therefore, to try and decide on the parameters of your research. What exactly are your objectives and what do you need to find out? In your review, are you looking at issues of theory, methodology, policy, quantitive research, or what? Before you start reading it may be useful to compile a list of the main areas and questions involved, and then read with the purpose of finding out about or answering these. Unless something comes up which is particularly important, stick to this list, as it is very easy to get sidetracked, particularly on the internet.
A good literature review needs a clear line of argument. You therefore need to use the critical notes and comments you made whilst doing your reading to express an academic opinion. Make sure that:
• you include a clear, short introduction which gives an outline of the review, including the main topics covered and the order of the arguments, with a brief rationale for this.
• there is always a clear link between your own arguments and the evidence uncovered in your reading. Include a short summary at the end of each section.
Use quotations if appropriate.
• you always acknowledge opinions which do not agree with your thesis. If you ignore opposing viewpoints, your argument will in fact be weaker.
Your review must be written in a formal, academic style. Keep your writing clear and concise, avoiding colloquialisms and personal language. You should always aim to be objective and respectful of others' opinions; this is not the place for emotive language or strong personal opinions. If you thought something was rubbish, use words such as "inconsistent", "lacking in certain areas" or "based on false assumptions"! (See Guide 1.21)
When introducing someone's opinion, don't use "says", but instead an appropriate verb which more accurately reflects this viewpoint, such as "argues", "claims" or "states". Use the present tense for general opinions and theories, or the past when referring to specific research or experiments:
Although Trescothick (2001) argues that attack is the best form of defence, Boycott (1969) claims that ...
In a field study carried out amongst the homeless of Sydney, Warne (1999) found that ...
And remember at all times to avoid plagiarising your sources. Always separate your source opinions from your own hypothesis. making sure you consistently reference the literature you are referring to. When you are doing your reading and making notes, it might be an idea to use different colours to distinguish between your ideas and those of others.
Read full details here at tycomputer

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Webmasters / Re: SEO Basics: 6 Essentials When Optimizing Your Site by taiye4real2: 7:08am On Dec 04, 2017
Webmasters / Re: SEO Basics: 6 Essentials When Optimizing Your Site by taiye4real2: 7:07am On Dec 04, 2017
<a href="http://uniprojects.com.ng">nice post keep it up</a>
Education / Re: Nairaland Interschool Debate Fourth Edition: The Waiting Is Over by taiye4real2: 9:13pm On May 01, 2017
[url=https//projectmaterials2015..com.ng]nice post keep it up[/url]

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Education / Re: Student Moulds Bronze Sculpture Of The Ooni Of Ife For His Project (Photos) by taiye4real2: 6:22pm On May 01, 2017
Education / Agricultural Science Facilities Required For Teaching Agricultural Science... by taiye4real2: 6:19pm On May 01, 2017
ABSTRACT

The project was designed to study facilities required for teaching Agricultural science in secondary schools in Ikere,Ise and Ado Local Government Areas of Ekiti State. Six research questions guided the study. The population comprised of ten (10) secondary school in local government areas i.e Ado, Ikere and Ise. The study was carried out with a well structured questionnaire copies of which were administered on agricultural science teachers in the schools. Data collected were analysed using single percentages. The following findings were made (1) The Facilities available for teaching agricultural science in the school include school farm, agricultural science laboratory, and qualified agricultural science teachers. In addition, relevant text book, field trips and farm practical were also used in teaching the subject. However the schools had problem of inadequate qualified agricultural science teachers, capital, land, farm implements and tools. It is support the rewarded that government should support the schools with found to be able to acquire the relevant facilities that are required for teaching agricultural science. Competent agricultural science should also be employed.
read more
http://tycomputer.com.ng/facilities-required-teaching-agricultural-science-secondary-schools/

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